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Garg P, Sharma H, Sehgal R, Kaur U, Garg V, Kaur B, Chaudhary GR, Kaur G. Antibacterial Photodynamic Therapy of the Metallosurfactant-Fluorescein Conjugate under Visible Light Illumination. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024. [PMID: 39046905 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Antibacterial photodynamic therapy (APDT) has received increased attention as a treatment for multidrug-resistant bacterial infections caused by antibiotic abuse. However, photosensitizers used in APDT have disadvantages such as water insolubility, self-aggregation, and photobleaching. To address these limitations, metal complexes have been explored. However, the use of such complexes tends to confine their antibacterial effectiveness specific bacterial strains. In this study, we report iron (Fe)- and copper (Cu)-based metallosurfactants as unique moieties for antibacterial photodynamic therapy (PDT) under the illumination of visible light. Briefly, our formulated Fe and Cu metallosurfactants, when combined with a fluorescein photosensitizer, exhibit nearly 100% antibacterial efficacy. This high efficiency is primarily attributed to the enhanced generation of singlet oxygen using FL in the presence of metallosurfactants when targeting bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus under laser light. In vitro experiments further confirmed the superior antimicrobial activity of these metallosurfactants against a diverse range of microbial cultures, encompassing Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria as well as fungi. This performance outpaces conventional surfactants like cetyltrimethylammonium chloride and cetylpyridinium chloride. The compelling results from MTT assays and flow cytometry endorsed the substantial enhancement in antimicrobial properties achieved through Fe and Cu doping, all without the need for additional secondary agents. Notably, this synergistic antibacterial approach using metallosurfactants in PDT holds significant promise for the elimination of various bacteria in vivo, with the added advantage of mitigating the emergence of multidrug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Garg
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Harshita Sharma
- Department of Medical Parasitology, PGIMER, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, PGIMER, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Upninder Kaur
- Department of Medical Parasitology, PGIMER, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Varinder Garg
- Department of Medical Parasitology, PGIMER, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Baljinder Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Ganga Ram Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
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Kumari S, Nehra M, Jain S, Dilbaghi N, Chaudhary GR, Kim KH, Kumar S. Metallosurfactant aggregates: Structures, properties, and potentials for multifarious applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 323:103065. [PMID: 38091690 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.103065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Metallosurfactants offer important scientific and technological advances due to their novel interfacial properties. As a special class of structures formed by the integration of metal ions into amphiphilic surfactant molecules, these metal-based amphiphilic molecules possess both organometallic and surface chemistries. This review critically examines the structural transitions of metallosurfactants from micelle to vesicle upon metal coordination. The properties of a metallosurfactant can be changed by tuning the coordination between the metal ions and surfactants. The self-assembled behavior of surfactants can be controlled by selecting transition-metal ions that enhance their catalytic efficiency in environmental applications by applying a hydrogen evolution reaction or oxygen evolution reaction. We present the different scattering techniques available to examine the properties of metallosurfactants (e.g., size, shape, structure, and aggregation behavior). The utility of metallosurfactants in catalysis, the synthesis of nanoparticles, and biomedical applications (involving diagnostics and therapeutics) is also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Kumari
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University Chandigarh, 160014, India; Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Monika Nehra
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Shikha Jain
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Neeraj Dilbaghi
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Ganga Ram Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India; Physics Department, Punjab Engineering College (Deemed to be University), Chandigarh 160012, India.
