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Alsharbaty MHM, Naji GA, Ghani BA, Schagerl M, Khalil MA, Ali SS. Cytotoxicity and antibacterial susceptibility assessment of a newly developed pectin-chitosan polyelectrolyte composite for dental implants. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16968. [PMID: 39043806 PMCID: PMC11266696 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68020-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Biopolymers such as chitosan and pectin are currently attracting significant attention because of their unique properties, which are valuable in the food industry and pharmaceutical applications. These properties include non-toxicity, compatibility with biological systems, natural decomposition ability, and structural adaptability. The objective of this study was to assess the performance of two different ratios of pectin-chitosan polyelectrolyte composite (PCPC) after applying them as a coating to commercially pure titanium (CpTi) substrates using electrospraying. The PCPC was studied in ratios of 1:2 and 1:3, while the control group consisted of CpTi substrates without any coating. The pull-off adhesion strength, cytotoxicity, and antibacterial susceptibility tests were utilized to evaluate the PCPC coatings. In order to determine whether the composite coating was the result of physical blending or chemical bonding, the topographic surface parameters were studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). PCPC (1:3) had the highest average cell viability of 93.42, 89.88, and 86.85% after 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively, as determined by the cytotoxicity assay, when compared to the other groups. According to the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method for testing antibacterial susceptibility, PCPC (1:3) showed the highest average diameter of the zone of inhibition, measuring 14.88, 14.43, and 11.03 mm after 24, 48, and 72 h of incubation, respectively. This difference was highly significant compared to Group 3 at all three time periods. PCPC (1:3) exhibited a significantly higher mean pull-off adhesion strength (521.6 psi) compared to PCPC (1:2), which revealed 419.5 psi. PCPC (1:3) coated substrates exhibited better surface roughness parameters compared to other groups based on the findings of the AFM. The FTIR measurement indicated that both PCPC groups exhibited a purely physical blending in the composite coating. Based on the extent of these successful in vitro experiments, PCPC (1:3) demonstrates its potential as an effective coating layer. Therefore, the findings of this study pave the way for using newly developed PCPC after electrospraying coating on CpTi for dental implants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ghassan A Naji
- College of Dentistry, AL-Iraqia University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ban A Ghani
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Michael Schagerl
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Maha A Khalil
- Biology Department, College of Science, Taif University, 21944, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sameh S Ali
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
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2
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Agostinacchio F, Biada E, Gambari L, Grassi F, Bucciarelli A, Motta A. Surfactant-assisted photo-crosslinked silk fibroin sponges: A versatile platform for the design of bone scaffolds. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2024; 161:213887. [PMID: 38735199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.213887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Critical size bone defects cannot heal without aid and current clinical approaches exhibit some limitations, underling the need for novel solutions. Silk fibroin, derived from silkworms, is widely utilized in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine due to its remarkable properties, making it a promising candidate for bone tissue regeneration in vitro and in vivo. However, the clinical translation of silk-based materials requires refinements in 3D architecture, stability, and biomechanical properties. In earlier research, improved mechanical resistance and stability of chemically crosslinked methacrylate silk fibroin (Sil-Ma) sponges over physically crosslinked counterparts were highlighted. Furthermore, the influence of photo-initiator and surfactant concentrations on silk properties was investigated. However, the characterization of sponges with Sil-Ma solution concentrations above 10 % (w/V) was hindered by production optimization challenges, with only cell viability assessed. This study focuses on the evaluation of methacrylate sponges' suitability as temporal bone tissue regeneration scaffolds. Sil-Ma sponge fabrication at a fixed concentration of 20 % (w/V) was optimized and the impact of photo-initiator (LAP) concentrations and surfactant (Tween 80) presence/absence was studied. Their effects on pore formation, silk secondary structure, mechanical properties, and osteogenic differentiation of hBM-MSCs were investigated. We demonstrated that, by tuning silk sponges' composition, the optimal combination boosted osteogenic gene expression, offering a strategy to tailor biomechanical properties for effective bone regeneration. Utilizing Design of Experiment (DoE), correlations between sponge composition, porosity, and mechanical properties are established, guiding tailored material outcomes. Additionally, correlation matrices elucidate the microstructure's influence on gene expressions, providing insights for personalized approaches in bone tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Agostinacchio
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Material Science and Technology, Florence, Italy; BIOtech Research Center and European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Elisa Biada
- BIOtech Research Center and European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Laura Gambari
- Laboratorio Ramses, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Grassi
- Laboratorio Ramses, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Antonella Motta
- BIOtech Research Center and European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy.
