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Anand S, Fusco A, Günday C, Günday-Türeli N, Donnarumma G, Danti S, Moroni L, Mota C. Tunable ciprofloxacin delivery through personalized electrospun patches for tympanic membrane perforations. Bioact Mater 2024; 38:109-123. [PMID: 38699239 PMCID: PMC11063525 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Approximately 740 million symptomatic patients are affected by otitis media every year. Being an inflammatory disease affecting the middle ear, it is one of the primary causes of tympanic membrane (TM) perforations, often resulting in impaired hearing abilities. Antibiotic therapy using broad-spectrum fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin (CIP), is frequently employed and considered the optimal route to treat otitis media. However, patients often get exposed to high dosages to compensate for the low drug concentration reaching the affected site. Therefore, this study aims to integrate tissue engineering with drug delivery strategies to create biomimetic scaffolds promoting TM regeneration while facilitating a localized release of CIP. Distinct electrospinning (ES) modalities were designed in this regard either by blending CIP into the polymer ES solution or by incorporating nanoparticles-based co-ES/electrospraying. The combination of these modalities was investigated as well. A broad range of release kinetic profiles was achieved from the fabricated scaffolds, thereby offering a wide spectrum of antibiotic concentrations that could serve patients with diverse therapeutic needs. Furthermore, the incorporation of CIP into the TM patches demonstrated a favorable influence on their resultant mechanical properties. Biological studies performed with human mesenchymal stromal cells confirmed the absence of any cytotoxic or anti-proliferative effects from the released antibiotic. Finally, antibacterial assays validated the efficacy of CIP-loaded scaffolds in suppressing bacterial infections, highlighting their promising relevance for TM applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivesh Anand
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6229 ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Alessandra Fusco
- Interuniversity National Consortiums of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121, Firenze, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Cemre Günday
- MyBiotech GmbH, Industriestraße 1B, 66802, Uberherrn, Germany
| | | | - Giovanna Donnarumma
- Interuniversity National Consortiums of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121, Firenze, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Danti
- Interuniversity National Consortiums of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121, Firenze, Italy
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Moroni
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6229 ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Carlos Mota
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6229 ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Mercante LA, Teodoro KBR, dos Santos DM, dos Santos FV, Ballesteros CAS, Ju T, Williams GR, Correa DS. Recent Progress in Stimuli-Responsive Antimicrobial Electrospun Nanofibers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4299. [PMID: 37959981 PMCID: PMC10647808 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrospun nanofibrous membranes have garnered significant attention in antimicrobial applications, owing to their intricate three-dimensional network that confers an interconnected porous structure, high specific surface area, and tunable physicochemical properties, as well as their notable capacity for loading and sustained release of antimicrobial agents. Tailoring polymer or hybrid-based nanofibrous membranes with stimuli-responsive characteristics further enhances their versatility, enabling them to exhibit broad-spectrum or specific activity against diverse microorganisms. In this review, we elucidate the pivotal advancements achieved in the realm of stimuli-responsive antimicrobial electrospun nanofibers operating by light, temperature, pH, humidity, and electric field, among others. We provide a concise introduction to the strategies employed to design smart electrospun nanofibers with antimicrobial properties. The core section of our review spotlights recent progress in electrospun nanofiber-based systems triggered by single- and multi-stimuli. Within each stimulus category, we explore recent examples of nanofibers based on different polymers and antimicrobial agents. Finally, we delve into the constraints and future directions of stimuli-responsive nanofibrous materials, paving the way for their wider application spectrum and catalyzing progress toward industrial utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza A. Mercante
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador 40170-280, BA, Brazil
| | - Kelcilene B. R. Teodoro
- Nanotechnology National Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentação, São Carlos 13560-970, SP, Brazil; (K.B.R.T.); (D.M.d.S.); (F.V.d.S.)
| | - Danilo M. dos Santos
- Nanotechnology National Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentação, São Carlos 13560-970, SP, Brazil; (K.B.R.T.); (D.M.d.S.); (F.V.d.S.)
| | - Francisco V. dos Santos
- Nanotechnology National Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentação, São Carlos 13560-970, SP, Brazil; (K.B.R.T.); (D.M.d.S.); (F.V.d.S.)
