1
|
Zowiślok B, Świtlicka A, Maroń A, Siwy M. Synthesis, X-ray Studies and Photophysical Properties of Iridium(III) Complexes Incorporating Functionalized 2,2':6',2″ Terpyridines and 2,6-Bis(thiazol-2-yl)pyridines. Molecules 2024; 29:2496. [PMID: 38893372 PMCID: PMC11173833 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
A series of iridium(III) triimine complexes incorporating 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine (terpy) and 2,6-bis(thiazol-2-yl)pyridine (dtpy) derivatives were successfully designed and synthesized to investigate the impact of the peripheral rings (pyridine, thiazole) and substituents (thiophene, bithiophene, EDOT) attached to the triimine skeleton on their photophysical properties. The Ir(III) complexes were fully characterized using IR, 1H, elemental analysis and single crystal X-ray analysis. Their thermal properties were evaluated using TGA measurements. Photoluminescence spectra of [IrCl3L1-6] were investigated in solution at 298 and 77 K. The experimental studies were accompanied by DFT/TDDFT calculations. The photophysical properties of the synthesized triimine ligands and Ir(III) complexes were studied in detail by electronic absorption and emission. In solution, they exhibited photoluminescence quantum yields ranging from 1.27% to 5.30% depending on the chemical structure. The experimental research included DFT/TDDFT calculations. The photophysical properties of the synthesized triimine ligands and Ir(III) complexes were conducted using electronic absorption and emission techniques. In solution, they displayed photoluminescence quantum yields ranging from 1.27% to 5.30% depending on the chemical structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Zowiślok
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40-006 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Anna Świtlicka
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40-006 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Anna Maroń
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40-006 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Mariola Siwy
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Curie-Sklodowska Str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zheng M, Lin X, Xiong K, Zhang X, Chen Y, Ji L, Chao H. A hetero-bimetallic Ru(II)-Ir(III) photosensitizer for effective cancer photodynamic therapy under hypoxia. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2776-2779. [PMID: 38357825 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00072b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
A hetero-bimetallic Ru(II)-Ir(III) photosensitizer was developed. Upon light exposure, contrary to the homogeneous Ru(II)-Ru(II) and Ir(III)-Ir(III) complexes that can only produce singlet oxygen, Ru(II)-Ir(III) can generate multiple reactive oxygen species and kill hypoxic tumors. This study presents the first example of a hetero-bimetallic type-I and type-II dual photosensitizer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengsi Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Xinlin Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Kai Xiong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Xiting Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Yu Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Liangnian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Hui Chao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Neelambaran N, Shamjith S, Murali VP, Maiti KK, Joseph J. Exploring a Mitochondria Targeting, Dinuclear Cyclometalated Iridium (III) Complex for Image-Guided Photodynamic Therapy in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:5776-5788. [PMID: 38061031 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as an efficient and noninvasive treatment approach utilizing laser-triggered photosensitizers for combating cancer. Within this rapidly advancing field, iridium-based photosensitizers with their dual functionality as both imaging probes and PDT agents exhibit a potential for precise and targeted therapeutic interventions. However, most reported classes of Ir(III)-based photosensitizers comprise mononuclear iridium(III), with very few examples of dinuclear systems. Exploring the full potential of iridium-based dinuclear systems for PDT applications remains a challenge. Herein, we report a dinuclear Ir(III) complex (IRDI) along with a structurally similar monomer complex (IRMO) having 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)pyridine