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Song Y, Dong QQ, Ni YK, Xu XL, Chen CX, Chen W. Nano-Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (Nano-PROTACs) in Cancer Therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:5739-5761. [PMID: 38882545 PMCID: PMC11180470 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s448684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are heterobifunctional molecules that have the capability to induce specific protein degradation. While playing a revolutionary role in effectively degrading the protein of interest (POI), PROTACs encounter certain limitations that impede their clinical translation. These limitations encompass off-target effects, inadequate cell membrane permeability, and the hook effect. The advent of nanotechnology presents a promising avenue to surmount the challenges associated with conventional PROTACs. The utilization of nano-proteolysis targeting chimeras (nano-PROTACs) holds the potential to enhance specific tissue accumulation, augment membrane permeability, and enable controlled release. Consequently, this approach has the capacity to significantly enhance the controllable degradation of target proteins. Additionally, they enable a synergistic effect by combining with other therapeutic strategies. This review comprehensively summarizes the structural basis, advantages, and limitations of PROTACs. Furthermore, it highlights the latest advancements in nanosystems engineered for delivering PROTACs, as well as the development of nano-sized PROTACs employing nanocarriers as linkers. Moreover, it delves into the underlying principles of nanotechnology tailored specifically for PROTACs, alongside the current prospects of clinical research. In conclusion, the integration of nanotechnology into PROTACs harbors vast potential in enhancing the anti-tumor treatment response and expediting clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Song
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing-Qing Dong
- ICU, Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi-Ke Ni
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310015, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ling Xu
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310015, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao-Xiang Chen
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310015, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Chen
- ICU, Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, People’s Republic of China
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Gao F, Rafiq M, Cong H, Yu B, Shen Y. Current research status and development prospects of embolic microspheres containing biological macromolecules and others. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131494. [PMID: 38608974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Transcatheter arterial embolization (TACE) has been used in the treatment of malignant tumors, sudden hemorrhage, uterine fibroids, and other diseases, and with advances in imaging techniques and devices, materials science, and drug release technology, more and more embolic agents that are drug-carrying, self-imaging, or have multiple functions are being developed. Microspheres provide safer and more effective therapeutic results as embolic agents, with their unique spherical appearance and good embolic properties. Embolic microspheres are the key to arterial embolization, blocking blood flow and nutrient supply to the tumor target. This review summarizes some of the currently published embolic microspheres, classifies embolic microspheres according to matrix, and summarizes the characteristics of the microsphere materials, the current status of research, directions, and the value of existing and potential applications. It provides a direction to promote the development of embolic microspheres towards multifunctionalization, and provides a reference to promote the research and application of embolic microspheres in the treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyuan Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Muhammad Rafiq
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Hailin Cong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China.
| | - Bing Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Youqing Shen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Center for Bionanoengineering, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
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Han Q, Du L, Zhu L, Yu D. Review of the Application of Dual Drug Delivery Nanotheranostic Agents in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Liver Cancer. Molecules 2023; 28:7004. [PMID: 37894483 PMCID: PMC10608862 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer has high incidence and mortality rates and its treatment generally requires the use of a combination treatment strategy. Therefore, the early detection and diagnosis of liver cancer is crucial to achieving the best treatment effect. In addition, it is imperative to explore multimodal combination therapy for liver cancer treatment and the synergistic effect of two liver cancer treatment drugs while preventing drug resistance and drug side effects to maximize the achievable therapeutic effect. Gold nanoparticles are used widely in applications related to optical imaging, CT imaging, MRI imaging, biomarkers, targeted drug therapy, etc., and serve as an advanced platform for integrated application in the nano-diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Dual-drug-delivery nano-diagnostic and therapeutic agents have drawn great interest in current times. Therefore, the present report aims to review the effectiveness of dual-drug-delivery nano-diagnostic and therapeutic agents in the field of anti-tumor therapy from the particular perspective of liver cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghe Han
- Radiology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (Q.H.); (L.D.); (L.Z.)
| | - Lianze Du
- Radiology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (Q.H.); (L.D.); (L.Z.)
