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Lin X, Yi Q, Qing B, Lan W, Jiang F, Lai Z, Huang J, Liu Q, Jiang J, Wang M, Zou L, Huang X, Wang J. Two Fluorescent Probes for Recognition of Acetylcholinesterase: Design, Synthesis, and Comparative Evaluation. Molecules 2024; 29:1961. [PMID: 38731452 PMCID: PMC11085145 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29091961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, two "on-off" probes (BF2-cur-Ben and BF2-cur-But) recognizing acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were designed and synthesized. The obtained probes can achieve recognition of AChE with good selectivity and pH-independence with a linear range of 0.5~7 U/mL and 0.5~25 U/mL respectively. BF2-cur-Ben has a lower limit of detection (LOD) (0.031 U/mL), higher enzyme affinity (Km = 16 ± 1.6 μM), and higher inhibitor sensitivity. A responsive mechanism of the probes for AChE was proposed based on HPLC and mass spectra (MS) experiments, as well as calculations. In molecular simulation, BF2-cur-Ben forms more hydrogen bonds (seven, while BF2-cur-But has only four) and thus has a more stable enzyme affinity, which is mirrored by the results of the comparison of Km values. These two probes could enable recognition of intracellular AChE and probe BF2-cur-Ben has superior cell membrane penetration due to its higher log p value. These probes can monitor the overexpression of AChE during apoptosis of lung cancer cells. The ability of BF2-cur-Ben to monitor AChE in vivo was confirmed by a zebrafish experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Lin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (X.L.); (Q.Y.); (W.L.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Guangxi Health Science College, Nanning 530023, China;
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Qingyuan Yi
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (X.L.); (Q.Y.); (W.L.)
| | - Binyang Qing
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (B.Q.); (M.W.)
| | - Weisen Lan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (X.L.); (Q.Y.); (W.L.)
| | - Fangcheng Jiang
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; (F.J.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zefeng Lai
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; (F.J.); (Z.L.)
| | - Jijun Huang
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Drug Administration, Nanning 530029, China; (J.H.); (Q.L.); (J.J.)
| | - Qing Liu
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Drug Administration, Nanning 530029, China; (J.H.); (Q.L.); (J.J.)
| | - Jimin Jiang
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Drug Administration, Nanning 530029, China; (J.H.); (Q.L.); (J.J.)
| | - Mian Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (B.Q.); (M.W.)
| | - Lianjia Zou
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Guangxi Health Science College, Nanning 530023, China;
| | - Xinbi Huang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Guangxi Health Science College, Nanning 530023, China;
| | - Jianyi Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (X.L.); (Q.Y.); (W.L.)
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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Wang Z, Chen Z, Zhang Z, Wang H, Zhang H. Highly-ordered assembled organic fluorescent materials for high-resolution bio-sensing: a review. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:2019-2032. [PMID: 38469672 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm02070c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Organic fluorescent materials (OFMs) play a crucial role in the development of biosensors, enabling the extraction of biochemical information within cells and organisms, extending to the human body. Concurrently, OFM biosensors contribute significantly to the progress of modern medical and biological research. However, the practical applications of OFM biosensors face challenges, including issues related to low resolution, dispersivity, and stability. To overcome these challenges, scientists have introduced interactive elements to enhance the order of OFMs. Highly-ordered assembled OFMs represent a novel material type applied to biosensors. In comparison to conventional fluorescent materials, highly-ordered assembled OFMs typically exhibit robust anti-diffusion properties, high imaging contrast, and excellent stability. This approach has emerged as a promising method for effectively tracking bio-signals, particularly in the non-invasive monitoring of chronic diseases. This review introduces several highly-ordered assembled OFMs used in biosensors and also discusses various interactions that are responsible for their assembly, such as hydrogen bonding, π-π interaction, dipole-dipole interaction, and ion electrostatic interaction. Furthermore, it delves into the various applications of these biosensors while addressing the drawbacks that currently limit their commercial application. This review aims to provide a theoretical foundation for designing high-performance, highly-ordered assembled OFM biosensors suitable for practical applications. Additionally, it sheds light on the evolving trends in OFM biosensors and their application fields, offering valuable insights into the future of this dynamic research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Province (QUST), School of Polymer Science & Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53-Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266042, PR China.
| | - Zilong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Province (QUST), School of Polymer Science & Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53-Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266042, PR China.
| | - Zhenhao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Province (QUST), School of Polymer Science & Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53-Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266042, PR China.
| | - Hongzhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Province (QUST), School of Polymer Science & Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53-Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266042, PR China.
| | - Haichang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Province (QUST), School of Polymer Science & Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53-Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266042, PR China.