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Zhu Y, Gu H, Yang J, Li A, Hou L, Zhou M, Jiang X. An Injectable silk-based hydrogel as a novel biomineralization seedbed for critical-sized bone defect regeneration. Bioact Mater 2024; 35:274-290. [PMID: 38370865 PMCID: PMC10873665 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The healing process of critical-sized bone defects urges for a suitable biomineralization environment. However, the unsatisfying repair outcome usually results from a disturbed intricate milieu and the lack of in situ mineralization resources. In this work, we have developed a composite hydrogel that mimics the natural bone healing processes and serves as a seedbed for bone regeneration. The oxidized silk fibroin and fibrin are incorporated as rigid geogrids, and amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) and platelet-rich plasma serve as the fertilizers and loam, respectively. Encouragingly, the seedbed hydrogel demonstrates excellent mechanical and biomineralization properties as a stable scaffold and promotes vascularized bone regeneration in vivo. Additionally, the seedbed serves a succinate-like function via the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and subsequently orchestrates the mitochondrial calcium uptake, further converting the exogenous ACP into endogenous ACP. Additionally, the seedbed hydrogel realizes the succession of calcium resources and promotes the evolution of the biotemplate from fibrin to collagen. Therefore, our work has established a novel silk-based hydrogel that functions as an in-situ biomineralization seedbed, providing a new insight for critical-sized bone defect regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Zhu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 115 Jinzun Road, Shanghai, 200125, China
- National Center for Stomatology, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, No. 115 Jinzun Road, Shanghai 200125, China
| | - Hao Gu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 115 Jinzun Road, Shanghai, 200125, China
- National Center for Stomatology, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, No. 115 Jinzun Road, Shanghai 200125, China
| | - Jiawei Yang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 115 Jinzun Road, Shanghai, 200125, China
- National Center for Stomatology, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, No. 115 Jinzun Road, Shanghai 200125, China
| | - Anshuo Li
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 115 Jinzun Road, Shanghai, 200125, China
- National Center for Stomatology, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, No. 115 Jinzun Road, Shanghai 200125, China
| | - Lingli Hou
- Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 115 Jinzun Road, Shanghai, 200125, China
| | - Mingliang Zhou
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 115 Jinzun Road, Shanghai, 200125, China
- National Center for Stomatology, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, No. 115 Jinzun Road, Shanghai 200125, China
| | - Xinquan Jiang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 115 Jinzun Road, Shanghai, 200125, China
- National Center for Stomatology, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, No. 115 Jinzun Road, Shanghai 200125, China
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Branković M, Zivic F, Grujovic N, Stojadinovic I, Milenkovic S, Kotorcevic N. Review of Spider Silk Applications in Biomedical and Tissue Engineering. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:169. [PMID: 38534854 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9030169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This review will present the latest research related to the production and application of spider silk and silk-based materials in reconstructive and regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, with a focus on musculoskeletal tissues, and including skin regeneration and tissue repair of bone and cartilage, ligaments, muscle tissue, peripheral nerves, and artificial blood vessels. Natural spider silk synthesis is reviewed, and the further recombinant production of spider silk proteins. Research insights into possible spider silk structures, like fibers (1D), coatings (2D), and 3D constructs, including porous structures, hydrogels, and organ-on-chip designs, have been reviewed considering a design of bioactive materials for smart medical implants and drug delivery systems. Silk is one of the toughest natural materials, with high strain at failure and mechanical strength. Novel biomaterials with silk fibroin can mimic the tissue structure and promote regeneration and new tissue growth. Silk proteins are important in designing tissue-on-chip or organ-on-chip technologies and micro devices for the precise engineering of artificial tissues and organs, disease modeling, and the further selection of adequate medical treatments. Recent research indicates that silk (films, hydrogels, capsules, or liposomes coated with silk proteins) has the potential to provide controlled drug release at the target destination. However, even with clear advantages, there are still challenges that need further research, including clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Branković
- Institute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac, Jovana Cvijića bb, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Liceja Knezevine Srbije 1A, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Fatima Zivic
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Liceja Knezevine Srbije 1A, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nenad Grujovic
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Liceja Knezevine Srbije 1A, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Ivan Stojadinovic
- Clinic for Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Clinical Center, Zmaj Jovina 30, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Strahinja Milenkovic
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Liceja Knezevine Srbije 1A, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nikola Kotorcevic
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Liceja Knezevine Srbije 1A, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
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5