| | - Lili Zhu
- Radiology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (Q.H.); (L.D.); (L.Z.)
| | - Duo Yu
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
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Ahmed Z, LoGiudice K, Mays G, Schorr A, Rowey R, Yang H, Trivedi S, Srivastava V. Increasing Chemotherapeutic Efficacy Using pH-Modulating and Doxorubicin-Releasing Injectable Chitosan-Poly(ethylene glycol) Hydrogels. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:45626-45639. [PMID: 37729014 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of pH is crucial to maintaining the chemical homeostasis of biological environments. The irregular metabolic pathways exhibited by cancer cells result in the production of acidic byproducts that are excreted and accumulate in the extracellular tumor microenvironment, reducing the pH. As a consequence of the lower pH in tumors, cancer cells increase the expression of metastatic phenotypes and chemotherapeutic resistance. A significant limitation in current cancer therapies is the inability to locally deliver chemotherapeutics, leading to significant damage to healthy cells in systemic administration. To overcome these challenges, we present an injectable chitosan-poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel that is dual-loaded with doxorubicin and sodium bicarbonate providing alkaline buffering of extracellular acidity and simultaneous chemotherapeutic delivery to increase chemotherapeutic efficacy. We conducted in vitro studies of weak base chemotherapeutic and alkaline buffer release from the hydrogel. The release of doxorubicin from hydrogels increased in a low-pH environment and was dependent on the encapsulated sodium bicarbonate concentration. We investigated the influence of pH on the doxorubicin efficacy and viability of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines. The results show a 2- to 3-fold increase in IC50 values from neutral pH to low pH, showing decreased cancer cell viability at neutral pH as compared to acidic pH. The IC50 results were shown to correlate with a decrease in intracellular uptake of doxorubicin at low pH. The proposed hydrogels were confirmed to be nontoxic to healthy MCF-10A mammary epithelial cells. Rheological studies were performed to verify that the dual-loaded hydrogels were injectable. The mechanical and release properties of the hydrogels were maintained after extended storage. The chemotherapeutic activity of doxorubicin was evaluated in the presence of the proposed pH-regulating hydrogels. The findings suggest a promising nontoxic, biodegradable hydrogel buffer delivery system that can achieve two simultaneous important goals of local acidosis neutralization and chemotherapeutic release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Ahmed
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Kevin LoGiudice
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Gavin Mays
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Angelina Schorr
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Rachel Rowey
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Haisong Yang
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Shruti Trivedi
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Vikas Srivastava
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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Zhang Y, Wu X, Zhu H, Cong Y. Development and in functional study of a bi-specific sustained release drug-loaded nano-liposomes for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Biomater Appl 2023:8853282231179313. [PMID: 37243614 DOI: 10.1177/08853282231179313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lenvatinib (LEN) is a first-line therapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but has a larger adverse effect profile. In this study, we developed a liposome with drug-carrying function and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging function to investigate the targeted drug-carrying function and MRI tracing ability of liposome for HCC. METHODS Magnetic nano-liposomes (MNL) with dual targeting function of epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and vimentin and capable of encapsulating LEN drugs were prepared. The characterization performance, drug loading efficiency and cytotoxicity of EpCAM/vimentin-LEN-MNL were tested, and the dual-targeting slow release drug loading function and MRI tracing ability were investigated in cellular and animal models. RESULTS EpCAM/vimentin-LEN-MNL has a mean particle size of 218.37 ± 5.13 nm and a mean potential of 32.86 ± 4.62 mV, and is spherical in shape and can be uniformly dispersed in solution. The encapsulation rate was 92.66 ± 0.73% and the drug loading rate was 9.35 ± 0.16%. It has low cytotoxicity, can effectively inhibit HCC cell proliferation and promote HCC cell apoptosis, and has specific targeting function and MRI tracing ability for HCC cells. CONCLUSIONS In this study, an HCC-specific dual-targeted sustained-release drug delivery liposome with dual-targeted recognition and sensitive MRI tracer was successfully prepared, which provides an important scientific basis for maximizing the multiple effects of nano-carriers in tumor diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Zhang
- Shanghai Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxiong Wu
- Shanghai Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongfan Zhu
