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Peng L, Yi J, Yang X, Xie J, Chen C. Development and Characterization of Mycelium Bio-Composites by Utilization of Different Agricultural Residual Byproducts. JOURNAL OF BIORESOURCES AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jobab.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Aiduang W, Chanthaluck A, Kumla J, Jatuwong K, Srinuanpan S, Waroonkun T, Oranratmanee R, Lumyong S, Suwannarach N. Amazing Fungi for Eco-Friendly Composite Materials: A Comprehensive Review. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080842. [PMID: 36012830 PMCID: PMC9460913 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The continually expanding use of plastic throughout our world, along with the considerable increase in agricultural productivity, has resulted in a worrying increase in global waste and related environmental problems. The reuse and replacement of plastic with biomaterials, as well as the recycling of agricultural waste, are key components of a strategy to reduce plastic waste. Agricultural waste is characterized as lignocellulosic materials that mainly consist of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Saprobe fungi are able to convert agricultural waste into nutrients for their own growth and to facilitate the creation of mycelium-based composites (MBC) through bio-fabrication processes. Remarkably, different fungal species, substrates, and pressing and drying methods have resulted in varying chemical, mechanical, physical, and biological properties of the resulting composites that ultimately vary the functional aspects of the finished MBC. Over the last two decades, several innovative designs have produced a variety of MBC that can be applied across a range of industrial uses including in packaging and in the manufacturing of household items, furniture, and building materials that can replace foams, plastics, and wood products. Materials developed from MBC can be considered highly functional materials that offer renewable and biodegradable benefits as promising alternatives. Therefore, a better understanding of the beneficial properties of MBC is crucial for their potential applications in a variety of fields. Here, we have conducted a brief review of the current findings of relevant studies through an overview of recently published literature on MBC production and the physical, mechanical, chemical, and biological properties of these composites for use in innovative architecture, construction, and product designs. The advantages and disadvantages of various applications of mycelium-based materials (MBM) in various fields have been summarized. Finally, patent trends involving the use of MBM as a new and sustainable biomaterial have also been reviewed. The resulting knowledge can be used by researchers to develop and apply MBC in the form of eco-friendly materials in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Worawoot Aiduang
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Athip Chanthaluck
- Faculty of Architecture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Jaturong Kumla
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Kritsana Jatuwong
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sirasit Srinuanpan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Tanut Waroonkun
- Faculty of Architecture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Rawiwan Oranratmanee
- Faculty of Architecture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Correspondence: (R.O.); (N.S.); Tel.: +66-865-127-518 (N.S.)
| | - Saisamorn Lumyong
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
| | - Nakarin Suwannarach
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Correspondence: (R.O.); (N.S.); Tel.: +66-865-127-518 (N.S.)
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Chen J, Wang H, Liu X, Han X, Liu H. Multiple strategies to control the hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance of P(DMA- co-DMAEMA- co-QDMAEMA) coatings. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:4913-4922. [PMID: 35726664 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00521b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of the hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance of polymers has an important influence not only on their aggregation behavior in aqueous solution, but also on their adhesion properties on the surface of substrates and the applications of the modified surfaces. Based on this, a random copolymer poly(dopamine methacrylamide-co-2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (P(DMA-co-DMAEMA)) was synthesized as a starting polymer to generate P(DMA-co-DMAEMA-co-QDMAEMA) (PDDQ) derivatives by a programmable quaternization of the DMAEMA precursor. By adjusting the pH or temperature, both the aggregation behavior in aqueous solutions and the surface adhesive behavior on the substrate surfaces of PDDQ copolymers were regulated due to the hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance. Specifically, the surface adsorption of PDDQ copolymers on surfaces was enhanced by the increased hydrophobicity of PDDQ. Stainless steel meshes (SSM) modified with the PDDQ0 copolymer without quaternization showed a superoleophobicity in acidic aqueous media, which endowed it with improved oil-water separation performance. In addition, the hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance of PDDQs and their coatings could also be tuned by changing the ratio of DMAEMA to QDMAEMA in the copolymer. From PDDQ0 to PDDQ100, by increasing the hydrophilic QDMAEMA component of PDDQ copolymers, anti-protein properties and oil/water separation efficiency of the modified surfaces were also enhanced gradually. The results provided a reference for designing P(DMA-co-DMAEMA-co-QDMAEMA) coatings in different application environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Chen
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Hanhan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Xing Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Xia Han
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Honglai Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.
