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Ren S, Yassar A. Recent Research Progress in Indophenine-Based-Functional Materials: Design, Synthesis, and Optoelectronic Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2474. [PMID: 36984354 PMCID: PMC10056103 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights selected examples, published in the last three to four years, of recent advance in the design, synthesis, properties, and device performance of quinoidal π-conjugated materials. A particular emphasis is placed on emerging materials, such as indophenine dyes that have the potential to enable high-performance devices. We specifically discuss the recent advances and design guidelines of π-conjugated quinoidal molecules from a chemical standpoint. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this review is the first compilation of literature on indophenine-based semiconducting materials covering their scope, limitations, and applications. In the first section, we briefly introduce some of the organic electronic devices that are the basic building blocks for certain applications involving organic semiconductors (OSCs). We introduce the definition of key performance parameters of three organic devices: organic field effect transistors (OFET), organic photovoltaics (OPV), and organic thermoelectric generators (TE). In section two, we review recent progress towards the synthesis of quinoidal semiconducting materials. Our focus will be on indophenine family that has never been reviewed. We discuss the relationship between structural properties and energy levels in this family of molecules. The last section reports the effect of structural modifications on the performance of devices: OFET, OPV and TE. In this review, we provide a general insight into the association between the molecular structure and electronic properties in quinoidal materials, encompassing both small molecules and polymers. We also believe that this review offers benefits to the organic electronics and photovoltaic communities, by shedding light on current trends in the synthesis and progression of promising novel building blocks. This can provide guidance for synthesizing new generations of quinoidal or diradical materials with tunable optoelectronic properties and more outstanding charge carrier mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Ren
- Zhuhai Fudan Innovation Institution, Guangdong-Macao In-Depth Cooperation Zone in Hengqin, Guangdong 519000, China;
| | - Abderrahim Yassar
- LPICM, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France
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Lin L, Wang C, Deng Y, Geng Y. Isomerically Pure Oxindole-Terminated Quinoids for n-Type Organic Thin-Film Transistors Enabled by the Chlorination of Quinoidal Core. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203336. [PMID: 36456528 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Quinoidal compounds have great potential utility as high-performance organic semiconducting materials because of their rigid planar structures and extended π-conjugation. However, the existence of E and Z isomers adversely affects the charge-transport properties of quinoidal compounds. In this study, three isomerically pure oxindole-terminated quinoids were developed by introducing chlorine atoms in the quinoidal core. The synthesized quinoids were confirmed to have a Z,Z configuration by means of 1 H NMR spectroscopy, density functional theory calculations, and single-crystal X-ray analysis. Importantly, the strategy of chlorination allowed to maintain low-lying frontier molecular orbital energy levels and ensure favorable intermolecular packing. Consequently, all three quinoidal compounds showed n-type transport characteristics in organic thin-film transistors, with electron mobilities up to 0.35 cm2 V-1 s-1 , which is the highest value reported to date for oxindole-terminated quinoids. Our study can provide new guidelines for the design of isomerically pure quinoids with high electron mobilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yunfeng Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China
| | - Yanhou Geng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China
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He S, Jiang H, Cai J, Liu Z. Synthesis of 2,5-bis(9H-fluoren-9-ylidene)-2,5-dihydrothiophene derivatives and systematic study of the substituent effect. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00008c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
2,5-Bis(9H-fluoren-9-ylidene)-2,5-dihydrothiophene (ThBF) was potentially important for utilization as the organic semiconductor material. However, the study of the structure-property relationship for this compound was very limited due to its harsh synthesis....