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Dos Santos FV, Siqueira RL, de Morais Ramos L, Yoshioka SA, Branciforti MC, Correa DS. Silk fibroin-derived electrospun materials for biomedical applications: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127641. [PMID: 37913875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrospinning is a versatile technique for fabricating polymeric fibers with diameters ranging from micro- to nanoscale, exhibiting multiple morphologies and arrangements. By combining silk fibroin (SF) with synthetic and/or natural polymers, electrospun materials with outstanding biological, chemical, electrical, physical, mechanical, and optical properties can be achieved, fulfilling the evolving biomedical demands. This review highlights the remarkable versatility of SF-derived electrospun materials, specifically focusing on their application in tissue regeneration (including cartilage, cornea, nerves, blood vessels, bones, and skin), disease treatment (such as cancer and diabetes), and the development of controlled drug delivery systems. Additionally, we explore the potential future trends in utilizing these nanofibrous materials for creating intelligent biomaterials, incorporating biosensors and wearable sensors for monitoring human health, and also discuss the bottlenecks for its widespread use. This comprehensive overview illuminates the significant impact and exciting prospects of SF-derived electrospun materials in advancing biomedical research and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Vieira Dos Santos
- Nanotechnology National Laboratory for Agriculture, Embrapa Instrumentação, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Materials Engineering Department, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, 13563-120 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Renato Luiz Siqueira
- Materials Engineering Department, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas de Morais Ramos
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Akinobu Yoshioka
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biomaterials, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcia Cristina Branciforti
- Materials Engineering Department, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, 13563-120 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel Souza Correa
- Nanotechnology National Laboratory for Agriculture, Embrapa Instrumentação, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Materials Engineering Department, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, 13563-120 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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6
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Xu P, Kankala RK, Wang S, Chen A. Decellularized extracellular matrix-based composite scaffolds for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Regen Biomater 2023; 11:rbad107. [PMID: 38173774 PMCID: PMC10761212 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbad107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the considerable advancements in fabricating polymeric-based scaffolds for tissue engineering, the clinical transformation of these scaffolds remained a big challenge because of the difficulty of simulating native organs/tissues' microenvironment. As a kind of natural tissue-derived biomaterials, decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM)-based scaffolds have gained attention due to their unique biomimetic properties, providing a specific microenvironment suitable for promoting cell proliferation, migration, attachment and regulating differentiation. The medical applications of dECM-based scaffolds have addressed critical challenges, including poor mechanical strength and insufficient stability. For promoting the reconstruction of damaged tissues or organs, different types of dECM-based composite platforms have been designed to mimic tissue microenvironment, including by integrating with natural polymer or/and syntenic polymer or adding bioactive factors. In this review, we summarized the research progress of dECM-based composite scaffolds in regenerative medicine, highlighting the critical challenges and future perspectives related to the medical application of these composite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyao Xu
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology (Huaqiao University), Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
| | - Ranjith Kumar Kankala
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology (Huaqiao University), Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
| | - Shibin Wang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology (Huaqiao University), Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
| | - Aizheng Chen
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology (Huaqiao University), Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
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7
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Liu H, Chen H, Han Q, Sun B, Liu Y, Zhang A, Fan D, Xia P, Wang J. Recent advancement in vascularized tissue-engineered bone based on materials design and modification. Mater Today Bio 2023; 23:100858. [PMID: 38024843 PMCID: PMC10679779 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone is one of the most vascular network-rich tissues in the body and the vascular system is essential for the development, homeostasis, and regeneration of bone. When segmental irreversible damage occurs to the bone, restoring its vascular system by means other than autogenous bone grafts with vascular pedicles is a therapeutic challenge. By pre-generating the vascular network of the scaffold in vivo or in vitro, the pre-vascularization technique enables an abundant blood supply in the scaffold after implantation. However, pre-vascularization techniques are time-consuming, and in vivo pre-vascularization techniques can be damaging to the body. Critical bone deficiencies may be filled quickly with immediate implantation of a supporting bone tissue engineered scaffold. However, bone tissue engineered scaffolds generally lack vascularization, which requires modification of the scaffold to aid in enhancing internal vascularization. In this review, we summarize the relationship between the vascular system and osteogenesis and use it as a basis to further discuss surgical and cytotechnology-based pre-vascularization strategies and to describe the preparation of vascularized bone tissue engineered scaffolds that can be implanted immediately. We anticipate that this study will serve as inspiration for future vascularized bone tissue engineered scaffold construction and will aid in the achievement of clinical vascularized bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, Jilin, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, Jilin, China