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Sharma B, Jain A, Rawson FJ, Chaudhary GR, Pérez-García L, Kaur G. Biocompatible metallosurfactant-based nanocolloid-loaded Rose Bengal with excellent singlet oxygen-induced phototoxicity efficiency against cancer cells. J Mater Chem B 2023. [PMID: 37191118 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb02730e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is facing challenges such as poor solubility, precise delivery, self-aggregation, and photobleaching of photosensitizers with cancer cells due to their less tendency to accumulate in tumor tissues. To address these challenges, we have explored a Rose Bengal (RB)-loaded metallocatanionic vesicles (MCVs) nanosystem for the phototoxicity of cancer cells. Different sets of MCVs were prepared by two different cationic single-chain metallosurfactants, i.e., hexadecylpyridinium trichlorocuprate (CuCPC I) and hexadecylpyridinium trichloroferrate (FeCPC I) in combination with anionic double-chain sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate (AOT) surfactant in phosphate buffer saline of pH 7.4. The RB-loaded CuCPC I:AOT and FeCPC I:AOT vesicles enhanced the maximum singlet oxygen (1O2) generation by 1-fold and 3-fold, respectively, compared to pure RB. Upon irradiation with a 532 nm laser for 10 min, these RB-loaded CuCPC I:AOT and FeCPC I:AOT MCVs significantly decreased the metabolic activity of U-251 cells by 70% and 85% at MCVs concentration of 0.75 μM, respectively. Furthermore, RB-loaded MCVs showed the highest intracellular 1O2-mediated membrane damage and cell-killing effect as confirmed by singlet oxygen sensor green and differential nuclear staining assay, which is attributed to the cellular uptake profile of different RB-loaded MCVs fractions. Caspase 3/7 assay confirmed the apoptotic pathway of cell death by activating caspase. Therefore, the photoactivation of RB-loaded MCVs led to a significant reduction in the viability of U-251 cells (maximum 85%), which resulted in cell death. Our study demonstrated the advantage of using these dual-charge and biocompatible metallocatanionic vesicles as a promising delivery system of photodynamic therapy that can enhance 1O2 generation from PS and can be further utilized in photomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bunty Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014, India.
- Division of Advanced Materials and Healthcare Technologies, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Akhil Jain
- Division of Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Therapies, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Frankie J Rawson
- Division of Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Therapies, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Ganga Ram Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014, India.
| | - Lluïsa Pérez-García
- Division of Advanced Materials and Healthcare Technologies, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
- Departament de Farmacologia, Toxicologia i Química Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Avda. Joan XXIII 27-31, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia UB (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014, India.
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Sun J, Peng W, Fan B, Gan D, Li L, Liu P, Shen J. Tertiary amines convert 1O 2 to H 2O 2 with enhanced photodynamic antibacterial efficiency. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 435:128948. [PMID: 35468396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is a promising approach to combat the increasing global multi-drug resistance crisis. However, the very short half-life of 1O2 and the inevitable photobleaching of photosensitizer (PS) are the inherent drawbacks that largely compromise its therapeutic efficiency. Here, we report a ROS conversion strategy that simultaneously addresses these issues. Based on a photodynamic model system where riboflavin (RF) served as the PS, we have clearly shown that about 93.2% of 1O2 could be converted to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the presence of tertiary amine. The less reactivity of H2O2 (v.s.1O2) could retard the photobleaching of riboflavin by 88.9%. Orders of magnitude extended half-life of ROS (H2O2v.s.1O2) and retarded photobleaching of RF synergistically provide a more persistent oxidization that increased the oxidation capacity of the photodynamic model system by 56.6%. Consequently, it is able to improve the therapeutic efficiencies from 89.6% to 99.1% in combating methicillinresistant S. aureus (MRSA) and from 64.0% to 92.0% in eradicating S. aureus biofilm on biomaterials within a 5-min simulated sunlight illumination. The reinforced photodynamic model system could also significantly accelerate the healing & maturing of MRSA infected skin wound as compared to that of clinically used vancomycin. The generality of "ROS conversion" among different amines and different photosensitizers have been verified. These findings may inspire many creative approaches to increase the antibacterial efficiency of current photodynamic treatments for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Sun
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bio-functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Wan Peng
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bio-functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Birong Fan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bio-functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Donglin Gan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bio-functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Li Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bio-functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Pingsheng Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bio-functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu 210023, China.
| | - Jian Shen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bio-functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu 210023, China
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Garg P, Attri P, Sharma R, Chauhan M, Chaudhary GR. Advances and Perspective on Antimicrobial Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2022.898411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial infection and antibiotic resistance is recognized as a serious problem to society from both an economical perspective and a health concern. To tackle this problem, “nanotechnology,” a multidisciplinary field of research, has provided a plethora of nanomaterials for potential applications in the antimicrobial sector. This letter discusses how antimicrobial nanomaterials are shaping this challenging field and being evaluated as therapeutic and medication delivery agents. The recently designed smart antimicrobial surfaces with switchable features that displayed synergistic antibacterial action were also highlighted. To end, we provide the current scenario and future perspectives with regards to emerging antimicrobial nano-engineered materials and nanotechnology.