- Department of Materials Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos 13563-120, SP, Brazil
| | - Camilo A. S. Ballesteros
- Bachelor in Natural Sciences and Environmental Education, Pedagogical and Technological University of Colombia (UPTC), Tunja 150003, Colombia;
| | - Tian Ju
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (T.J.); (G.R.W.)
| | - Gareth R. Williams
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (T.J.); (G.R.W.)
| | - Daniel S. Correa
- Nanotechnology National Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentação, São Carlos 13560-970, SP, Brazil; (K.B.R.T.); (D.M.d.S.); (F.V.d.S.)
- Department of Materials Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos 13563-120, SP, Brazil
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Khrystonko O, Rimpelová S, Burianová T, Švorčík V, Lyutakov O, Elashnikov R. Smart multi stimuli-responsive electrospun nanofibers for on-demand drug release. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 648:338-347. [PMID: 37301158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.05.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) (PNIPAm-co-AAc) microgel-loaded polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibers as temperature-, pH- and electro-responsive materials. First, the PNIPAm-co-AAc microgels were prepared by precipitation polymerization and then electrospun with PCL. The morphology of the prepared materials, analysed by scanning electron microscopy, showed a narrow nanofiber distribution in the range of 500-800 nm, depending on microgel content. Refractometry measurements, performed at pH4 and 6.5, as well as in distilled water, indicated the thermo- and pH-responsive behaviour of the nanofibers between 31 and 34 °C. After being thoroughly characterized, the prepared nanofibers were loaded with crystal violet (CV) or gentamicin as model drugs. The application of a pulsed voltage led to a pronounced increase in drug release kinetics, which was also dependent on microgel content. In addition, long-term temperature- and pH-responsive release was demonstrated. Next, the prepared materials displayed switchable antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli. Finally, cell compatibility tests showed that NIH 3T3 fibroblasts spread evenly over the nanofiber surface, confirming that the nanofibers serve as a favourable support for cell growth. Overall, the prepared nanofibers offer switchable drug release and appear to have considerable biomedical potential, particularly in wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Khrystonko
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, The Czech Republic
| | - Silvie Rimpelová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, The Czech Republic
| | - Terezie Burianová
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, The Czech Republic
| | - Václav Švorčík
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, The Czech Republic
| | - Oleksiy Lyutakov
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, The Czech Republic
| | - Roman Elashnikov
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, The Czech Republic.
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Vivcharenko V, Trzaskowska M, Przekora A. Wound Dressing Modifications for Accelerated Healing of Infected Wounds. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087193. [PMID: 37108356 PMCID: PMC10139077 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections that occur during wound healing involve the most frequent complications in the field of wound care which not only inhibit the whole process but also lead to non-healing wound formation. The diversity of the skin microbiota and the wound microenvironment can favor the occurrence of skin infections, contributing to an increased level of morbidity and even mortality. As a consequence, immediate effective treatment is required to prevent such pathological conditions. Antimicrobial agents loaded into wound dressings have turned out to be a great option to reduce wound colonization and improve the healing process. In this review paper, the influence of bacterial infections on the wound-healing phases and promising modifications of dressing materials for accelerated healing of infected wounds are discussed. The review paper mainly focuses on the novel findings on the use of antibiotics, nanoparticles, cationic organic agents, and plant-derived natural compounds (essential oils and their components, polyphenols, and curcumin) to develop antimicrobial wound dressings. The review article was prepared on the basis of scientific contributions retrieved from the PubMed database (supported with Google Scholar searching) over the last 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladyslav Vivcharenko
- Independent Unit of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Marta Trzaskowska
- Independent Unit of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Agata Przekora
