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Halder S, Paul M, Dyagala S, Aggrawal R, Aswal VK, Biswas S, Saha SK. Role of Gemini Surfactants with Variable Spacers and SiO 2 Nanoparticles in ct-DNA Compaction and Applications toward In Vitro/ In Vivo Gene Delivery. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023. [PMID: 37277159 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Compaction of calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA) by two cationic gemini surfactants, 12-4-12 and 12-8-12, in the absence and presence of negatively charged SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) (∼100 nm) has been explored using various techniques. 12-8-12 having a longer hydrophobic spacer induces a greater extent of ct-DNA compaction than 12-4-12, which becomes more efficient with SiO2 NPs. While 50% ct-DNA compaction in the presence of SiO2 NPs occurs at ∼77 nM of 12-8-12 and ∼130 nM of 12-4-12, but a conventional counterpart surfactant, DTAB, does it at its concentration as high as ∼7 μM. Time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy measurements show changes in the rotational dynamics of a fluorescent probe, DAPI, and helix segments in the condensed DNA. Fluorescence lifetime data and ethidium bromide exclusion assays reveal the binding sites of surfactants to ct-DNA. 12-8-12 with SiO2 NPs has shown the highest cell viability (≥90%) and least cell death in the human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cell lines in contrast to the cell viability of ≤80% for DTAB. These results show that 12-8-12 with SiO2 NPs has the highest time and dose-dependent cytotoxicity compared to 12-8-12 and 12-4-12 in the murine breast cancer 4T1 cell line. Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry are performed for in vitro cellular uptake of YOYO-1-labeled ct-DNA with surfactants and SiO2 NPs using 4T1 cells after 3 and 6 h incubations. The in vivo tumor accumulation studies are carried out using a real-time in vivo imaging system after intravenous injection of the samples into 4T1 tumor-bearing mice. 12-8-12 with SiO2 has delivered the highest amount of ct-DNA in cells and tumors in a time-dependent manner. Thus, the application of a gemini surfactant with a hydrophobic spacer and SiO2 NPs in compacting and delivering ct-DNA to the tumor is proven, warranting its further exploration in nucleic acid therapy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantan Halder
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology & Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana 500078, India
| | - Milan Paul
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana 500078, India
| | - Shalini Dyagala
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology & Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana 500078, India
| | - Rishika Aggrawal
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology & Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana 500078, India
| | - Vinod K Aswal
- Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Trombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400085, India
| | - Swati Biswas
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana 500078, India
| | - Subit K Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology & Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana 500078, India
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Shueng PW, Shih KC, Gambhir SS, Kuo DY, Chuang HY. Cancer Detection Using an Artificial Secretable MicroRNA Found in Blood and Urine. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030621. [PMID: 35327423 PMCID: PMC8945529 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers can potentially help in the detection and prognosis of diseases such as cancer, its recurrence, predicting response to therapy, and monitoring of response during and/or after treatment. Endogenous tumor blood biomarkers suffer from low concentrations that are not distinguishable from background noise and, if identified, the localization of the biomarker production site is not known. The use of exogenously introduced or artificial biomarkers can eliminate these issues. In this study, we show that cancer cells can be made to produce an artificial secreted microRNA (Sec-miR) that can be detected in media from cells in culture, and from both blood and urine in living mice. In culture, we show that chaining a number of Sec-miR sequences in a plasmid and transfecting cells with the plasmids could increase Sec-miR secretion as the number of sequences increases. Tumor induction in mice with a stably transfected HeLa cell line shows the presence and significant increase in the Sec-miR with time and tumor growth in plasma (p < 0.001, R2 = 0.5542). The relative half-life of the Sec-miR was seen to be 1.2 h in the plasma of living mice and was seen to appear in urine within 12 h. The transgene for the Sec-miR within a minicircle was introduced via the tail-vein into subcutaneous tumor-bearing mice. As the tumor growth increased with time, further in vivo transfection of the Sec-miR minicircles showed an increase in Sec-miR in both plasma and urine (R2 = 0.4546). This study demonstrated that an exogenous Sec-miR biomarker would allow for early tumor detection using in vitro diagnostics techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Wei Shueng
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei 220, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Chung Shih
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Cheng-Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
| | - Sanjiv Sam Gambhir
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Deng-Yu Kuo
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei 220, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (D.-Y.K.); (H.-Y.C.); Tel.: +886-2-7728-1033 (D.-Y.K.); +886-2-2826-7241 (H.-Y.C.); Fax: +886-2-7728-2367 (D.-Y.K.); +886-2-2820-1095 (H.-Y.C.)
| | - Hui-Yen Chuang
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (D.-Y.K.); (H.-Y.C.); Tel.: +886-2-7728-1033 (D.-Y.K.); +886-2-2826-7241 (H.-Y.C.); Fax: +886-2-7728-2367 (D.-Y.K.); +886-2-2820-1095 (H.-Y.C.)