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Mycofabrication of Mycelium-Based Leather from Brown-Rot Fungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8030317. [PMID: 35330319 PMCID: PMC8950489 DOI: 10.3390/jof8030317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustainable substitutes for leather can be made from mushroom mycelium, which is an environmentally friendly alternative to animal and synthetic leather. Mycelium-based leather is derived from Polyporales, in which lignocellulosic material is used as the substrate. The plasticizing and crosslinking of mycelial mats with various reagents might affect the leather properties and mycelial architecture. This study investigated the physicochemical and mechanical properties of mycelium-based leather (MBL) samples, including the hygroscopic nature, thermal stability, cell wall chemistry, density, micromorphology, tensile strength, elongation rate, and Young’s modulus. Micromorphological observations confirmed the mycelial networks and their binding performance, verifying their efficacy as a substitute leather. The most significant effects were observed after treatment with 20% polyethylene glycol, which resulted in an increase in Young’s modulus and tensile strength. Furthermore, the samples generally exhibited a high density (1.35, 1.46 g/cm3) and tensile strength (7.21 ± 0.93, 8.49 ± 0.90 MPa), resembling leather. The tear strength reached as low as 0.5–0.8 N/mm. However, the tensile and tear strength may be affected by leather processing and the tuning of mycelial growth. Nevertheless, high-density mycelia are shown to be suitable for the production of MBL, while mycofabrication and strain selection are sustainable for novel industrial applications of MBL.
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Vandelook S, Elsacker E, Van Wylick A, De Laet L, Peeters E. Current state and future prospects of pure mycelium materials. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2021; 8:20. [PMID: 34930476 PMCID: PMC8691024 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-021-00128-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of the ongoing transition from a linear to a circular economy, ecologically friendly renewable solutions are put in place. Filamentous fungi can be grown on various organic feedstocks and functionalized into a range of diverse material types which are biobased and thus more sustainable in terms of their production, use and recycling. Pure mycelium materials, consisting only of mycelial biomass, can adopt versatile properties and appear promising as a substitute for current petrochemically produced polymeric materials or, in the case of myco-leather, as a substitute for animal-based leather. In recent years, a handful of private companies have been innovating to bring products based on pure mycelium materials to the market while scientific interest in these promising biomaterials is now starting to gain momentum. In this primer, we introduce pure mycelium materials, frame different production methods, review existing and potential future applications, thereby offering a vision on future advances for this emerging fungi-based technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Vandelook
- Research Group of Microbiology, Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elise Elsacker
- Research Group of Microbiology, Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
- Research Group of Architectural Engineering, Department of Architectural Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
- Hub for Biotechnology in the Built Environment, Devonshire Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Aurélie Van Wylick
- Research Group of Microbiology, Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
- Research Group of Architectural Engineering, Department of Architectural Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lars De Laet
- Research Group of Architectural Engineering, Department of Architectural Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eveline Peeters
- Research Group of Microbiology, Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium.
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Antinori ME, Contardi M, Suarato G, Armirotti A, Bertorelli R, Mancini G, Debellis D, Athanassiou A. Advanced mycelium materials as potential self-growing biomedical scaffolds. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12630. [PMID: 34135362 PMCID: PMC8209158 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91572-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycelia, the vegetative part of fungi, are emerging as the avant-garde generation of natural, sustainable, and biodegradable materials for a wide range of applications. They are constituted of a self-growing and interconnected fibrous network of elongated cells, and their chemical and physical properties can be adjusted depending on the conditions of growth and the substrate they are fed upon. So far, only extracts and derivatives from mycelia have been evaluated and tested for biomedical applications. In this study, the entire fibrous structures of mycelia of the edible fungi Pleurotus ostreatus and Ganoderma lucidum are presented as self-growing bio-composites that mimic the extracellular matrix of human body tissues, ideal as tissue engineering bio-scaffolds. To this purpose, the two mycelial strains are inactivated by autoclaving after growth, and their morphology, cell wall chemical composition, and hydrodynamical and mechanical features are studied. Finally, their biocompatibility and direct interaction with primary human dermal fibroblasts are investigated. The findings demonstrate the potentiality of mycelia as all-natural and low-cost bio-scaffolds, alternative to the tissue engineering systems currently in place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena Antinori
- Smart Materials, Fondazione Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
- DIBRIS, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Contardi
- Smart Materials, Fondazione Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Giulia Suarato
- Smart Materials, Fondazione Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
- Translational Pharmacology, Fondazione Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Armirotti
- Analytical Chemistry Lab, Fondazione Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Rosalia Bertorelli
- Translational Pharmacology, Fondazione Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Mancini
- Smart Materials, Fondazione Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Doriana Debellis
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Fondazione Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Athanassia Athanassiou
- Smart Materials, Fondazione Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy.
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