Multifunctional Bioactive Scaffolds from ARX-g-(Zn@rGO)-HAp for Bone Tissue Engineering: In Vitro Antibacterial, Antitumor, and Biocompatibility Evaluations

Metal-organic frameworks: synthesis, properties, wound dressing, challenges and scopes in advanced wound dressing

Wound healing is a critical but complex biological process of skin tissue repair and regeneration resulting from various systems working together at the cellular and molecular levels. Quick wound healing and the problems associated with traditional wound repair techniques are being overcome with multifunctional materials. Over time, this research area has drawn significant attention. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), owning to their peculiar physicochemical characteristics, are now considered a promising class of well-suited porous materials for wound healing in addition to their other biological applications. This detailed literature review provides an overview of the latest developments in MOFs for wound healing applications. We have discussed the synthesis, essential biomedical properties, wound-healing mechanism, MOF-based dressing materials, and their wound-healing applications. The possible major challenges and limitations of MOFs have been discussed, along with conclusions and future perspectives. This overview of the literature review addresses MOFs-based wound healing from several angles and covers the most current developments in the subject. The readers may discover how the MOFs advanced this discipline by producing more inventive, useful, and successful dressings. It influences the development of future generations of biomaterials for the healing and regeneration of skin wounds.

Current Perspectives of Protein in Bone Tissue Engineering: Bone Structure, Ideal Scaffolds, Fabrication Techniques, Applications, Scopes, and Future Advances

In view of their exceptional approach, excellent inherent biocompatibility and biodegradability properties, and interaction with the local extracellular matrix, protein-based polymers have received attention in bone tissue engineering, which is a multidisciplinary field that repairs and regenerates fractured bones. Bone is a multihierarchical complex structure, and it performs several essential biofunctions, including maintaining mineral balance and structural support and protecting soft organs. Protein-based polymers have gained interest in developing ideal scaffolds as emerging biomaterials for bone fractured healing and regeneration, and it is challenging to design ideal bone substitutes as perfect biomaterials. Several protein-based polymers, including collagen, keratin, gelatin, serum albumin, etc., are potential materials due to their inherent cytocompatibility, controlled biodegradability, high biofunctionalization, and tunable mechanical characteristics. While numerous studies have indicated the encouraging possibilities of proteins in BTE, there are still major challenges concerning their biodegradability, stability in physiological conditions, and continuous release of growth factors and bioactive molecules. Robust scaffolds derived from proteins can be used to replace broken or diseased bone with a biocompatible substitute; proteins, being biopolymers, provide excellent scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Herein, recent developments in protein polymers for cutting-edge bone tissue engineering are addressed in this review within 3-5 years, with a focus on the significant challenges and future perspectives. The first section discusses the structural fundamentals of bone anatomy and ideal scaffolds, and the second section describes the fabrication techniques of scaffolds. The third section highlights the importance of proteins and their applications in BTE. Hence, the recent development of protein polymers for state-of-the-art bone tissue engineering has been discussed, highlighting the significant challenges and future perspectives.

Graphene and its hybrid nanocomposite: A Metamorphoses elevation in the field of tissue engineering

In this discourse, we delve into the manifold applications of graphene-based nanomaterials (GBNs) in the realm of biomedicine. Graphene, characterized by its two-dimensional planar structure, superconductivity, mechanical robustness, chemical inertness, extensive surface area, and propitious biocompatibility, stands as an exemplary candidate for diverse biomedical utility. Graphene include various distinctive characteristics of its two-dimensional planar structure, enormous surface area, mechanical and chemical stability, high conductivity, and exceptional biocompatibility. We investigate graphene and its diverse derivatives, which include reduced graphene oxides (rGOs), graphene oxides (GOs), and graphene composites, with a focus on elucidating the unique attributes relevant to their biomedical utility. In this review article it highlighted the unique properties of graphene, synthesis methods of graphene and functionalization methods of graphene. In the quest for novel materials to advance regenerative medicine, researchers have increasingly turned their attention to graphene-based materials, which have emerged as a prominent innovation in recent years. Notably, it highlights their applications in the regeneration of various tissues, including nerves, skeletal muscle, bones, skin, cardiac tissue, cartilage, and adipose tissue, as well as their influence on induced pluripotent stem cells, marking significant breakthroughs in the field of regenerative medicine. Additionally, this review article explores future prospects in this evolving area of study.

Eco-friendly bio-nanocomposites: pioneering sustainable biomedical advancements in engineering

Biomedical nanocomposites, which are an upcoming breed of mischievous materials, have ushered in a new dimension in the healthcare sector. Incorporating these materials tends to boost features this component already possesses and give might to things these components could not withstand alone. The biopolymer, which carries the nanoparticles, can simultaneously improve the composite's stiffness and biological characteristics, and vice versa. This increases the options of the composite and the number of times it can be used. The bio-nanocomposites and nanoparticles enable the ecocompatibility of the medicine in their biodegradability, and they, in this way, have ecological sustainability. The outcome is the improved properties of medicine and its associated positive impact on the environment. They have broad applications in antimicrobial agents, drug carriers, tissue regeneration, wound care, dentistry, bioimaging, and bone filler, among others. The dissertation on the elements of bio-nanocomposites emphasizes production techniques, their diverse applications in medicine, match-up issues, and future-boasting prospects in the bio-nanocomposites field. Through the utilization of such materials, scientists can develop more suitable for the environment and healthy biomedical solutions, and world healthcare in this way improves as well.