- Independent Unit of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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Hu Y, Shin Y, Park S, Jeong JP, Kim Y, Jung S. Multifunctional Oxidized Succinoglycan/Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylamide) Hydrogels for Drug Delivery. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010122. [PMID: 36616471 PMCID: PMC9824477 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We prepared the self-healing and temperature/pH-responsive hydrogels using oxidized succinoglycan (OSG) and a poly (N-isopropyl acrylamide-co-acrylamide) [P(NIPAM-AM)] copolymer. OSG was synthesized by periodate oxidation of succinoglycan (SG) isolated directly from soil microorganisms, Sinorhizobium meliloti Rm1021. The OSG/P(NIPAM-AM) hydrogels were obtained by introducing OSG into P(NIPAM-AM) networks. The chemical structure and physical properties of these hydrogels were characterized by ATR-FTIR, XRD, TGA, and FE-SEM. The OSG/P(NIPAM-AM) hydrogels showed improved elasticity, increased thermal stability, new self-healing ability, and 4-fold enhanced tensile strength compared with the P(NIPAM-AM) hydrogels. Furthermore, the 5-FU-loaded OSG/P(NIPAM-AM) hydrogels exhibited effective temperature/pH-responsive drug release. Cytotoxicity experiments showed that the OSG/P(NIPAM-AM) hydrogels were non-toxic, suggesting that OSG/P(NIPAM-AM) hydrogels could have the potential for biomedical applications, such as stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems, wound healing, smart scaffolds, and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiluo Hu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Microbial Carbohydrate Resource Bank (MCRB), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghyun Shin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Microbial Carbohydrate Resource Bank (MCRB), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohyun Park
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Microbial Carbohydrate Resource Bank (MCRB), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-pil Jeong
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Microbial Carbohydrate Resource Bank (MCRB), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yohan Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Microbial Carbohydrate Resource Bank (MCRB), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunho Jung
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Microbial Carbohydrate Resource Bank (MCRB), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Microbial Carbohydrate Resource Bank (MCRB), Konkuk Univesity, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-450-3520
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Wang C, Xu P, Li X, Zheng Y, Song Z. Research progress of stimulus-responsive antibacterial materials for bone infection. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1069932. [PMID: 36636700 PMCID: PMC9831006 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1069932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection is one of the most serious complications harmful to human health, which brings a huge burden to human health. Bone infection is one of the most common and serious complications of fracture and orthopaedic surgery. Antibacterial treatment is the premise of bone defect healing. Among all the antibacterial strategies, irritant antibacterial materials have unique advantages and the ability of targeted therapy. In this review, we focus on the research progress of irritating materials, the development of antibacterial materials and their advantages and disadvantages potential applications in bone infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yuhao Zheng
- Department of Sports Medicine, Orthopaedic Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhiming Song
- Department of Sports Medicine, Orthopaedic Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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7
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Jiang D, Song X, Zhang H, Yuan M. Removal of Organic Pollutants with Polylactic Acid-Based Nanofiber Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:4622. [PMID: 36365614 PMCID: PMC9654922 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In the process of using nano-titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalytic treatment of organic polluted liquid, the easy aggregation and recycling difficulty of nano-TiO2 particles are important problems that cannot be avoided. Anchoring nano-TiO2 to the substrate not only limits the aggregation of nano-TiO2, but also facilitates the easy removal and reuse of nano-TiO2 after processing. Herein, coaxial electrospun nanofibrous (NFs) made of L-polylactic acid (PLLA) and chitosan (CS) are coated with graphene oxide (GO) and TiO2 for the enhanced oxidation of organic pollutants. The adsorption and photocatalysis experiment results show that, for methyl orange (MO) dye solution, the saturated removal of MO by PLLA/CS, PLLA/CS-GO and PLLA/CS-GO/TiO2 nanofibers are 60.09 mg/g, 78.25 mg/g and 153.22 mg/g, respectively; for the Congo red (CR) dye solution, the saturated removal of CR by PLLA/CS, PLLA/CS-GO and PLLA/CS-GO/TiO2 nanofiber materials were 138.01 mg/g, 150.22 mg/g and 795.44 mg/g, respectively. These three composite nanofiber membrane materials can maintain more than 80% of their adsorption capacity after four repeated cycles. They are environmentally friendly and efficient organic pollution remediation materials with promising application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mingwei Yuan
- Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials National &Local Joint Engineering Research Center, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
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8
