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Almeida TL, Moreira AF, de Oliveira JL, Rogerio CB, Kiihl SF, Fraceto LF, de Jesus MB. A multiparametric and orthogonal approach indicates low toxicity for zein nanoparticles in a repellent formulation. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 95:105747. [PMID: 38043627 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of viruses such as Zika, Dengue, and Chikungunya affects human health worldwide, and insect repellents are recommended for individual protection. Formulations incorporating nanotechnology should be carefully assessed for toxicity, particularly regarding the security levels established for human health and the environment. This study evaluates the cytotoxicity of a repellent formulation containing zein nanoparticles (NP) loading geraniol (Ger) and icaridin (Ica) in three cell lines: NIH/3T3, HaCaT, and SIRC. To address formulation hazards, IC50 values were determined by MTT and Calcein-AM assays. In both NIH/3T3 and HaCaT, the IC50 values for NP + Ger + Ica formulation were around 0.2%. For risk assessment, cell viability was also determined after a single exposure and repeated exposure to the formulation. No evidence of cytotoxicity was observed for NP + Ger + Ica formulation-treated cells. The risk assessment for eye damage revealed cytotoxicity in SIRC cells when exposed to a 5% concentration, which may be attributed to ocular geraniol toxicity, because zein nanoparticles alone did not exhibit any signs of toxicity. Cell internalization indicated low uptake in NIH/3T3 and HaCaT cells. Phenotypic profiling resulted in similar phenotypes for untreated cells and cells exposed to NP + Ger + Ica formulation. The toxicological profile outlined by the multiparametric and orthogonal approach suggests that the NP + Ger + Ica formulation poses no significant risk to the topical application under the tested conditions. Adopting an orthogonal approach brings robustness to our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuanny Leite Almeida
- Laboratório de Interações Nanopartículas & Células, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual, Instituto de Biologia CP 6109, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Francisca Moreira
- Laboratório de Interações Nanopartículas & Células, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual, Instituto de Biologia CP 6109, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Jhones Luiz de Oliveira
- Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Avenida Três de Março 511, Alto da Boa Vista, Sorocaba, São Paulo 18087-180, Brazil
| | - Carolina Barbara Rogerio
- Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Avenida Três de Março 511, Alto da Boa Vista, Sorocaba, São Paulo 18087-180, Brazil
| | - Samara Flamini Kiihl
- Departamento de Estatística, Instituto de Matemática, Estatística e Computação Científica (IMECC), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Fernandes Fraceto
- Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Avenida Três de Março 511, Alto da Boa Vista, Sorocaba, São Paulo 18087-180, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Bispo de Jesus
- Laboratório de Interações Nanopartículas & Células, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual, Instituto de Biologia CP 6109, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Shiau AL, Liao CS, Tu CW, Wu SN, Cho HY, Yu MC. Characterization in Effective Stimulation on the Magnitude, Gating, Frequency Dependence, and Hysteresis of INa Exerted by Picaridin (or Icaridin), a Known Insect Repellent. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179696. [PMID: 36077093 PMCID: PMC9456182 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Picaridin (icaridin), a member of the piperidine chemical family, is a broad-spectrum arthropod repellent. Its actions have been largely thought to be due to its interaction with odorant receptor proteins. However, to our knowledge, to what extent the presence of picaridin can modify the magnitude, gating, and/or the strength of voltage-dependent hysteresis (Hys(V)) of plasmalemmal ionic currents, such as, voltage-gated Na+ current [INa], has not been entirely explored. In GH3 pituitary tumor cells, we demonstrated that with exposure to picaridin the transient (INa(T)) and late (INa(L)) components of voltage-gated Na+ current (INa) were differentially stimulated with effective EC50’s of 32.7 and 2.8 μM, respectively. Upon cell exposure to it, the steady-state current versus voltage relationship INa(T) was shifted to more hyperpolarized potentials. Moreover, its presence caused a rightward shift in the midpoint for the steady-state inactivate curve of the current. The cumulative inhibition of INa(T) induced during repetitive stimuli became retarded during its exposure. The recovery time course from the INa block elicited, following the conditioning pulse stimulation, was satisfactorily fitted by two exponential processes. Moreover, the fast and slow time constants of recovery from the INa block by the same conditioning protocol were noticeably increased in the presence of picaridin. However, the fraction in fast or slow component of recovery time course was, respectively, increased or decreased with an increase in picaridin concentrations. The Hys(V)’s strength of persistent INa (INa(P)), responding to triangular ramp voltage, was also enhanced during cell exposure to picaridin. The magnitude of resurgent INa (INa(R)) was raised in its presence. Picaritin-induced increases of INa(P) or INa(R) intrinsically in GH3 cells could be attenuated by further addition of ranolazine. The predictions of molecular docking also disclosed that there are possible interactions of the picaridin molecule with the hNaV1.7 channel. Taken literally, the stimulation of INa exerted by the exposure to picaridin is expected to exert impacts on the functional activities residing in electrically excitable cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Li Shiau
- Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi City 60002, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Szu Liao
- Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi City 60002, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Wen Tu
- Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi City 60002, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Nan Wu
- Department of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-6-2353535-5334; Fax: +886-6-2362780
| | - Hsin-Yen Cho
- Department of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Cheng Yu
- Department of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
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Shah JA, Vendl T, Aulicky R, Frankova M, Stejskal V. Gel Carriers for Plant Extracts and Synthetic Pesticides in Rodent and Arthropod Pest Control: An Overview. Gels 2022; 8:gels8080522. [PMID: 36005123 PMCID: PMC9407565 DOI: 10.3390/gels8080522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Insecticides and rodenticides form the basis of integrated pest management systems worldwide. As pest resistance continues to increase and entire groups of chemical active ingredients are restricted or banned, manufacturers are looking for new options for more effective formulations and safer application methods for the remaining pesticide ingredients. In addition to new technological adaptations of mainstream formulations in the form of sprays, fumigants, and dusts, the use of gel formulations is becoming increasingly explored and employed. This article summarizes information on the current and potential use of gel (including hydrogel) and paste formulations against harmful arthropods or rodents in specific branches of pest management in the agricultural, food, stored product, structural wood, urban, medical, and public health areas. Due to the worldwide high interest in natural substances, part of the review was devoted to the use of gels for the formulation of pesticide substances of botanical origin, such as essential or edible oils. Gels as emerging formulation of so called “smart insecticides” based on molecular iRNA disruptors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawad Ali Shah
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Vendl
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507/73, 16106 Prague, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (T.V.); (V.S.); Tel.: +420-2-3302-2360 (T.V.); +420-2-3302-2217 (V.S.)
| | - Radek Aulicky
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507/73, 16106 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Frankova
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507/73, 16106 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vaclav Stejskal
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507/73, 16106 Prague, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (T.V.); (V.S.); Tel.: +420-2-3302-2360 (T.V.); +420-2-3302-2217 (V.S.)
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Germano-Costa T, Bilesky-José N, Guilger-Casagrande M, Pasquoto-Stigliani T, Rogério CB, Abrantes DC, Maruyama CR, Oliveira JL, Fraceto LF, Lima R. Use of 2D and co-culture cell models to assess the toxicity of zein nanoparticles loading insect repellents icaridin and geraniol. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 216:112564. [PMID: 35609505 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
After the latest dengue and Zika outbreaks, the fight against mosquito vectors has become an emerging area of research. One tool for this combat is repellents; however, these products are composed of different toxic agents. Botanical compounds with repellent potential are an alternative; however these compounds are highly volatile. Thus, the present study aimed to synthesize zein-based polymeric nanoparticles as an efficient carrier system for the sustained release of the repellents icaridin and geraniol and evaluate the toxicity of these nanorepellents comparing two different cell models. In vitro tests were carried out due to current Brazilian legislation prohibiting animal testing for cosmetics (current classification of repellents). The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the nanoparticles were evaluated in 2D and co-culture cell models (A549/lung epithelium, HaCaT/keratinocytes, HT-29/intestinal epithelium, and THP-1/peripheral blood monocytes). Cell viability by mitochondrial activity, cell membrane integrity, damage to genetic material, and expression of genes involved in the allergic/inflammatory system were evaluated. The results of cytotoxicity evaluation showed cell viability above 70% in both cell models. No differences were observed in genotoxicity assessment between cells exposed to nanorepellents and controls. In contrast, gene expression analysis showed increased cytokine expression for the emulsion compounds in 2D cell cultures compared to co-cultures. These findings open perspectives that zein-based nanorepellents have potential applications due to the reduced toxicity observed when the compounds are encapsulated and emerge as an alternative for arbovirus control. In addition, the study demonstrated that depending on the analysis, different results might be observed when comparing 2D and co-culture cell models to evaluate the toxicity of new nanosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Germano-Costa
- Laboratory of Bioactivity Assessment and Toxicology of Nanomaterials, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - N Bilesky-José
- Laboratory of Bioactivity Assessment and Toxicology of Nanomaterials, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - M Guilger-Casagrande
- Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - T Pasquoto-Stigliani
- Laboratory of Bioactivity Assessment and Toxicology of Nanomaterials, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - C B Rogério
- Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - D C Abrantes
- Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - C R Maruyama
- Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - J L Oliveira
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
| | - L F Fraceto
- Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - R Lima
- Laboratory of Bioactivity Assessment and Toxicology of Nanomaterials, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil.
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