- Shanghai Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Cong
- Shanghai Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Chen M, Guo X, Shen L, Ding J, Yu J, Chen X, Wu F, Tu J, Zhao Z, Nakajima M, Song J, Shu G, Ji J. Monodisperse CaCO 3-loaded gelatin microspheres for reversing lactic acid-induced chemotherapy resistance during TACE treatment. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 231:123160. [PMID: 36610575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is an important approach for the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the lactic acid-induced acidic tumor microenvironment (TME) may reduce the therapeutic outcome of TACE. Herein, monodispersed gelatin microspheres loaded with calcium carbonate nanoparticles (CaNPs@Gel-MS) as novel embolic agents were prepared by a simplified microfluidic device. It was found that the particle size and homogeneity of as-prepared CaNPs@Gel-MS were strongly dependent on the flow rates of continuous and dispersed phases, and the inner diameter of syringe needle. The introduction of CaNPs provided the gelatin microspheres with an enhanced ability to encapsulate the chemotherapeutic drug of DOX, as well as a pH-responsive sustained drug release behavior. In vitro results revealed that CaNPs@Gel-MS could largely increase the cellular uptake and chemotoxicity of DOX by neutralizing the lactic acid in the culture medium. In addition, CaNPs@Gel-MS exhibited an excellent and persistent embolic efficiency in a rabbit renal model. Finally, we found that TACE treatment with DOX-loaded CaNPs@Gel-MS (DOX/CaNPs@Gel-MS) had a much stronger ability to inhibit tumor growth than the DOX-loaded gelatin microspheres without CaNPs (DOX@Gel-MS). Overall, CaNPs@Gel-MS could be a promising embolic microsphere that can significantly improve anti-HCC ability by reversing lactic acid-induced chemotherapy resistance during TACE treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Institute of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui 323000, China; Clinical College of The Affiliated Central Hospital, School of Medicine, Lishui University, Lishui 323000, China; Department of radiology, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Lishui 323000, China
| | - Xiaoju Guo
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Institute of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui 323000, China; School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000,China
| | - Lin Shen
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Institute of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui 323000, China
| | - Jiayi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Institute of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui 323000, China
| | - Junchao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Institute of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui 323000, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Institute of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui 323000, China; Clinical College of The Affiliated Central Hospital, School of Medicine, Lishui University, Lishui 323000, China; Department of radiology, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Lishui 323000, China
| | - Fazong Wu
- Department of radiology, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Lishui 323000, China
| | - Jianfei Tu
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Institute of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui 323000, China; Clinical College of The Affiliated Central Hospital, School of Medicine, Lishui University, Lishui 323000, China; School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000,China; Department of radiology, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Lishui 323000, China
| | - Zhongwei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Institute of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui 323000, China; Clinical College of The Affiliated Central Hospital, School of Medicine, Lishui University, Lishui 323000, China; School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000,China; Department of radiology, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Lishui 323000, China
| | - Mitsutoshi Nakajima
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Jingjing Song
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Institute of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui 323000, China; Clinical College of The Affiliated Central Hospital, School of Medicine, Lishui University, Lishui 323000, China; Department of radiology, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Lishui 323000, China.
| | - Gaofeng Shu
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Institute of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui 323000, China; Clinical College of The Affiliated Central Hospital, School of Medicine, Lishui University, Lishui 323000, China; Department of radiology, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Lishui 323000, China.
| | - Jiansong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Institute of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui 323000, China; Clinical College of The Affiliated Central Hospital, School of Medicine, Lishui University, Lishui 323000, China; School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000,China; Department of radiology, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Lishui 323000, China.