| | - Qin Han
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, Jilin, China
| | - Bin Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, Jilin, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, Jilin, China
| | - Aobo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, Jilin, China
| | - Danyang Fan
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, Jilin, China
| | - Peng Xia
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, Jilin, China
| | - Jincheng Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, Jilin, China
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Sharda D, Kaur P, Choudhury D. Protein-modified nanomaterials: emerging trends in skin wound healing. DISCOVER NANO 2023; 18:127. [PMID: 37843732 PMCID: PMC10579214 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-023-03903-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged inflammation can impede wound healing, which is regulated by several proteins and cytokines, including IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, and TGF-β. Concentration-dependent effects of these molecules at the target site have been investigated by researchers to develop them as wound-healing agents by regulating signaling strength. Nanotechnology has provided a promising approach to achieve tissue-targeted delivery and increased effective concentration by developing protein-functionalized nanoparticles with growth factors (EGF, IGF, FGF, PDGF, TGF-β, TNF-α, and VEGF), antidiabetic wound-healing agents (insulin), and extracellular proteins (keratin, heparin, and silk fibroin). These molecules play critical roles in promoting cell proliferation, migration, ECM production, angiogenesis, and inflammation regulation. Therefore, protein-functionalized nanoparticles have emerged as a potential strategy for improving wound healing in delayed or impaired healing cases. This review summarizes the preparation and applications of these nanoparticles for normal or diabetic wound healing and highlights their potential to enhance wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepinder Sharda
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, 147004, India
| | - Pawandeep Kaur
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, 147004, India
| | - Diptiman Choudhury
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, 147004, India.
- Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology-Virginia Tech Centre of Excellence for Emerging Materials, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, 147004, India.
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Hu Y, Ma Y, Liu L, Yu J, Cui J, Ling S, Fan Y. Nanosilk Template-Guided/Induced Construction of Brush-/Flower-like 3D Nanostructures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 36916656 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c20339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Biomaterials with natural hierarchical structures typically exhibit extraordinary properties because of their multilevel structural designs. They offer many templates and models as well as inspiration for material design, particularly for fabricating structure-regulated, performance-enhanced, and function-enriched materials. Biopolymer-based nanocomposites with ingenious nanostructures constructed through ecofriendly and sustainable approaches are highly desirable to meet the multifunctional requirements of developing bioinspired materials. Herein, an all-silk fibroin-based nanocomposite with a brush-like nanostructure was constructed for the first time using a nanotemplate-guided assembly approach in which dissolved silk assembled directly on a silk nanowhisker (SNW) backbone to form peculiar nanobrushes based on the classical micelle model. Three-dimensional spider-like or centipede-like silk nanobrushes (SNBs) were fabricated by varying the SNW backbone length from 0.16 to 6 μm. The branches with average lengths of 32-290 nm were also adjustable. SNBs were further designed to regulate and induce biomineralization of hydroxyapatite (HAP) to form interesting flower-like nanostructures, in which the HAP nanosphere (diameters ∼16 nm) "core" was covered by SNBs with branches extending to form a "shell" (∼101 nm in length). Based on such protein nanotemplate-guided formation of nanoscale structures, practical hollow conduits with remarkable mechanical properties, biocompatibility, shape memory behavior, and bone engineering potential were fabricated. This study inspires the design of polymorphous biopolymer-based nanostructures with enhanced performance at multiple length scales where the weaknesses of individual building blocks are offset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlei Hu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159 Lonpan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159 Lonpan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159 Lonpan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Juan Yu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159 Lonpan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Jing Cui
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, No. 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Shengjie Ling
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, No. 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yimin Fan
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159 Lonpan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
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10
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Wu H, Lin K, Zhao C, Wang X. Silk fibroin scaffolds: A promising candidate for bone regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1054379. [PMID: 36507269 PMCID: PMC9732393 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1054379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
