1
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Abonia R, Insuasty D, Laali KK. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Propargyl Derivatives, and Their Application as Synthetic Intermediates and Building Blocks. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083379. [PMID: 37110613 PMCID: PMC10146578 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The propargyl group is a highly versatile moiety whose introduction into small-molecule building blocks opens up new synthetic pathways for further elaboration. The last decade has witnessed remarkable progress in both the synthesis of propargylation agents and their application in the synthesis and functionalization of more elaborate/complex building blocks and intermediates. The goal of this review is to highlight these exciting advances and to underscore their impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Abonia
- Research Group of Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, Universidad del Valle, Cali A.A. 25360, Colombia
| | - Daniel Insuasty
- Grupo de Investigación en Química y Biología, Departamento de Química y Biología, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - Kenneth K Laali
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
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2
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Xu C, Zhang H, Lan S, Liu J, Yang S, Zhang Q, Fang X. Copper-Catalysed Rearrangement of Cyclic Ethynylethylene Carbonates: Synthetic Applications and Mechanistic Studies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202219064. [PMID: 36759324 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202219064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Transition-metal-catalysed reactions of cyclic ethynylethylene carbonates have been intensively studied because of their robustness in new bond formation and diversified molecule construction. Known reaction modes usually involve a substitution step occurring at either the propargylic or terminal alkyne positions. Here, we report an unprecedented reaction pattern in which cyclic ethynylethylene carbonates first undergo a rearrangement to release allenal intermediates, which subsequently react with diverse nucleophiles to furnish synthetically useful allylic and propargylic allenols, phosphorus ylides, and cyclopropylidene ketones through an addition process rather than a substitution pathway. The products enable various further transformations, and mechanistic studies and theoretical calculations reveal that the reaction does not proceed via a semipinacol type [1,2]-hydride shift, but through base-mediated deprotonation as the key step to induce the rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350100, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350100, China
| | - Shouang Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350100, China
| | - Jinggong Liu
- Orthopedics Department, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350100, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology, Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Xinqiang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350100, China
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3
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Hua RY, Yu SF, Jie XT, Qiu H, Hu WH. Multicomponent Assembly of Complex Oxindoles by Enantioselective Cooperative Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202213407. [PMID: 36266979 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chiral oxindoles are important chemical scaffolds found in many natural products, and their enantioselective synthesis thus attracts considerable attention. Highly diastereo- and enantioselective synthetic methods for constructing C3 quaternary oxindoles have been well-developed. However, the efficient synthesis of chiral 3-substituted tertiary oxindoles has been rarely reported due to the ease of racemization of the tertiary stereocenter via enolization. Therefore, we herein report on the multicomponent assembly (from N-aryl diazoamides, aldehydes, and enamines/indoles) of complex oxindoles by enantioselective cooperative catalysis. These reactions proceed under mild conditions and show broad substrate scope, affording the desired coupling products (>90 examples) with good to excellent stereocontrol. Additionally, this research also demonstrates the synthetic potential of this annulation by constructing the 6,6,5-tricyclic lactone core structure of Speradine A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Yu Hua
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Si-Fan Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ting Jie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Huang Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Hao Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
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4
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Wang RQ, Shen C, Cheng X, Dong XQ, Wang CJ. Copper-catalyzed asymmetric propargylic substitution with salicylaldehyde-derived imine esters. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:8552-8555. [PMID: 35815621 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01695h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Copper-catalyzed asymmetric propargylic substitution with salicylaldehyde-derived imine esters and propargylic carbonates has been successfully realized, generating a wide range of chiral amino acid derivatives containing propargylic groups with excellent results (up to 95% yield and 94% ee). The ortho-hydroxy group of the salicylaldehyde-derived imine esters is crucial to increase the reactivity and stabilize the azomethine ylide, which may be due to the formation of an intramolecular hydrogen bond between the hydroxyl group and the imine group. A series of synthetic transformations were carried out to access other important chiral compounds, which displayed the synthetic versatility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Qing Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Suzhou Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China. .,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Shanghai, 230021, China
| | - Chong Shen
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Suzhou Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China.
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Suzhou Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China.
| | - Xiu-Qin Dong
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Suzhou Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China. .,Suzhou Institute of Wuhan University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Jiang Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Suzhou Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China. .,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Shanghai, 230021, China
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5
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Doubly stereoconvergent construction of vicinal all-carbon quaternary and tertiary stereocenters by Cu/Mg-catalyzed propargylic substitution. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2457. [PMID: 35508476 PMCID: PMC9068607 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29986-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The construction of vicinal, congested stereocenters with high selectivities is of general utility in chemistry. To build two such stereocenters in one step from readily available starting materials is very desirable, but remains challenging. We report here a doubly stereoconvergent, Cu/Mg-catalyzed asymmetric propargylic substitution reaction to convert simple starting materials to products with vicinal tertiary and all-carbon quaternary stereocenters in high yields and excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities. Both the nucleophiles and the electrophiles employed in this transformation are racemic. This reaction uses earth abundant metal catalysts, operates under ambient conditions, and demonstrates broad substrate scope. The products of this reaction are functional group rich and synthetically versatile. Key to the success of this development is the devise of a Cu/Mg dual catalytic system and the identification of a bulky tridentate pyridinebisimidazoline (PyBim) ligand. The construction of vicinal, congested stereocenters with high selectivities is of general utility in chemistry. Here the authors report a doubly-stereoconvergent, Cu/Mg-catalyzed asymmetric propargylic substitution reaction to convert simple starting materials to products with vicinal tertiary and all-carbon quaternary stereocenters in high yields and excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities
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6
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Muthusamy S, Prabu A. BF 3·OEt 2 catalyzed decarbonylative arylation/C-H functionalization of diazoamides with arylaldehydes: synthesis of substituted 3-aryloxindoles. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:2209-2216. [PMID: 35229865 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00003b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A metal-free BF3·OEt2 catalyzed direct decarbonylative arylation of diazoamides with readily accessible aryl aldehydes under an open-air atmosphere was developed to afford 3-aryloxindoles via 1,2-aryl migration with high selectivity. The reaction offers an efficient pathway for 3-arylation of diazoamides under relatively mild conditions, which shows a high level of functional group tolerance of both electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups with a broad substrate scope. 3-Aryloxindoles were also obtained by a substituent-controlled chemo- and site-selective C-H bond functionalization of unprotected salicylaldehyde derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ammasi Prabu
- School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli-620 024, India.
