1
|
Dai J, Ashrafizadeh M, Aref AR, Sethi G, Ertas YN. Peptide-functionalized, -assembled and -loaded nanoparticles in cancer therapy. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:103981. [PMID: 38614161 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.103981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
The combination of peptides and nanoparticles in cancer therapy has shown synergistic results. Nanoparticle functionalization with peptides can increase their targeting ability towards tumor cells. In some cases, the peptides can develop self-assembled nanoparticles, in combination with drugs, for targeted cancer therapy. The peptides can be loaded into nanoparticles and can be delivered by other drugs for synergistic cancer removal. Multifunctional types of peptide-based nanoparticles, including pH- and redox-sensitive classes, have been introduced in cancer therapy. The tumor microenvironment remolds, and the acceleration of immunotherapy and vaccines can be provided by peptide nanoparticles. Moreover, the bioimaging and labeling of cancers can be mediated by peptide nanoparticles. Therefore, peptides can functionalize nanoparticles in targeted cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Dai
- School of Computer Science and Information Systems, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, MO, USA
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors, Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; International Association for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Amir Reza Aref
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology and NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Yavuz Nuri Ertas
- ERNAM-Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Krasnovskaya OO, Abramchuck D, Erofeev A, Gorelkin P, Kuznetsov A, Shemukhin A, Beloglazkina EK. Recent Advances in 64Cu/ 67Cu-Based Radiopharmaceuticals. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119154. [PMID: 37298101 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper-64 (T1/2 = 12.7 h) is a positron and beta-emitting isotope, with decay characteristics suitable for both positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and radiotherapy of cancer. Copper-67 (T1/2 = 61.8 h) is a beta and gamma emitter, appropriate for radiotherapy β-energy and with a half-life suitable for single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging. The chemical identities of 64Cu and 67Cu isotopes allow for convenient use of the same chelating molecules for sequential PET imaging and radiotherapy. A recent breakthrough in 67Cu production opened previously unavailable opportunities for a reliable source of 67Cu with high specific activity and purity. These new opportunities have reignited interest in the use of copper-containing radiopharmaceuticals for the therapy, diagnosis, and theranostics of various diseases. Herein, we summarize recent (2018-2023) advances in the use of copper-based radiopharmaceuticals for PET, SPECT imaging, radiotherapy, and radioimmunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga O Krasnovskaya
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Daniil Abramchuck
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Erofeev
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Research Laboratory of Biophysics, National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy Prospect 4, 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Peter Gorelkin
- Research Laboratory of Biophysics, National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy Prospect 4, 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Kuznetsov
- Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1, Bld. 2, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/2, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Shemukhin
- Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1, Bld. 2, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena K Beloglazkina
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xia W, Singh N, Goel S, Shi S. Molecular Imaging of Innate Immunity and Immunotherapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 198:114865. [PMID: 37182699 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system plays a key role as the first line of defense in various human diseases including cancer, cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases. In contrast to tissue biopsies and blood biopsies, in vivo imaging of the innate immune system can provide whole body measurements of immune cell location and function and changes in response to disease progression and therapy. Rationally developed molecular imaging strategies can be used in evaluating the status and spatio-temporal distributions of the innate immune cells in near real-time, mapping the biodistribution of novel innate immunotherapies, monitoring their efficacy and potential toxicities, and eventually for stratifying patients that are likely to benefit from these immunotherapies. In this review, we will highlight the current state-of-the-art in noninvasive imaging techniques for preclinical imaging of the innate immune system particularly focusing on cell trafficking, biodistribution, as well as pharmacokinetics and dynamics of promising immunotherapies in cancer and other diseases; discuss the unmet needs and current challenges in integrating imaging modalities and immunology and suggest potential solutions to overcome these barriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenxi Xia
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States
| | - Neetu Singh
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States
| | - Shreya Goel
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States
| | - Sixiang Shi