It remains a big challenge in clinical practice to repair large-sized bone defects and many factors limit the application of autografts and allografts, The application of exogenous scaffolds is an alternate strategy for bone regeneration, among which the silk fibroin (SF) scaffold is a promising candidate. Due to the advantages of excellent biocompatibility, satisfying mechanical property, controllable biodegradability and structural adjustability, SF scaffolds exhibit great potential in bone regeneration with the help of well-designed structures, bioactive components and functional surface modification. This review will summarize the cell and tissue interaction with SF scaffolds, techniques to fabricate SF-based scaffolds and modifications of SF scaffolds to enhance osteogenesis, which will provide a deep and comprehensive insight into SF scaffolds and inspire the design and fabrication of novel SF scaffolds for superior osteogenic performance. However, there still needs more comprehensive efforts to promote better clinical translation of SF scaffolds, including more experiments in big animal models and clinical trials. Furthermore, deeper investigations are also in demand to reveal the degradation and clearing mechanisms of SF scaffolds and evaluate the influence of degradation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China,Research Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaili Lin
- Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China,Research Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Cancan Zhao
- Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China,Research Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Cancan Zhao, ; Xudong Wang,
| | - Xudong Wang
- Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China,Research Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Cancan Zhao, ; Xudong Wang,
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11
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Tang Y, Wang Z, Xiang L, Zhao Z, Cui W. Functional biomaterials for tendon/ligament repair and regeneration. Regen Biomater 2022; 9:rbac062. [PMID: 36176715 PMCID: PMC9514853 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbac062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
With an increase in life expectancy and the popularity of high-intensity exercise, the frequency of tendon and ligament injuries has also increased. Owing to the specificity of its tissue, the rapid restoration of injured tendons and ligaments is challenging for treatment. This review summarizes the latest progress in cells, biomaterials, active molecules and construction technology in treating tendon/ligament injuries. The characteristics of supports made of different materials and the development and application of different manufacturing methods are discussed. The development of natural polymers, synthetic polymers and composite materials has boosted the use of scaffolds. In addition, the development of electrospinning and hydrogel technology has diversified the production and treatment of materials. First, this article briefly introduces the structure, function and biological characteristics of tendons/ligaments. Then, it summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of different materials, such as natural polymer scaffolds, synthetic polymer scaffolds, composite scaffolds and extracellular matrix (ECM)-derived biological scaffolds, in the application of tendon/ligament regeneration. We then discuss the latest applications of electrospun fiber scaffolds and hydrogels in regeneration engineering. Finally, we discuss the current problems and future directions in the development of biomaterials for restoring damaged tendons and ligaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunkai Tang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics , Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics , Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, P. R. China
| | - Lei Xiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics , Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyu Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics , Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, P. R. China
| | - Wenguo Cui
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics , Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, P. R. China
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12
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Suo N, Yang R, Zhang XD, Wang W, Wei T. Application of Nano-Biomaterials Scaffold in Postoperative Nursing Care of Orthopedic Fractures. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2022.3077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This article detects the drug-carrying capacity of the new chitosan/silk fibroin/nano-hydroxyapatite multilayer composite scaffold and analyzes its efficacy in postoperative care of orthopedic fractures. The article uses animal experiments for comparative analysis. All animals undergo
fracture model establishment. One group uses nano three-dimensional scaffold materials loaded with antibiotics, one group is pure nano three-dimensional scaffold materials, and the last group is without any implantation treatment. Finally, it was found that the fracture recovery of the three
groups of animals was different. In particular, all the antibiotic-loaded nano three-dimensional scaffold material group indicators are better than the other two groups. For this reason, we conclude that the new chitosan/silk fibroin/nano-hydroxyapatite multilayer composite scaffold has a
strong drug-carrying capacity. The stent is worthy of clinical promotion and use in orthopedics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Suo
- Department of Spine, Hengshui People’s Hospital, Hebei, 053000, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Spine, Hengshui People’s Hospital, Hebei, 053000, China
| | - Xiao-Dan Zhang
- Department of Spine, Hengshui People’s Hospital, Hebei, 053000, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Spine, Hengshui People’s Hospital, Hebei, 053000, China
| | - Ti Wei
- Department of Spine, Hengshui People’s Hospital, Hebei, 053000, China