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Chakraborty U, Garg P, Bhanjana G, Kaur G, Kaushik A, Chaudhary GR. Spherical silver oxide nanoparticles for fabrication of electrochemical sensor for efficient 4-Nitrotoluene detection and assessment of their antimicrobial activity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 808:152179. [PMID: 34875317 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This research article reports an economic and affordable microwave-assisted synthesis of spherical silver oxide nanoparticles (Ag2O NPs) (80-90 nm) for an efficient electrochemical sensing of a hazardous organic pollutant 4-nitrotoluene (4-NT). Such well-characterized Ag2O NPs were utilized to modify gold (Au) electrode in order to fabricate Ag2O-NPs/Au sensor to detect 4-NT using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) techniques. Ag2O-NPs/Au sensor exhibited a distinguished electrical response as a function of varying 4-NT concentration in neutral medium samples. Ag2O-NPs/Au sensor demonstrated an ultrahigh sensitivity as 15.33 μA (μM)-1 cm-2, a low detection limit of 62.3 nM, and linear response in detection ranges of 0.6-5.9 μM and 37-175 μM. The sensing performance of fabricated Ag2O-NPs/Au sensor is reproducible, reusable, selective in presence of other chemical species, and validated using real samples. The Ag2O/Au sensor had much rapid and easy fabrication process and offered much lower LOD for 4-NT detection than many previously reported sensors. Along with efficient electrochemical activity, the spherical Ag2O NPs also exhibit remarkable antimicrobial activity against harmful gram negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) and gram positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria. Herein projected efficient Ag2O-NPs/Au electrochemical sensor for 4-NT is affordable with the capability of scaling up to perform point-of-care 4-NT testing needed for successful environmental monitoring and water quality assurance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urmila Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Preeti Garg
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrumentation Facility (SAIF)/CIL, Panjab University Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Gaurav Bhanjana
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Ajeet Kaushik
- NanoBioTech Laboratory, Department of Natural Sciences, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland 33805, FL, USA
| | - Ganga Ram Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University Chandigarh, 160014, India; Sophisticated Analytical Instrumentation Facility (SAIF)/CIL, Panjab University Chandigarh, 160014, India
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Metallo-Liposomes Derived from the [Ru(bpy)3]2+ Complex as Nanocarriers of Therapeutic Agents. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9050090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The obtaining of nanocarriers of gene material and small drugs is still an interesting research line. Side-effects produced by the toxicity of several pharmaceutics, the high concentrations needed to get therapeutic effects, or their excessive use by patients have motivated the search for new nanostructures. For these reasons, cationic metallo-liposomes composed by phosphatidylcholine (PC), cholesterol (CHO) and RuC1C19 (a surfactant derived from the metallic complex [Ru(bpy)3]2+) were prepared and characterized by using diverse techniques (zeta potential, dynamic light scattering and electronic transmission microscopy –TEM-). Unimodal or bimodal populations of spherical aggregates with small sizes were obtained depending on the composition of the liposomes. The presence of cholesterol favored the formation of small aggregates. ct-DNA was condensed in the presence of the liposomes investigated. In-vitro assays demonstrated the ability of these nanoaggregates to internalize into different cell lines. A positive gene transfection into human bone osteosarcoma epithelial cells (U2OS) was also observed. The RuC1C19 surfactant was used as sensor to quantify the binding of DNA to the liposomes. Doxorubicin was encapsulated into the metallo-liposomes, demonstrating their ability to be also used as nanocarriers of drugs. A relationship between then encapsulation percentage of the antibiotic and the composition of the aggregates has been established.