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Diaz IL, Jérôme V, Freitag R, Perez LD. Development of poly(ethyleneimine) grafted amphiphilic copolymers: Evaluation of their cytotoxicity and ability to complex DNA. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/08839115211053925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) is one of the most widely used cationic polymers for gene delivery. The high molecular weight polymer, which is commercially available, is highly efficient but also very cytotoxic. The reduction in charge density by using nonlinear architectures based on low molecular weight (LMW) PEI is a promising approach to produce safer DNA-vectors. Herein, a group of cationic graft copolymers with different composition containing a hydrophobic biocompatible backbone and LMW linear PEI (lPEI) grafts obtained by ring opening polymerization and click chemistry was studied. The self-assembly and DNA complexation behavior of these materials was analyzed by the gel retardation assay, zeta potential measurements, and dynamic light scattering. The copolymers formed positively charged particles in water with average sizes between 270 and 377 nm. After they were added to DNA in serum-free medium, these particles acquired negative/near-neutral charges and increased in size depending on the N/P ratio. All copolymers showed reduced cytotoxicity compared to the 25 kDa lPEI used as reference, but the transfection efficiency was reduced. This result suggested that the cationic segments were too small to fully condense the DNA and promote cellular uptake, even with the use of several grafts and the introduction of hydrophobic domains. The trends found in this research showed that a higher degree of hydrophobicity and a higher grafting density can enhance the interaction between the copolymers and DNA. These trends could direct further structural modifications in the search for effective and safe vectors based on this polycation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne L Diaz
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Valérie Jérôme
- Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Ruth Freitag
- Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - León D Perez
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá DC, Colombia
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Keim D, Gollner K, Gollner U, Jérôme V, Freitag R. Generation of Recombinant Primary Human B Lymphocytes Using Non-Viral Vectors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8239. [PMID: 34361005 PMCID: PMC8347318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the development of gene delivery systems based on non-viral vectors is advancing, it remains a challenge to deliver plasmid DNA into human blood cells. The current "gold standard", namely linear polyethyleneimine (l-PEI 25 kDa), in particular, is unable to produce transgene expression levels >5% in primary human B lymphocytes. Here, it is demonstrated that a well-defined 24-armed poly(2-dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate (PDMAEMA, 755 kDa) nano-star is able to reproducibly elicit high transgene expression (40%) at sufficient residual viability (69%) in primary human B cells derived from tonsillar tissue. Moreover, our results indicate that the length of the mitogenic stimulation prior to transfection is an important parameter that must be established during the development of the transfection protocol. In our hands, four days of stimulation with rhCD40L post-thawing led to the best transfection results in terms of TE and cell survival. Most importantly, our data argue for an impact of the B cell subsets on the transfection outcomes, underlining that the complexity and heterogeneity of a given B cell population pre- and post-transfection is a critical parameter to consider in the multiparametric approach required for the implementation of the transfection protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Keim
- Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; (D.K.); (V.J.)
| | - Katrin Gollner
- Praxis am Schießgraben, Schießgraben 21, 95326 Kulmbach, Germany; (K.G.); (U.G.)
| | - Ulrich Gollner
- Praxis am Schießgraben, Schießgraben 21, 95326 Kulmbach, Germany; (K.G.); (U.G.)
| | - Valérie Jérôme
- Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; (D.K.); (V.J.)
| | - Ruth Freitag
- Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; (D.K.); (V.J.)
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Drozdov AD. Equilibrium Swelling of Biocompatible Thermo-Responsive Copolymer Gels. Gels 2021; 7:40. [PMID: 33916014 PMCID: PMC8167660 DOI: 10.3390/gels7020040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomedical applications of thermo-responsive (TR) hydrogels require these materials to be biocompatible, non-cytotoxic, and non-immunogenic. Due to serious concerns regarding potential toxicity of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm), design of alternative homo- and copolymer gels with controllable swelling properties has recently become a hot topic. This study focuses on equilibrium swelling of five potential candidates to replace PNIPAm in biomedical and biotechnological applications: poly(N-vinylcaprolactam), poly(vinyl methyl ether), poly(N,N-dimethyl amino ethyl methacrylate), and two families of poly(2-oxazoline)s, and poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylates). To evaluate their water uptake properties and to compare them with those of substituted acrylamide gels, a unified model is developed for equilibrium swelling of TR copolymer gels with various types of swelling diagrams. Depending on the strength of hydrophobic interactions (high, intermediate, and low), the (co)polymers under consideration are split into three groups that reveal different responses at and above the volume phase transition temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey D Drozdov
- Department of Materials and Production, Aalborg University, Fibigerstraede 16, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
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