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Xing L, Ma P, Chen F. A novel turn-on near-infrared fluorescent probe for highly sensitive in vitro and in vivo detection of acetylcholinesterase activity. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 310:123954. [PMID: 38290281 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.123954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a key enzyme in the cholinergic pathway of the nervous systems, with its aberrant expression linked to various diseases. In this study, we have developed a novel Turn-On near-infrared fluorescent probe, TQ-AChE, for the sensitive and selective detection of AChE activity. Characterized by its near-infrared emission at 740 nm, TQ-AChE effectively overcomes the limitations of traditional fluorescent probes, such as short excitation wavelengths and limited tissue penetration, crucial for both in vitro and in vivo applications. The probe's low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.02 U/mL for AChE makes it highly sensitive, enabling rapid quantification of AChE activity in serum effectively. Cell imaging studies demonstrate that TQ-AChE can confirm higher AChE activity expression in normal liver cells compared to liver cancer cells. TQ-AChE can also monitor AChE fluctuations in APAP-induced acute effectively, facilitating the evaluation of the efficacy of liver detoxifying agents. Additionally, in vivo studies in mouse models validate the potential of the probe in real-time monitoring of AChE expression in liver injury. The ability of TQ-AChE to visualize AChE expression signifies its potential as a promising tool for early liver disease diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring, opening new possibilities in hepatological research and clinical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xing
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Nanomedicine and Translational Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130030, China
| | - Pinyi Ma
- College of Chemistry, Jilin Province Research Center for Engineering and Technology of Spectral Analytical Instruments, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Fangfang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Nanomedicine and Translational Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130030, China.
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Gao Z, Yang H, Ran L, Zhang D, Ren Y, Wang F, Ren J, Wang E. Water-Soluble Dual-Channel Fluorescent Probe for Sensitive Detection of Biothiols In Vitro and In Vivo. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:5828-5835. [PMID: 38055907 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Benefiting from high spatiotemporal resolution, deep tissue penetration, and excellent sensitivity, fluorescence imaging technology has been widely applied in cancer diagnosis and treatment. In recent years, a large number of fluorescent probes for monitoring the levels of endogenous biothiols have been reported, which have significant implications for cancer diagnosis and treatment. However, most probes still suffer from poor biological compatibility and easy attachment by the environment. This work presents the development of a water-soluble dual-channel fluorescent probe, named MAL-NBD, for sensitively detecting biothiols. Nonfluorescent MAL-NBD is transformed into fluorescent groups MAL and NBD-SR/NR through nucleophilic substitution by biologically active thiols, producing dual-channel fluorescence signals for precise detection of biologically active thiols. Taking advantage of the excellent biocompatibility and low biotoxicity, MAL-NBD is successfully used for imaging HeLa cancer cells and zebrafish larvae, promoting its potential application for the precise detection of biological thiols involved in physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbo Gao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Hang Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Lingzi Ran
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Yong Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441021, P. R. China
| | - Feiyi Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Jun Ren
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Erfei Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
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Wang B, Huang Y, Yang D, Xu J, Zhong X, Zhao S, Liang H. A S-substituted Nile Blue-derived bifunctional near-infrared fluorescent probe for in vivo carboxylesterase imaging-guided photodynamic therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:7623-7628. [PMID: 37427685 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01213a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of theranostic probes that integrate both diagnostic and therapeutic functions still remains an intractable challenge in precise cancer treatment. Herein, a novel bifunctional near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe (CEP1) for carboxylesterase (CE) imaging and photodynamic therapy (PDT) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been firstly developed and successfully applied in vitro and in vivo. The probe was constructed by introducing carbamate as both the recognition unit and the fluorescence quenching unit into the fluorophore S-substituted Nile Blue (ENBS) via a self-eliminating spacer with substituted chloride. It can be activated by CE and hydrolyzed into fluorescent ENBS, which recover fluorescence at about 700 nm, and can generate superoxide radical anions under NIR irradiation. Additionally, the probe could effectively distinguish tumor cells from normal cells by CE imaging of live cells. Furthermore, it could achieve CE imaging in vivo and significantly inhibits tumor growth by imaging-guided PDT. Therefore, this study offers a promising and attractive platform for activatable imaging-guided PDT of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beilei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Yong Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Dezhi Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China.