and 4'-methyl-2,2'-bipyridine ligands. The comparative investigation of the mononuclear and dinuclear Ir(III) complexes showed similar absorption profiles, but the dinuclear derivative IRDI exhibited a higher photoluminescence quantum yield (Φp) of 0.70 compared to that of IRMO (Φp = 0.47). Further, IRDI showed a higher singlet oxygen generation quantum yield (Φs) of 0.49 compared to IRMO (Φs = 0.28), signifying the enhanced potential of the dinuclear derivative for image-guided photodynamic therapy. In vitro assessments indicate that IRDI shows efficient cellular uptake and significant photocytotoxicity in the triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. In addition, the presence of a dual positive charge on the dinuclear system facilitates the inherent mitochondria-targeting ability without the need for a specific targeting group. Subcellular singlet oxygen generation by IRDI was confirmed using Si-DMA, and light-activated cellular apoptosis via ROS-mediated PDT was verified through various live-dead assays performed in the presence and absence of the singlet oxygen scavenger NaN3. Further, the mechanism of cell death was elucidated by an annexin V-FITC/PI flow cytometric assay and by investigating the cytochrome c release from mitochondria using Western blot analysis. Thus, the dinuclear complex designed to enhance spin-orbit coupling with minimal excitonic coupling represents a promising strategy for efficient image-guided PDT using iridium complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nishna Neelambaran
- Chemical Sciences & Technology Division (CSTD), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Shanmughan Shamjith
- Chemical Sciences & Technology Division (CSTD), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Vishnu Priya Murali
- Chemical Sciences & Technology Division (CSTD), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Kaustabh Kumar Maiti
- Chemical Sciences & Technology Division (CSTD), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Joshy Joseph
- Chemical Sciences & Technology Division (CSTD), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang Y, Chen CF, Guo FF, Gu YQ, Liang H, Chen ZF. In vitro and in vivo antitumor activities of Ru and Cu complexes with terpyridine derivatives as ligands. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 246:112284. [PMID: 37327592 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Six terpyridine ligands(L1-L6) with chlorophenol or bromophenol moiety were obtained to prepare metal terpyridine derivatives complexes: [Ru(L1)(DMSO)Cl2] (1), [Ru(L2)(DMSO)Cl2] (2), [Ru(L3)(DMSO)Cl2] (3), [Cu(L4)Br2]·DMSO (4), Cu(L5)Br2 (5), and [Cu(L6)Br2]⋅CH3OH (6). The complexes were fully characterized. Ru complexes 1-3 showed low cytotoxicity against the tested cell lines. Cu complexes 4-6 exhibited higher cytotoxicity against several tested cancer cell lines compared to their ligands and cisplatin, and lower toxicity towards normal human cells. Copper(II) complexes 4-6 arrested T-24 cell cycle in G1 phase. The mechanism studies indicated that complexes 4-6 accumulated in mitochondria of T-24 cells and caused significant reduction of the mitochondrial membrane potential, increase of the intracellular ROS levels and the release of Ca2+, and the activation of the Caspase cascade, finally inducing apoptosis. Animal studies showed that complex 6 obviously inhibited the tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model bearing T-24 tumor cells without significant toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guilin Normal College, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Cai-Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Fei-Fei Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yun-Qiong Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; School of Environment and Life Science, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Hong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Zhen-Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Maroń AM, Palion-Gazda J, Szłapa-Kula A, Schab-Balcerzak E, Siwy M, Sulowska K, Maćkowski S, Machura B. Controlling of Photophysical Behavior of Rhenium(I) Complexes with 2,6-Di(thiazol-2-yl)pyridine-Based Ligands by Pendant π-Conjugated Aryl Groups. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911019. [PMID: 36232327 PMCID: PMC9569785 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure–property correlations and control of electronic excited states in transition metal complexes (TMCs) are of high significance for TMC-based functional material development. Within these studies, a series of Re(I) carbonyl complexes with aryl-substituted 2,6-di(thiazol-2-yl)pyridines (Arn-dtpy) was synthesized, and their ground- and excited-state properties were investigated. A number of condensed aromatic rings, which function as the linking mode of the aryl substituent, play a fundamental role in controlling photophysics of the resulting [ReCl(CO)3(Arn-dtpy-κ2N)]. Photoexcitation of [ReCl(CO)3(Arn-dtpy-κ2N)] with 1-naphthyl-, 2-naphthyl-, 9-phenanthrenyl leads to the population of 3MLCT. The lowest triplet state of Re(I) chromophores bearing 9-anthryl, 2-anthryl, 1-pyrenyl groups is ligand localized. The rhenium(I) complex with appended 1-pyrenyl group features long-lived room temperature emission attributed to the equilibrium between 3MLCT and 3IL/3ILCT. The excited-state dynamics in complexes [ReCl(CO)3(9-anthryl-dtpy-κ2N)] and [ReCl(CO)3(2-anthryl-dtpy-κ2N)] is strongly dependent on the electronic coupling between anthracene and {ReCl(CO)3(dtpy-κ2N)}. Less steric hindrance between the chromophores in [ReCl(CO)3(2-anthryl-dtpy-κ2N)] is responsible for the faster formation of 3IL/3ILCT and larger contribution of 3ILCTanthracene→dtpy in relation to the isomeric complex [ReCl(CO)3(9-anthryl-dtpy-κ2N)]. In agreement with stronger electronic communication between the aryl and Re(I) coordination centre, [ReCl(CO)3(2-anthryl-dtpy-κ2N)] displays room-temperature emission contributed to by 3MLCT and 3ILanthracene/3ILCTanthracene→dtpy phosphorescence. The latter presents rarely observed phenomena in luminescent metal complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. Maroń
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
- Correspondence: (A.M.M.); (B.M.); Tel.: +48-3-2359-1627 (A.M.M. & B.M.)
| | - Joanna Palion-Gazda
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
| | - Agata Szłapa-Kula
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
| | - Ewa Schab-Balcerzak
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Sklodowska 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Mariola Siwy
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Sklodowska 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Karolina Sulowska
- Nanophotonics Group, Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Sebastian Maćkowski
- Nanophotonics Group, Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Barbara Machura
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
- Correspondence: (A.M.M.); (B.M.); Tel.: +48-3-2359-1627 (A.M.M. & B.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu B, Yang X, Jabed M, Kilina S, Yang Z, Sun W. Water-soluble dinuclear iridium(III) and ruthenium(II) bis-terdentate complexes: photophysics and electrochemiluminescence. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:13858-13866. [PMID: 36040117 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02104h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, photophysics, and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of four water-soluble dinuclear Ir(III) and Ru(II) complexes (1-4) terminally-capped by 4'-phenyl-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine (tpy) or 1,3-di(pyrid-2-yl)-4,6-dimethylbenzene (N^C^N) ligands and linked by a 2,7-bis(2,2':6',2''-terpyridyl)fluorene with oligoether chains on C9 are reported. The impact of the tpy or N^C^N ligands and metal centers on the photophysical properties of 1-4 was assessed by spectroscopic methods including UV-vis absorption, emission, and transient absorption, and by time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations. These complexes exhibited distinct singlet and triplet excited-state properties upon variation of the terminal-capping terdentate ligands and the metal centers. The ECL properties of complexes 1-3 with better water solubility were investigated in neutral phosphate buffer solutions (PBS) by adding tripropylamine (TPA) as a co-reactant, and the observed ECL intensity followed the descending order of 3 > 1 > 2. Complex 3 bearing the [Ru(tpy)2]2+ units displayed more pronounced ECL signals, giving its analogues great potential for further ECL study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China.
| | - Mohammed Jabed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
| | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
| | - Zhengchun Yang
- School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China.
