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Williams LM, Cao S. Harnessing and delivering microbial metabolites as therapeutics via advanced pharmaceutical approaches. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 256:108605. [PMID: 38367866 PMCID: PMC10985132 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Microbial metabolites have emerged as key players in the interplay between diet, the gut microbiome, and host health. Two major classes, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and tryptophan (Trp) metabolites, are recognized to regulate inflammatory, immune, and metabolic responses within the host. Given that many human diseases are associated with dysbiosis of the gut microbiome and consequent reductions in microbial metabolite production, the administration of these metabolites represents a direct, multi-targeted treatment. While a multitude of preclinical studies showcase the therapeutic potential of both SCFAs and Trp metabolites, they often rely on high doses and frequent dosing regimens to achieve systemic effects, thereby constraining their clinical applicability. To address these limitations, a variety of pharmaceutical formulations approaches that enable targeted, delayed, and/or sustained microbial metabolite delivery have been developed. These approaches, including enteric encapsulations, esterification to dietary fiber, prodrugs, and nanoformulations, pave the way for the next generation of microbial metabolite-based therapeutics. In this review, we first provide an overview of the roles of microbial metabolites in maintaining host homeostasis and outline how compromised metabolite production contributes to the pathogenesis of inflammatory, metabolic, autoimmune, allergic, infectious, and cancerous diseases. Additionally, we explore the therapeutic potential of metabolites in these disease contexts. Then, we provide a comprehensive and up-to-date review of the pharmaceutical strategies that have been employed to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of microbial metabolites, with a focus on SCFAs and Trp metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey M Williams
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Shijie Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States.
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Pu Y, Fan X, Zhang Z, Guo Z, Pan Q, Gao W, Luo K, He B. Harnessing polymer-derived drug delivery systems for combating inflammatory bowel disease. J Control Release 2023; 354:1-18. [PMID: 36566845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is incurable, chronic, recrudescent disorders in the inflamed intestines. Current clinic treatments are challenged by systemic exposure-induced severe side effects, inefficiency after long-term treatment, and increased risks of infection and malignancy due to immunosuppression. Fortunately, naturally bioactive small molecules, reactive oxygen species scavengers (or antioxidants), and gut microbiota modulators have emerged as promising candidates for the IBD treatment. Polymeric systems have been engineered as a delivery vehicle to improve the bioavailability and efficacy of these therapeutic agents through targeting the mucosa and enhancing intestinal adhesion and retention, and reduce their systemic toxicity. Herein we survey polymer-derived drug delivery systems for combating the IBD. Advanced delivery technologies, therapeutic intervention strategies, and the principles for the construction of hierarchical, mucosa-targeting, and bioresponsive systems are elaborated, providing insights into design and development of from-bench-to-bedside drug delivery polymeric systems for the IBD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Pu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xi Fan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Zhaoyuan Guo
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Qingqing Pan
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Wenxia Gao
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Kui Luo
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bin He
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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Takahashi D, Kimura S, Hase K. Intestinal immunity: to be, or not to be, induced? That is the question. Int Immunol 2021; 33:755-759. [PMID: 34375433 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxab051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal immune system maintains intestinal homeostasis in collaboration with diverse immune cell subsets residing at the epithelial layer, lamina propria and gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). Bacterial components and their metabolites are essential for the establishment of the gut immune system. In addition, nutritional signals contribute to maintaining the mucosal immune response. Specialized epithelial microfold (M) cells in GALT facilitate immune surveillance on the mucosal surface by actively taking up external antigens to transport them into the lymphoid follicles. Because hyperplasia of M cells causes an excessive immune response in GALT, there is a self-regulatory mechanism to control the development of M cells appropriately. In this review, we will discuss the molecular mechanisms of mucosal immune regulation and their biological importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Takahashi
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kimura
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Hase
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Li J, Mu Y, Liu Y, Kishimura A, Mori T, Katayama Y. Effect of Size and Loading of Retinoic Acid in Polyvinyl Butyrate Nanoparticles on Amelioration of Colitis. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1472. [PMID: 34063206 PMCID: PMC8124360 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Butyrate has been used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). However, the controlled release of butyrate has been indicated to be necessary in order to avoid the side effects verified at high concentrations. We previously developed nanoparticles (NPs) of polyvinyl butyrate (PVBu) as an oral butyrate donor for the controlled release of butyrate for the treatment of colitis. To examine the effect of the size of NPs on the therapeutic effect of colitis, here we prepared PVBu NPs with different sizes (100 nm and 200 nm). Both sizes of PVBu NPs significantly suppressed the inflammatory response in macrophages in vitro. PVBu NPs with 200 nm showed better effects on the amelioration of colitis compared with the 100 nm-NPs. We found unexpectedly that 200 nm-NP incorporated with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) showed a much better therapeutic effect than those with unloaded 200 nm-NPs, although ATRA alone was reported to worsen the inflammation. The synergistic effect of ATRA with butyrate shows evidence of being a promising approach for IBD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinting Li
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; (J.L.); (Y.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Yunmei Mu
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; (J.L.); (Y.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Yiwei Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan;
| | - Akihiro Kishimura
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; (J.L.); (Y.M.); (A.K.)
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan;
- Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- International Research Center for Molecular System, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takeshi Mori
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; (J.L.); (Y.M.); (A.K.)
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan;
- Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Katayama
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; (J.L.); (Y.M.); (A.K.)
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan;
- Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- International Research Center for Molecular System, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, 200 Chung Pei Rd., Chung Li 32023, Taiwan
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