| | - Jiayao Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Xiaohong Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Shulin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Hong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
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Wang Z, Han D, Wang H, Zheng M, Xu Y, Zhang H. Organic Semiconducting Nanoparticles for Biosensor: A Review. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13040494. [PMID: 37185569 PMCID: PMC10136359 DOI: 10.3390/bios13040494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Highly bio-compatible organic semiconductors are widely used as biosensors, but their long-term stability can be compromised due to photo-degradation and structural instability. To address this issue, scientists have developed organic semiconductor nanoparticles (OSNs) by incorporating organic semiconductors into a stable framework or self-assembled structure. OSNs have shown excellent performance and can be used as high-resolution biosensors in modern medical and biological research. They have been used for a wide range of applications, such as detecting small biological molecules, nucleic acids, and enzyme levels, as well as vascular imaging, tumor localization, and more. In particular, OSNs can simulate fine particulate matters (PM2.5, indicating particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 μm) and can be used to study the biodistribution, clearance pathways, and health effects of such particles. However, there are still some problems that need to be solved, such as toxicity, metabolic mechanism, and fluorescence intensity. In this review, based on the structure and design strategies of OSNs, we introduce various types of OSNs-based biosensors with functional groups used as biosensors and discuss their applications in both in vitro and in vivo tracking. Finally, we also discuss the design strategies and potential future trends of OSNs-based biosensors. This review provides a theoretical scaffold for the design of high-performance OSNs-based biosensors and highlights important trends and future directions for their development and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Province (QUST), School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53-Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Dongyang Han
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hongzhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Province (QUST), School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53-Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Meng Zheng
- R&D Center of Polymer Materials, Qingdao Haiwan Science and Technology Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd. (HWSTI), Qingdao Haiwan Chemistry Co., Ltd. (QHCC), Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Yanyi Xu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Haichang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Province (QUST), School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53-Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao 266042, China
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Pseudo-irreversible butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors: Structure-activity relationships, computational and crystallographic study of the N-dialkyl O-arylcarbamate warhead. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 247:115048. [PMID: 36586299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.115048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Alongside reversible butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors, a plethora of covalent butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors have been reported in the literature, typically pseudo-irreversible carbamates. For these latter, however, most cases lack full confirmation of their covalent mode of action. Additionally, the available reports regarding the structure-activity relationships of the O-arylcarbamate warhead are incomplete. Therefore, a follow-up on a series of pseudo-irreversible covalent carbamate human butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors and the structure-activity relationships of the N-dialkyl O-arylcarbamate warhead are presented in this study. The covalent mechanism of binding was tested by IC50 time-dependency profiles, and sequentially and increasingly confirmed by kinetic analysis, whole protein LC-MS, and crystallographic analysis. Computational studies provided valuable insights into steric constraints and identified problematic, bulky carbamate warheads that cannot reach and carbamoylate the catalytic Ser198. Quantum mechanical calculations provided further evidence that steric effects appear to be a key factor in determining the covalent binding behaviour of these carbamate cholinesterase inhibitors and their duration of action. Additionally, the introduction of a clickable terminal alkyne moiety into one of the carbamate N-substituents and in situ derivatisation with azide-containing fluorophore enabled fluorescent labelling of plasma human butyrylcholinesterase. This proof-of-concept study highlights the potential of this novel approach and for these compounds to be further developed as clickable molecular probes for investigating tissue localisation and activity of cholinesterases.
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Ultrasensitive Acetylcholinesterase detection based on a surface-enhanced Raman scattering lever strategy for identifying nerve fibers. Talanta 2023; 252:123867. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Zhao J, Ma T, Chang B, Fang J. Recent Progress on NIR Fluorescent Probes for Enzymes. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27185922. [PMID: 36144654 PMCID: PMC9503431 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of diseases’ biomarkers are enzymes, and the regulation of enzymes is fundamental but crucial. Biological system disorders and diseases can result from abnormal enzymatic activity. Given the biological significance of enzymes, researchers have devised a plethora of tools to map the activity of particular enzymes in order to gain insight regarding their function and distribution. Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging studies on enzymes may help to better understand their roles in living systems due to their natural imaging advantages. We review the NIR fluorescent probe design strategies that have been attempted by researchers to develop NIR fluorescent sensors of enzymes, and these works have provided deep and intuitive insights into the study of enzymes in biological systems. The recent enzyme-activated NIR fluorescent probes and their applications in imaging are summarized, and the prospects and challenges of developing enzyme-activated NIR fluorescent probes are discussed.
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