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Kaur G, Berwal K, Sharma B, Chaudhary GR, Gawali SL, Hassan P. Enhanced antimicrobial photodynamic activity of photosensitizer encapsulated copper based metallocatanionic vesicles against E.coli using visible light. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Sharma B, Thakur V, Kaur G, Chaudhary GR. Efficient Photodynamic Therapy against Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria Using Rose Bengal Encapsulated in Metallocatanionic Vesicles in the Presence of Visible Light. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:8515-8524. [PMID: 35019621 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Significant consumption of antibiotics has generated multidrug resistance in bacteria, which is a major menace to human beings. Antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a progressing technique for inhibition of bacterial infection with minimal side effects. Metals and delivering agents play a major role in aPDT efficiency. Herein, we report a formulation to enrich the antibacterial photodynamic therapy utilizing metallocatanionic vesicles (MCVs) against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. These MCVs were synthesized by utilizing iron-based double-chain metallosurfactant [FeCPC(II)] as a cationic surfactant and AOT, a double-chain anionic surfactant. These synthesized MCV fractions were characterized by distinct techniques like DLS, zeta potential, FE-SEM, confocal microscopy, SAXS, and UV-Visible spectroscopy. Polyhedral-shaped MCVs with a size of 200 nm were formed, wherein the charge and size of the catanionic vesicle can be controlled by varying the mixing ratios. Both Gram-positive bacteria, i.e., methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and Gram-negative bacteria, i.e., Escherichia coli (E. coli), were used for aPDT using Rose Bengal (RB) as a photosensitizer (PS) encapsulated in MCVs in the presence of a 532 nm wavelength laser. The aPDT against bacterial cells was evaluated for both dark and light toxicities. Pure MCVs also exhibited good antibacterial properties; however, much enhancement was observed in the presence of RB encapsulated in MCVs under light, where eradication of bacteria (E. coli and MRSA) was achieved in 30 min. The observations demonstrated that it is the presence of metal that enhances the singlet oxygen quantum yield of RB and MCVs help in retarding self-quenching and enhanced solubilization of RB. The cationic surfactant-rich fraction shows strong adhesion toward bacteria via electrostatic interactions. The outcome of this research shows that these newly fabricated metal-based metallocatanionic vesicles were effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria using aPDT and must be exploited for clinical applications as well as an alternative for antibiotics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bunty Sharma
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Vipul Thakur
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Ganga Ram Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
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Sharma B, Kaur G, Chaudhary GR. Optimization and utilization of single chain metallocatanionic vesicles for antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) against E. coli. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:9304-9313. [PMID: 32966540 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01551b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Currently, bacterial infection due to multi-drug-resistant bacteria is one of the foremost problems in public health. Photodynamic therapy plays a significant role against bacterial infection, without causing any side effects. But the photosensitizers are associated with many drawbacks, which lessen their photodynamic efficiency. In this context, the current study describes the synthesis of new metallocatanionic vesicles and employs them in photodynamic therapy. These vesicles were synthesized by using a single-chain cationic metallosurfactant (CuCPC I) and sodium oleate (NaOl) as an anionic component. These vesicles were characterized from conductivity, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and confocal microscopy measurements. Methylene blue (MB) was used as a photosensitizer and its singlet oxygen quantum yield in the presence of these vesicles was determined by irradiating with 650 nm wavelength laser light. These vesicles play a dual-functional role, one helping in delivering the photosensitizer and the second doubling their singlet oxygen production capability due to the presence of metal ions. Antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) was studied against E. coli bacteria (Gram-negative bacteria). These vesicles also inherit their antibacterial activity and MB-encapsulated metallocatanionic vesicles on irradiation have shown 100% killing efficiency. In summary, we offer metallocatanionic vesicles prepared via a facile approach, which encapsulate a photosensitizer and can be used to combat E. coli infection through photodynamic therapy. We envisage that these synthesized metallocatanionic vesicles will provide a new modification to the catanionic mixture family and could be used for various applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bunty Sharma
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Ganga Ram Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
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