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chakraborty K, Mondal J, An JM, Park J, Lee YK. Advances in Radionuclides and Radiolabelled Peptides for Cancer Therapeutics. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030971. [PMID: 36986832 PMCID: PMC10054444 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiopharmaceutical therapy, which can detect and treat tumours simultaneously, was introduced more than 80 years ago, and it has changed medical strategies with respect to cancer. Many radioactive radionuclides have been developed, and functional, molecularly modified radiolabelled peptides have been used to produce biomolecules and therapeutics that are vastly utilised in the field of radio medicine. Since the 1990s, they have smoothly transitioned into clinical application, and as of today, a wide variety of radiolabelled radionuclide derivatives have been examined and evaluated in various studies. Advanced technologies, such as conjugation of functional peptides or incorporation of radionuclides into chelating ligands, have been developed for advanced radiopharmaceutical cancer therapy. New radiolabelled conjugates for targeted radiotherapy have been designed to deliver radiation directly to cancer cells with improved specificity and minimal damage to the surrounding normal tissue. The development of new theragnostic radionuclides, which can be used for both imaging and therapy purposes, allows for more precise targeting and monitoring of the treatment response. The increased use of peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) is also important in the targeting of specific receptors which are overexpressed in cancer cells. In this review, we provide insights into the development of radionuclides and functional radiolabelled peptides, give a brief background, and describe their transition into clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kushal Chakraborty
- Department of IT and Energy Convergence (BK21 FOUR), Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
| | - Jagannath Mondal
- Department of Green Bio Engineering, Graduate School, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
- 4D Convergence Technology Institute, Korea National University of Transportation, Jeungpyeong 27909, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Man An
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jooho Park
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, BK21 Program, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (J.P.); (Y.-K.L.); Tel.: +82-43-841-5224 (Y.-K.L.)
| | - Yong-Kyu Lee
- Department of Green Bio Engineering, Graduate School, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
- 4D Convergence Technology Institute, Korea National University of Transportation, Jeungpyeong 27909, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (J.P.); (Y.-K.L.); Tel.: +82-43-841-5224 (Y.-K.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nasser T, Adel R, Badr A, Teleb M, Bekhit AA, Elkhodairy KA, Abdelhamid AS, Elzoghby AO. Combined Cancer Immunotheranostic Nanomedicines: Delivery Technologies and Therapeutic Outcomes. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:4491-4507. [PMID: 36777563 PMCID: PMC9909687 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is among the main causes of mortality all over the world. The delayed diagnosis is directly related to the decrease in survival rate. The use of immunotherapy has dramatically changed the treatment outcomes of different types of cancers. However, many patients still do not respond to immunotherapies, and many also suffer from severe immune-related side effects. Recent advances in the fields of nanomedicine bioengineering and in particular imaging offered new approaches which can enhance not only the safety but also the efficacy of immunotherapy. Theranostics has showed great progress as a branch of medicine which integrates both diagnosis and therapy in a single system. The outcomes from animal studies demonstrated an improvement in the diagnostic and immunotherapeutic potential of nanoparticles within the theranostic framework. Herein, we discuss the most recent developments in the application of nanotheranostics for combining tumor imaging and cancer immunotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tasneem
A. Nasser
- Cancer
Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Rawan Adel
- Cancer
Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Abdelrahman Badr
- Cancer
Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Teleb
- Cancer
Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 5372066, Egypt
| | - Adnan A. Bekhit
- Cancer
Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 5372066, Egypt
| | - Kadria A. Elkhodairy
- Cancer
Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
- Department
of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 5372066, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S. Abdelhamid
- Cancer
Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
- . Cell: (002) 010-986-85077
| | - Ahmed O. Elzoghby
- Cancer
Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
- Department
of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 5372066, Egypt
- Division
of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- . Cell: (001) 781-366-8703
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Biri-Kovács B, Bánóczi Z, Tummalapally A, Szabó I. Peptide Vaccines in Melanoma: Chemical Approaches towards Improved Immunotherapeutic Efficacy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020452. [PMID: 36839774 PMCID: PMC9963291 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer of the skin is by far the most common of all cancers. Although the incidence of melanoma is relatively low among skin cancers, it can account for a high number of skin cancer deaths. Since the start of deeper insight into the mechanisms of melanoma tumorigenesis and their strong interaction with the immune system, the development of new therapeutical strategies has been continuously rising. The high number of melanoma cell mutations provides a diverse set of antigens that the immune system can recognize and use to distinguish tumor cells from normal cells. Peptide-based synthetic anti-tumor vaccines are based on tumor antigens that elicit an immune response due to antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Although targeting APCs with peptide antigens is the most important assumption for vaccine development, peptide antigens alone are poorly immunogenic. The immunogenicity of peptide antigens can be improved not only by synthetic modifications but also by the assistance of adjuvants and/or delivery systems. The current review summarizes the different chemical approaches for the development of effective peptide-based vaccines for the immunotherapeutic treatment of advanced melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beáta Biri-Kovács