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fan Z, Rong Y, Sadhukhan T, Liang S, Li W, Yuan Z, Zhu Z, Guo S, Ji S, Wang J, Kushwaha R, Banerjee S, Raghavachari K, Huang H. Single-Cell Quantification of a Highly Biocompatible Dinuclear Iridium(III) Complex for Photocatalytic Cancer Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202098. [PMID: 35258153 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Quantifying the content of metal-based anticancer drugs within single cancer cells remains a challenge. Here, we used single-cell inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to study the uptake and retention of mononuclear (Ir1) and dinuclear (Ir2) IrIII photoredox catalysts. This method allowed rapid and precise quantification of the drug in individual cancer cells. Importantly, Ir2 showed a significant synergism but not an additive effect for NAD(P)H photocatalytic oxidation. The lysosome-targeting Ir2 showed low dark toxicity in vitro and in vivo. Ir2 exhibited high photocatalytic therapeutic efficiency at 525 nm with an excellent photo-index in vitro and in tumor-bearing mice model. Interestingly, the photocatalytic anticancer profile of the dinuclear Ir2 was much better than the mononuclear Ir1, indicating for the first time that dinuclear metal-based photocatalysts can be applied for photocatalytic anticancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxian Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, P. R. China
| | - Yi Rong
- School of Bioscience and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Tumpa Sadhukhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | | | - Wenqing Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, P. R. China
| | - Zhanxiang Yuan
- Light Industry and Chemical Engineering College, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zilin Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, P. R. China
| | - Shunwen Guo
- School of Bioscience and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Shaomin Ji
- Light Industry and Chemical Engineering College, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jinquan Wang
- School of Bioscience and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Rajesh Kushwaha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, UP 221005, India
| | - Samya Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, UP 221005, India
| | | | - Huaiyi Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fan Z, Rong Y, Sadhukhan T, Liang S, Li W, Yuan Z, Zhu Z, Guo S, Ji S, Wang J, Kushwaha R, Banerjee S, Raghavachari K, Huang H. Single‐Cell Quantification of a Highly Biocompatible Dinuclear Iridium(III) Complex for Photocatalytic Cancer Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxian Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science (Shenzhen) Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University Sun Yat-sen University Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
| | - Yi Rong
- School of Bioscience and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates Guangdong Pharmaceutical University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Tumpa Sadhukhan
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University Bloomington Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | | | - Wenqing Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science (Shenzhen) Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University Sun Yat-sen University Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
| | - Zhanxiang Yuan
- Light Industry and Chemical Engineering College Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Zilin Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science (Shenzhen) Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University Sun Yat-sen University Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
| | - Shunwen Guo
- School of Bioscience and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates Guangdong Pharmaceutical University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Shaomin Ji
- Light Industry and Chemical Engineering College Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Jinquan Wang
- School of Bioscience and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates Guangdong Pharmaceutical University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Rajesh Kushwaha
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi UP 221005 India
| | - Samya Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi UP 221005 India