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Wu S, Fan K, Yang Q, Chen Z, Hou Y, Zou Y, Cai W, Kang L. Smart nanoparticles and microbeads for interventional embolization therapy of liver cancer: state of the art. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:42. [PMID: 36747202 PMCID: PMC9901004 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01804-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization is characterized by the ability to accurately deliver chemotherapy drugs with minimal systemic side effects and has become the standard treatment for unresectable intermediate hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, this treatment option still has much room for improvement, one of which may be the introduction of nanomaterials, which exhibit unique functions and can be applied to in vivo tumor imaging and therapy. Several biodegradable and multifunctional nanomaterials and nanobeads have recently been developed and applied in the locoregional treatment of hepatocellular cancer. This review explores recent developments and findings in relation to micro-nano medicines in transarterial therapy for HCC, emerging strategies to improve the efficacy of delivering nano-based medicines, and expounding prospects for clinical applications of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitong Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Kevin Fan
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Zhao Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Yi Hou
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Yinghua Zou
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China.
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
| | - Lei Kang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China.
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Feng Z, Su X, Wang T, Sun X, Yang H, Guo S. The Role of Microsphere Structures in Bottom-Up Bone Tissue Engineering. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020321. [PMID: 36839645 PMCID: PMC9964570 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone defects have caused immense healthcare concerns and economic burdens throughout the world. Traditional autologous allogeneic bone grafts have many drawbacks, so the emergence of bone tissue engineering brings new hope. Bone tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary biomedical engineering method that involves scaffold materials, seed cells, and "growth factors". However, the traditional construction approach is not flexible and is unable to adapt to the specific shape of the defect, causing the cells inside the bone to be unable to receive adequate nourishment. Therefore, a simple but effective solution using the "bottom-up" method is proposed. Microspheres are structures with diameters ranging from 1 to 1000 µm that can be used as supports for cell growth, either in the form of a scaffold or in the form of a drug delivery system. Herein, we address a variety of strategies for the production of microspheres, the classification of raw materials, and drug loading, as well as analyze new strategies for the use of microspheres in bone tissue engineering. We also consider new perspectives and possible directions for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Feng
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110002, China; (Z.F.); (X.S.); (T.W.)
| | - Xin Su
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110002, China; (Z.F.); (X.S.); (T.W.)
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110002, China; (Z.F.); (X.S.); (T.W.)
| | - Xiaoting Sun
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang 110122, China
- Correspondence: (X.S.); (S.G.)
| | - Huazhe Yang
- School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang 110122, China;
| | - Shu Guo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110002, China; (Z.F.); (X.S.); (T.W.)
- Correspondence: (X.S.); (S.G.)
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Chen M, Li J, Shu G, Shen L, Qiao E, Zhang N, Fang S, Chen X, Zhao Z, Tu J, Song J, Du Y, Ji J. Homogenous multifunctional microspheres induce ferroptosis to promote the anti-hepatocarcinoma effect of chemoembolization. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:179. [PMID: 35366904 PMCID: PMC8976998 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01385-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) is one of the main palliative therapies for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is also regarded as a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. However, drug-loaded microspheres (DLMs), as commonly used clinical chemoembolization drugs, still have the problems of uneven particle size and unstable therapeutic efficacy. Herein, gelatin was used as the wall material of the microspheres, and homogenous gelatin microspheres co-loaded with adriamycin and Fe3O4 nanoparticles (ADM/Fe3O4-MS) were further prepared by a high-voltage electrospray technology. The introduction of Fe3O4 nanoparticles into DLMs not only provided excellent T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) properties, but also improved the anti-tumor effectiveness under microwave-induced hyperthermia. The results showed that ADM/Fe3O4-MS plus microwave irradiation had significantly better antitumor efficacy than the other types of microspheres at both cell and animal levels. Our study further confirmed that ferroptosis was involved in the anti-tumor process of ADM/Fe3O4-MS plus microwave irradiation, and ferroptosis marker GPX4 was significantly decreased and ACSL4 was significantly increased, and ferroptosis inhibitors could reverse the tumor cell killing effect caused by ADM/Fe3O4-MS to a certain extent. Our results confirmed that microwave mediated hyperthermia could amplify the antitumor efficacy of ADM/Fe3O4-MS by activating ferroptosis and the introduction of Fe3O4 nanoparticles can significantly improve TACE for HCC. This study confirmed that it was feasible to use uniform-sized gelatin microspheres co-loaded with Fe3O4 nanoparticles and adriamycin to enhance the efficacy of TACE for HCC.
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