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Xia D, Liu Y, Cao W, Gao J, Wang D, Lin M, Liang C, Li N, Xu R. Dual-Functional Nanofibrous Patches for Accelerating Wound Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810983. [PMID: 36142896 PMCID: PMC9502447 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections and inflammation are two main factors for delayed wound healing. Coaxial electrospinning nanofibrous patches, by co-loading and sequential co-delivering of anti-bacterial and anti-inflammation agents, are promising wound dressing for accelerating wound healing. Herein, curcumin (Cur) was loaded into the polycaprolactone (PCL) core, and broad-spectrum antibacterial tetracycline hydrochloride (TH) was loaded into gelatin (GEL) shell to prepare PCL-Cur/GEL-TH core-shell nanofiber membranes. The fibers showed a clear co-axial structure and good water absorption capacity, hydrophilicity and mechanical properties. In vitro drug release results showed sequential release of Cur and TH, in which the coaxial mat showed good antioxidant activity by DPPH test and excellent antibacterial activity was demonstrated by a disk diffusion method. The coaxial mats showed superior biocompatibility toward human immortalized keratinocytes. This study indicates a coaxial nanofiber membrane combining anti-bacterial and anti-inflammation agents has great potential as a wound dressing for promoting wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xia
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Materials Laminating Fabrication and Interface Control Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
- Correspondence: (D.X.); (R.X.)
| | - Yuan Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Materials Laminating Fabrication and Interface Control Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Wuxiu Cao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Materials Laminating Fabrication and Interface Control Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Junwei Gao
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Donghui Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Materials Laminating Fabrication and Interface Control Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Mengxia Lin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Materials Laminating Fabrication and Interface Control Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Chunyong Liang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Materials Laminating Fabrication and Interface Control Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Ning Li
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Ruodan Xu
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- Correspondence: (D.X.); (R.X.)
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9
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Khanom J, I Rezk A, Park CH, Kim CS. Near-Infrared Responsive Synergistic Chemo-Phototherapy from Surface-Functionalized Poly(ε-caprolactone)-Poly(d,l-lactic- co-glycolic acid) Composite Nanofibers for Postsurgical Cancer Treatment. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:3582-3592. [PMID: 35949062 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The combination of hyperthermia and chemotherapy has attracted significant attention in local cancer treatment following surgical resection. Pyrrole is a potent photothermal agent that can induce a temperature rise at different concentrations in the surrounding medium by absorbing near-infrared radiation (NIR). In this study, poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly (d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) were used to make nanofibers using the electrospinning process. Then, pyrrole in different concentrations of (0.2, 0.4, and 0.6) M was attached to the surface of PCL-PLGA fiber mats by in situ polymerization, which was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. A concentration-dependent local temperature rise was observed using a FLIR camera under near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation. For the hyperthermia effect, pyrrole concentration (0.06 M) was used for in vitro drug release studies and cell viability assays because under NIR irradiation (2 W/cm2, 3 min), it increased the local temperature to around 45 °C. In vitro drug release studies confirmed that NIR irradiation increased the diffusion rate of doxorubicin (DOX) by increasing the environmental temperature above the glass transition temperature of PLGA. In vitro cytotoxicity experiments further confirmed that PCL-PLGA-DOX/PPy fiber mats showed an enhanced inhibitory effect against CT26 and MCF7 cells by the combination of hyperthermia and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakia Khanom
- Department of Bionanosystem Engineering, Graduate School, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea.,Department of Bionanotechnology and Bioconvergence Engineering, Graduate School, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Abdelrahman I Rezk
- Department of Bionanosystem Engineering, Graduate School, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea.,Department of Bionanotechnology and Bioconvergence Engineering, Graduate School, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Hee Park
- Department of Bionanotechnology and Bioconvergence Engineering, Graduate School, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea.,Mechanical Design Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Sang Kim
- Department of Bionanotechnology and Bioconvergence Engineering, Graduate School, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea.,Mechanical Design Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
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