| | | | - Huaiyi Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science (Shenzhen) Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University Sun Yat-sen University Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lu C, Lu T, Cui P, Kilina S, Sun W. Photophysics and reverse saturable absorption of cationic dinuclear iridium(III) complexes bearing fluorenyl-tethered 2-(quinolin-2-yl)quinoxaline ligands. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:14309-14319. [PMID: 34558585 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02176a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, photophysics and reverse saturable absorption of two cationic dinuclear Ir(III) complexes bearing fluorenyl-tethered 2-(quinolin-2-yl)quinoxaline (quqo) ligands are reported in this paper. The two complexes possess intense and featureless diimine ligand localized 1ILCT (intraligand charge transfer)/1π,π* absorption bands at ca. 330 and 430 nm, and a weak 1,3MLCT (metal-to-ligand charge transfer)/1,3LLCT (ligand-to-ligand charge transfer) absorption band at >500 nm. Both complexes exhibit weak dual phosphorescence at ca. 590 nm and 710 nm, which are attributed to the 3ILCT/3π,π* and 3MLCT/3LLCT states, respectively. The low-energy 3MLCT/3LLCT state also gives rise to a moderately strong triplet excited-state absorption at 490-800 nm. Because of the stronger triplet excited-state absorption than the ground-state absorption of these complexes at 532 nm, both complexes manifest a moderate reverse saturable absorption (RSA) at 532 nm for ns laser pulses. Expansion of the π-conjugation of the fluorenyl-tethered diimine ligand in Ir-1 causes a slight red-shift of the 1ILCT/1π,π* absorption bands in its UV-vis absorption spectrum and the 3MLCT/3LLCT absorption band in the transient absorption spectrum and slightly enhances the RSA at 532 nm compared to that in Ir-2. This work represents the first report on dinuclear Ir(III) complexes that exhibit RSA at 532 nm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cuifen Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA. .,Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organochemical Materials & Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, P.R. China
| | - Taotao Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
| | - Peng Cui
- Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA. .,Materials and Nanotechnology Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xu W, Lystrom L, Pan Y, Sun X, Thomas SA, Kilina SV, Yang Z, Wang H, Hobbie EK, Sun W. Mono-/Bimetallic Neutral Iridium(III) Complexes Bearing Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Substituted N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands: Synthesis and Photophysics. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:15278-15290. [PMID: 34581183 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and photophysics (UV-vis absorption, emission, and transient absorption) of four neutral heteroleptic cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes (Ir-1-Ir-4) incorporating thiophene/selenophene-diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-substituted N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ancillary ligands are reported. The effects of thiophene versus selenophene substitution on DPP and bis- versus monoiridium(III) complexation on the photophysics of these complexes were systematically investigated via spectroscopic techniques and density functional theory calculations. All complexes exhibited strong vibronically resolved absorption in the regions of 500-700 nm and fluorescence at 600-770 nm, and both are predominantly originated from the DPP-NHC ligand. Complexation induced a pronounced red shift of this low-energy absorption band and the fluorescence band with respect to their corresponding ligands due to the improved planarity and extended π-conjugation in the DPP-NHC ligand. Replacing the thiophene units by selenophenes and/or biscomplexation led to the red-shifted absorption and fluorescence spectra, accompanied by the reduced fluorescence lifetime and quantum yield and enhanced population of the triplet excited states, as reflected by the stronger triplet excited-state absorption and singlet oxygen generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wan Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States.,Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng, Zhengzhou Province 475004, P. R. China
| | - Levi Lystrom
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Yanxiong Pan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Xinyang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Salim A Thomas
- Materials and Nanotechnology Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Svetlana V Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Zhongyu Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Hua Wang
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng, Zhengzhou Province 475004, P. R. China
| | - Erik K Hobbie
- Materials and Nanotechnology Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States.,Department of Physics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States.,Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hohlfeld BF, Gitter B, Kingsbury CJ, Flanagan KJ, Steen D, Wieland GD, Kulak N, Senge MO, Wiehe A. Dipyrrinato-Iridium(III) Complexes for Application in Photodynamic Therapy and Antimicrobial Photodynamic Inactivation. Chemistry 2021; 27:6440-6459. [PMID: 33236800 PMCID: PMC8248005 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The generation of bio-targetable photosensitizers is of utmost importance to the emerging field of photodynamic therapy and antimicrobial (photo-)therapy. A synthetic strategy is presented in which chelating dipyrrin moieties are used to enhance the known photoactivity of iridium(III) metal complexes. Formed complexes can thus be functionalized in