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Sun L, Du T, Wang C, Geng D, Li L, Han Y, Deng Y. Indandione-Terminated Quinoidal Compounds for Low-Bandgap Small Molecules with Strong Near-Infrared Absorption: Effect of Conjugation Length on the Properties. Chemistry 2021; 27:17437-17443. [PMID: 34626039 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Low-bandgap organic semiconductors have attracted much attention for their multiple applications in optoelectronics. However, the realization of narrow bandgap is challenging particularly for small molecules. Herein, we have synthesized four quinoidal compounds, i. e., QSN3, QSN4, QSN5 and QSN6, with electron rich S,N-heteroacene as the quinoidal core and indandione as the end-groups. The optical bandgap of the quinoidal compounds is systematically decreased with the extension of quinoidal skeleton, while maintaining stable closed-shell ground state. QSN6 absorbs an intense absorption in the first and second near-infrared region in the solid state, and has extremely low optical bandgap of 0.74 eV. Cyclic voltammetry analyses reveal that the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels of the four quinoidal compounds all lie below -4.1 eV, resulting in good electron-transporting characteristics in organic thin-film transistors. These results demonstrated that the combination of π-extended quinoidal core and end-groups in quinoidal compounds is an effective strategy for the synthesis of low-bandgap small molecules with good stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Tian Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Dongling Geng
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Lin Li
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yang Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yunfeng Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
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Mok Y, Kim Y, Moon Y, Park JJ, Choi Y, Kim DY. Quinoidal Small Molecule Containing Ring-Extended Termini for Organic Field-Effect Transistors. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:27305-27314. [PMID: 34693151 PMCID: PMC8529684 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we synthesized and characterized two quinoidal small molecules based on benzothiophene modified and original isatin terminal units, benzothiophene quinoidal thiophene (BzTQuT) and quinoidal thiophene (QuT), respectively, to investigate the effect of introducing a fused ring into the termini of quinoidal molecules. Extending the terminal unit of the quinoidal molecule affected the extension of π-electron delocalization and decreased the bond length alternation, which led to the downshifting of the collective Raman band and dramatically lowering the band gap. Organic field-effect transistor (OFET) devices in neat BzTQuT films showed p-type transport behavior with low hole mobility, which was ascribed to the unsuitable film morphology for charge transport. By blending with an amorphous insulating polymer, polystyrene, and poly(2-vinylnaphthalene), an OFET based on a BzTQuT film annealed at 150 °C exhibited improved mobility up to 0.09 cm2 V-1 s-1. This work successfully demonstrated that the extension of terminal groups into the quinoidal structure should be an effective strategy for constructing narrow band gap and high charge transporting organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yina Moon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
(SMSE), Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies (RISE), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Jin Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
(SMSE), Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies (RISE), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonsu Choi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
(SMSE), Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies (RISE), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Yu Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
(SMSE), Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies (RISE), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
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Wang C, Du T, Deng Y, Yao J, Li R, Zhao X, Jiang Y, Wei H, Dang Y, Li R, Geng Y. High-yield and sustainable synthesis of quinoidal compounds assisted by keto-enol tautomerism. Chem Sci 2021; 12:9366-9371. [PMID: 34349908 PMCID: PMC8278874 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01685g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical synthesis of quinoids, which involves Takahashi coupling and subsequent oxidation, often gives only low to medium yields. Herein, we disclose the keto–enol-tautomerism-assisted spontaneous air oxidation of the coupling products to quinoids. This allows for the synthesis of various indandione-terminated quinoids in high isolated yields (85–95%). The origin of the high yield and the mechanism of the spontaneous air oxidation were ascertained by experiments and theoretical calculations. All the quinoidal compounds displayed unipolar n-type transport behavior, and single crystal field-effect transistors based on the micro-wires of a representative quinoid delivered an electron mobility of up to 0.53 cm2 V−1 s−1, showing the potential of this type of quinoid as an organic semiconductor. Facilitated by the highly efficient Pd-catalyzed coupling and keto–enol-tautomerism-assisted spontaneous air oxidation, various indandione-terminated quinoidal compounds have been synthesized in isolated yields up to 95%.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Tian Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Yunfeng Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Jiarong Yao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Riqing Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Xuxia Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City Fuzhou 350207 China
| | - Haipeng Wei
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City Fuzhou 350207 China
| | - Yanfeng Dang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Rongjin Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Yanhou Geng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China .,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City Fuzhou 350207 China
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Zhao X, Cai H, Deng Y, Jiang Y, Wang Z, Shi Y, Han Y, Geng Y. Low-Band gap Conjugated Polymers with Strong Absorption in the Second Near-Infrared Region Based on Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Containing Quinoidal Units. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuxia Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Houji Cai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yunfeng Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yu Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
| | - Zhongli Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yibo Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yang Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yanhou Geng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
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