- ELKH-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Bánóczi
- ELKH-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Ildikó Szabó
- ELKH-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-TTK Lendület “Momentum” Peptide-Based Vaccines Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-13722500
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu X, Pan L, Wang K, Pan W, Li N, Tang B. Imaging strategies for monitoring the immune response. Chem Sci 2022; 13:12957-12970. [PMID: 36425502 PMCID: PMC9667917 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03446h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Real-time monitoring of the immune response can be used to evaluate the immune status of the body and to distinguish immune responders and non-responders, so as to better guide immunotherapy. Through direct labelling of immune cells and imaging specific biomarkers of different cells, the activation status of immune cells and immunosuppressive status of tumor cells can be visualized. The immunotherapeutic regimen can then be adjusted accordingly in a timely manner to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy. In this review, various imaging methods, immune-related imaging probes, current challenges and opportunities are summarized and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Limeng Pan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Kaiye Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Wei Pan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Na Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pijeira MSO, Viltres H, Kozempel J, Sakmár M, Vlk M, İlem-Özdemir D, Ekinci M, Srinivasan S, Rajabzadeh AR, Ricci-Junior E, Alencar LMR, Al Qahtani M, Santos-Oliveira R. Radiolabeled nanomaterials for biomedical applications: radiopharmacy in the era of nanotechnology. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2022; 7:8. [PMID: 35467307 PMCID: PMC9038981 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-022-00161-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent advances in nanotechnology have offered new hope for cancer detection, prevention, and treatment. Nanomedicine, a term for the application of nanotechnology in medical and health fields, uses nanoparticles for several applications such as imaging, diagnostic, targeted cancer therapy, drug and gene delivery, tissue engineering, and theranostics. RESULTS Here, we overview the current state-of-the-art of radiolabeled nanoparticles for molecular imaging and radionuclide therapy. Nanostructured radiopharmaceuticals of technetium-99m, copper-64, lutetium-177, and radium-223 are discussed within the scope of this review article. CONCLUSION Nanoradiopharmaceuticals may lead to better development of theranostics inspired by ingenious delivery and imaging systems. Cancer nano-theranostics have the potential to lead the way to more specific and individualized cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martha Sahylí Ortega Pijeira
- Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmaceuticals and Synthesis of Novel Radiopharmaceuticals, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Rua Helio de Almeida, 75, Ilha Do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941906, Brazil
| | - Herlys Viltres
- School of Engineering Practice and Technology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Jan Kozempel
- Department of Nuclear Chemistry, Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Břehová 7, 11519, Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Sakmár
- Department of Nuclear Chemistry, Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Břehová 7, 11519, Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Vlk
- Department of Nuclear Chemistry, Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Břehová 7, 11519, Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - Derya İlem-Özdemir
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, 35040, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Meliha Ekinci
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, 35040, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Seshasai Srinivasan
- School of Engineering Practice and Technology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Amin Reza Rajabzadeh
- School of Engineering Practice and Technology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Eduardo Ricci-Junior
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21940000, Brazil
| | - Luciana Magalhães Rebelo Alencar
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Nanosystems, Department of Physics, Federal University of Maranhão, Campus Bacanga, São Luís, Maranhão, 65080-805, Brazil
| | - Mohammed Al Qahtani
- Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceuticals Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ralph Santos-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmaceuticals and Synthesis of Novel Radiopharmaceuticals, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Rua Helio de Almeida, 75, Ilha Do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941906, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Radiopharmacy and Nanoradiopharmaceuticals, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 23070200, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen X, Niu W, Du Z, Zhang Y, Su D, Gao X. 64Cu radiolabeled nanomaterials for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|