a facile manner with a range of targeting groups at their chemically active reaction sites. Dipyrrins with N- and O-substituents afforded (dipy)iridium(III) complexes via complexation with the respective Cp*-iridium(III) and ppy-iridium(III) precursors (dipy=dipyrrinato, Cp*=pentamethyl-η5 -cyclopentadienyl, ppy=2-phenylpyridyl). Similarly, electron-deficient [IrIII (dipy)(ppy)2 ] complexes could be used for post-functionalization, forming alkenyl, alkynyl and glyco-appended iridium(III) complexes. The phototoxic activity of these complexes has been assessed in cellular and bacterial assays with and without light; the [IrIII (Cl)(Cp*)(dipy)] complexes and the glyco-substituted iridium(III) complexes showing particular promise as photomedicine candidates. Representative crystal structures of the complexes are also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin F. Hohlfeld
- Institut für Chemie u. BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinTakustr. 314195BerlinGermany
- biolitec research GmbHOtto-Schott-Str. 1507745JenaGermany
| | | | - Christopher J. Kingsbury
- Medicinal Chemistry, Trinity Translational Medicine InstituteTrinity Centre for Health SciencesTrinity College Dublin, The University of DublinSt James's HospitalDublin8Ireland
| | - Keith J. Flanagan
- Medicinal Chemistry, Trinity Translational Medicine InstituteTrinity Centre for Health SciencesTrinity College Dublin, The University of DublinSt James's HospitalDublin8Ireland
| | - Dorika Steen
- biolitec research GmbHOtto-Schott-Str. 1507745JenaGermany
| | | | - Nora Kulak
- Institut für Chemie u. BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinTakustr. 314195BerlinGermany
- Institut für ChemieOtto-von-Guericke-Universität MagdeburgUniversitätsplatz 239106MagdeburgGermany
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- Medicinal Chemistry, Trinity Translational Medicine InstituteTrinity Centre for Health SciencesTrinity College Dublin, The University of DublinSt James's HospitalDublin8Ireland
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS)Technical University of MunichLichtenbergstrasse 2a85748GarchingGermany
| | - Arno Wiehe
- Institut für Chemie u. BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinTakustr. 314195BerlinGermany
- biolitec research GmbHOtto-Schott-Str. 1507745JenaGermany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhu X, Liu B, Cui P, Kilina S, Sun W. Multinuclear 2-(Quinolin-2-yl)quinoxaline-Coordinated Iridium(III) Complexes Tethered by Carbazole Derivatives: Synthesis and Photophysics. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:17096-17108. [PMID: 33170657 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Five mono/di/trinuclear iridium(III) complexes (1-5) bearing the carbazole-derivative-tethered 2-(quinolin-2-yl)quinoxaline (quqo) diimine (N^N) ligand were synthesized and characterized. The photophysical properties of these complexes and their corresponding diimine ligands were systematically studied via UV-vis absorption, emission, and transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy and simulated by time-dependent density functional theory. All complexes possessed strong well-resolved absorption bands at <400 nm that have predominant ligand-based 1π,π* transitions and broad structureless charge-transfer (1CT) absorption bands at 400-700 nm. The energies or intensities of these 1CT bands varied pronouncedly when the number of tethered Ir(quqo)(piq)2+ (piq refers to 1-phenylisoquinoline) units, π conjugation of the carbazole derivative linker, or attachment positions on the carbazole linker were altered. All complexes were emissive at room temperature, with 1-3 showing near-IR (NIR) 3MLCT (metal-to-ligand charge-transfer)/3LLCT (ligand-to-ligand charge-transfer) emission at ∼710 nm and 4 and 5 exhibiting red or NIR 3ILCT (intraligand charge-transfer)/3LMCT (ligand-to-metal charge-transfer) emission in CH2Cl2. In CH3CN, 1-3 displayed an additional emission band at ca. 590 nm (3ILCT/3LMCT/3MLCT/3π,π* in nature) in addition to the 710 nm band. The different natures of the emitting states of 1-3 versus those of 4 and 5 also gave rise to different spectral features in their triplet TA spectra. It appears that the parentage and characteristics of the lowest triplet excited states in these complexes are mainly impacted by the π systems of the bridging carbazole derivatives and essentially no interactions among the Ir(quqo)(piq)2+ units. In addition, all of the diimine ligands tethered by the carbazole derivatives displayed a dramatic solvatochromic effect in their emission due to the predominant intramolecular charge-transfer nature of their emitting states. Aggregation-enhanced emission was also observed from the mixed CH2Cl2/ethyl acetate or CH2Cl2/hexane solutions of these ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Bingqing Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Peng Cui
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States.,Materials and Nanotechnology Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States.,Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, P. R. China
| | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| |
Collapse
|