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Wang L, Lian J, Xia Y, Guo Y, Xu C, Zhang Y, Xu J, Zhang X, Li B, Zhao B. A study on in vitro and in vivo bioactivity of silk fibroin / nano-hydroxyapatite / graphene oxide composite scaffolds with directional channels. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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14
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Xue Y, Kim HJ, Lee J, Liu Y, Hoffman T, Chen Y, Zhou X, Sun W, Zhang S, Cho HJ, Lee J, Kang H, WonHyoung R, Chang-Moon L, Ahadian S, Dokmeci MR, Lei B, Lee K, Khademhosseini A. Co-Electrospun Silk Fibroin and Gelatin Methacryloyl Sheet Seeded with Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Tendon Regeneration. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2107714. [PMID: 35487761 PMCID: PMC9714686 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Silk fibroin (SF) is a promising biomaterial for tendon repair, but its relatively rigid mechanical properties and low cell affinity have limited its application in regenerative medicine. Meanwhile, gelatin-based polymers have advantages in cell attachment and tissue remodeling but have insufficient mechanical strength to regenerate tough tissue such as tendons. Taking these aspects into account, in this study, gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) is combined with SF to create a mechanically strong and bioactive nanofibrous scaffold (SG). The mechanical properties of SG nanofibers can be flexibly modulated by varying the ratio of SF and GelMA. Compared to SF nanofibers, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) seeded on SG fibers with optimal composition (SG7) exhibit enhanced growth, proliferation, vascular endothelial growth factor production, and tenogenic gene expression behavior. Conditioned media from MSCs cultured on SG7 scaffolds can greatly promote the migration and proliferation of tenocytes. Histological analysis and tenogenesis-related immunofluorescence staining indicate SG7 scaffolds demonstrate enhanced in vivo tendon tissue regeneration compared to other groups. Therefore, rational combinations of SF and GelMA hybrid nanofibers may help to improve therapeutic outcomes and address the challenges of tissue-engineered scaffolds for tendon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072, China
- Department of Bioengineering and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710000, China
| | - Han-Jun Kim
- Department of Bioengineering and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA
| | - Junmin Lee
- Department of Bioengineering and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, YONSEI University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA
| | - Yaowen Liu
- Department of Bioengineering and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, 625014, China
| | - Tyler Hoffman
- Department of Bioengineering and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Bioengineering and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xingwu Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Wujin Sun
- Department of Bioengineering and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA
| | - Shiming Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA
| | - Hyun-Jong Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 23431, South Korea
| | - JiYong Lee
- Department of Bioengineering and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, YONSEI University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA
| | - Heemin Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Ryu WonHyoung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, YONSEI University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Lee Chang-Moon
- Department of Healthcare and Biomedical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 59626, South Korea
| | - Samad Ahadian
- Department of Bioengineering and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA
| | - Mehmet R. Dokmeci
- Department of Bioengineering and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA
| | - Bo Lei
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710000, China
| | - KangJu Lee
- Department of Bioengineering and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Healthcare and Biomedical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 59626, South Korea
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Department of Bioengineering and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA
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Lujerdean C, Baci GM, Cucu AA, Dezmirean DS. The Contribution of Silk Fibroin in Biomedical Engineering. INSECTS 2022; 13:286. [PMID: 35323584 PMCID: PMC8950689 DOI: 10.3390/insects13030286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Silk fibroin (SF) is a natural protein (biopolymer) extracted from the cocoons of Bombyx mori L. (silkworm). It has many properties of interest in the field of biotechnology, the most important being biodegradability, biocompatibility and robust mechanical strength with high tensile strength. SF is usually dissolved in water-based solvents and can be easily reconstructed into a variety of material formats, including films, mats, hydrogels, and sponges, by various fabrication techniques (spin coating, electrospinning, freeze-drying, and physical or chemical crosslinking). Furthermore, SF is a feasible material used in many biomedical applications, including tissue engineering (3D scaffolds, wounds dressing), cancer therapy (mimicking the tumor microenvironment), controlled drug delivery (SF-based complexes), and bone, eye and skin regeneration. In this review, we describe the structure, composition, general properties, and structure-properties relationship of SF. In addition, the main methods used for ecological extraction and processing of SF that make it a green material are discussed. Lastly, technological advances in the use of SF-based materials are addressed, especially in healthcare applications such as tissue engineering and cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Lujerdean
- Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnology, University of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.-A.C.); (D.S.D.)
| | - Gabriela-Maria Baci
- Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnology, University of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.-A.C.); (D.S.D.)
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