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7
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Li Z, Li D, Xiang H, Huang J, Zheng Y, Zhu C, Cui X, Pi C, Xu H. Copper-catalyzed asymmetric propargylic substitution of anthrones and propargylic esters. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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8
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Wang JM, Zhao Y, Yao CS, Zhang K. Stereoselective synthesis of C3-tetrasubstituted oxindoles via copper catalyzed asymmetric propargylation. RSC Adv 2022; 12:26727-26732. [PMID: 36320842 PMCID: PMC9490778 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04603b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, a copper catalyzed asymmetric propargylation of 2-oxindole-3-carboxylate esters with terminal propargylic esters is described. This strategy successfully provides a direct approach to constructing a broad range of chiral C3-tetrasubstituted oxindoles with contiguous tertiary and quaternary carbon stereocenters in high yields and excellent enantioselectivities (16 examples, up to 99% yield and 98% ee). Moreover, the diastereoisomers of the two newly formed stereocenters can be separated by silica gel chromatography, thereby providing a valuable stereoselective access to all four possible stereoisomers of C3-tetrasubstituted oxindoles. Herein, a copper catalyzed asymmetric propargylation of 2-oxindole-3-carboxylate esters with terminal propargylic esters is described.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao-Mei Wang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi 716000, P. R. China
| | - Chang-Sheng Yao
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, P. R. China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, P. R. China
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9
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Xia JT, Li L, Hu XP. Copper-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Propargylic Alkylation of Enol Carbonates: Stereoselective Synthesis of Quaternary α-Amino Acids. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Tao Xia
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ling Li
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiang-Ping Hu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
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10
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Huang J, Kong HH, Li SJ, Zhang RJ, Qian HD, Li DR, He JY, Zheng YN, Xu H. Asymmetric copper-catalyzed propargylic amination with amine hydrochloride salts. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:4674-4677. [PMID: 33977976 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00663k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The highly enantioselective copper-catalyzed propargylic amination of propargylic esters with amine hydrochloride salts has been realized for the first time using copper salts with chiral N,N,P-ligands. This method features a broad substrate scope and wide functional group tolerance, generating propargylic amines in good to excellent yields with high enantioselectivities (up to 99% ee). The utility of the approach was demonstrated by late-stage functionalization of marketed pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Huang
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education, Interna-tional Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China.
| | - Han-Han Kong
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education, Interna-tional Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China.
| | - Si-Jia Li
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education, Interna-tional Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China.
| | - Rui-Jin Zhang
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education, Interna-tional Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China.
| | - Hao-Dong Qian
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education, Interna-tional Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China.
| | - Dan-Ran Li
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education, Interna-tional Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China.
| | - Jin-Yu He
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education, Interna-tional Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China.
| | - Yi-Nuo Zheng
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education, Interna-tional Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China.
| | - Hao Xu
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education, Interna-tional Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China.
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11
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Tsuji H, Kawatsura M. Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Propargylic Substitution of Propargylic Alcohol Derivatives Bearing an Internal Alkyne Group. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202000422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Tsuji
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities & Sciences Nihon University Sakurajosui, Setagaya-ku Tokyo 156-8550 Japan
| | - Motoi Kawatsura
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities & Sciences Nihon University Sakurajosui, Setagaya-ku Tokyo 156-8550 Japan
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12
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Yuan WC, Zhou XJ, Zhao JQ, Chen YZ, You Y, Wang ZH. Catalytic Enantioselective Dearomatization/Rearomatization of 2-Nitroindoles to Access 3-Indolyl-3′-Aryl-/Alkyloxindoles: Application in the Formal Synthesis of Cyclotryptamine Alkaloids. Org Lett 2020; 22:7088-7093. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Cheng Yuan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Xiao-Jian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Zhao
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Yong-Zheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Yong You
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Wang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
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13
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Zhang J, Ni T, Yang WL, Deng WP. Catalytic Asymmetric [3 + 2] Annulation via Indolyl Copper-Allenylidene Intermediates: Diastereo- and Enantioselective Assembly of Pyrrolo[1,2- a]indoles. Org Lett 2020; 22:4547-4552. [PMID: 32453576 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A catalytic asymmetric decarboxylative [3 + 2] annulation via indolyl copper-allenylidene amphiphilic intermediates has been developed. This protocol offers a straightforward method for the synthesis of biologically important pyrrolo[1,2-a]indoles bearing contiguous quaternary and tertiary stereogenic centers with excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities (up to >20:1 dr and >99% ee). In addition, the diversity-oriented synthesis of pyrrolo[1,2-a]indoles was achieved via versatile transformations of the alkyne-containing cycloadducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Tao Ni
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wu-Lin Yang
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wei-Ping Deng
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.,Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
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