Fabrication of Bilayer Nanofibrous-Hydrogel Scaffold from Bacterial Cellulose, PVA, and Gelatin as Advanced Dressing for Wound Healing and Soft Tissue Engineering

Tissue engineering is currently one of the fastest-growing areas of engineering, requiring the fabrication of advanced and multifunctional materials that can be used as scaffolds or dressings for tissue regeneration. In this work, we report a bilayer material prepared by electrospinning a hybrid material of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and bacterial cellulose (BC NFs) (top layer) over a highly interconnected porous 3D gelatin-PVA hydrogel obtained by a freeze-drying process (bottom layer). The techniques were combined to produce an advanced material with synergistic effects on the physical and biological properties of the two materials. The bilayer material was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and a water contact measurement system (WCMS). Studies on swelling, degradability, porosity, drug release, cellular and antibacterial activities were performed using standardized procedures and assays. FTIR confirmed cross-linking of both the top and bottom layers, and SEM showed porous structure for the bottom layer, random deposition of NFs on the surface, and aligned NFs in the cross section. The water contact angle (WCA) showed a hydrophilic surface for the bilayer material. Swelling analysis showed high swelling, and degradation analysis showed good stability. The bilayer material released Ag-sulfadiazine in a sustained and controlled manner and showed good antibacterial activities against severe disease-causing gram + ive and -ive (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacterial strains. In vitro biological studies were performed on fibroblasts (3T3) and human embryonic kidneys (HEK-293), which showed desirable cell viability, proliferation, and adhesion to the bilayer. Thus, the synergistic effect of NFs and the hydrogel resulted in a potential wound dressing material for wound healing and soft tissue engineering.

Fundamental properties of smart hydrogels for tissue engineering applications: A review

Tissue engineering is an advanced and potential biomedical approach to treat patients suffering from lost or failed an organ or tissue to repair and regenerate damaged tissues that increase life expectancy. The biopolymers have been used to fabricate smart hydrogels to repair damaged tissue as they imitate the extracellular matrix (ECM) with intricate structural and functional characteristics. These hydrogels offer desired and controllable qualities, such as tunable mechanical stiffness and strength, inherent adaptability and biocompatibility, swellability, and biodegradability, all crucial for tissue engineering. Smart hydrogels provide a superior cellular environment for tissue engineering, enabling the generation of cutting-edge synthetic tissues due to their special qualities, such as stimuli sensitivity and reactivity. Numerous review articles have presented the exceptional potential of hydrogels for various biomedical applications, including drug delivery, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering. Still, it is essential to write a comprehensive review article on smart hydrogels that successfully addresses the essential challenging issues in tissue engineering. Hence, the recent development on smart hydrogel for state-of-the-art tissue engineering conferred progress, highlighting significant challenges and future perspectives. This review discusses recent advances in smart hydrogels fabricated from biological macromolecules and their use for advanced tissue engineering. It also provides critical insight, emphasizing future research directions and progress in tissue engineering.

The role of smart polymeric biomaterials in bone regeneration: a review

Addressing critical bone defects necessitates innovative solutions beyond traditional methods, which are constrained by issues such as immune rejection and donor scarcity. Smart polymeric biomaterials that respond to external stimuli have emerged as a promising alternative, fostering endogenous bone regeneration. Light-responsive polymers, employed in 3D-printed scaffolds and photothermal therapies, enhance antibacterial efficiency and bone repair. Thermo-responsive biomaterials show promise in controlled bioactive agent release, stimulating osteocyte differentiation and bone regeneration. Further, the integration of conductive elements into polymers improves electrical signal transmission, influencing cellular behavior positively. Innovations include advanced 3D-printed poly (l-lactic acid) scaffolds, polyurethane foam scaffolds promoting cell differentiation, and responsive polymeric biomaterials for osteogenic and antibacterial drug delivery. Other developments focus on enzyme-responsive and redox-responsive polymers, which offer potential for bone regeneration and combat infection. Biomaterials responsive to mechanical, magnetic, and acoustic stimuli also show potential in bone regeneration, including mechanically-responsive polymers, magnetic-responsive biomaterials with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, and acoustic-responsive biomaterials. In conclusion, smart biopolymers are reshaping scaffold design and bone regeneration strategies. However, understanding their advantages and limitations is vital, indicating the need for continued exploratory research.

Bibliometric and visualized analysis of 3D printing bioink in bone tissue engineering

Background: Applying 3D printed bioink to bone tissue engineering is an emerging technology for restoring bone tissue defects. This study aims to evaluate the application of 3D printing bioink in bone tissue engineering from 2010 to 2022 through bibliometric analysis, and to predict the hotspots and developing trends in this field. Methods: We retrieved publications from Web of Science from 2010 to 2022 on 8 January 2023. We examined the retrieved data using the bibliometrix package in R software, and VOSviewer and CiteSpace were used for visualizing the trends and hotspots of research on 3D printing bioink in bone tissue engineering. Results: We identified 682 articles and review articles in this field from 2010 to 2022. The journal Biomaterials ranked first in the number of articles published in this field. In 2016, an article published by Hölzl, K in the Biofabrication journal ranked first in number of citations. China ranked first in number of articles published and in single country publications (SCP), while America surpassed China to rank first in multiple country publications (MCP). In addition, a collaboration network analysis showed tight collaborations among China, America, South Korea, Netherlands, and other countries, with the top 10 major research affiliations mostly from these countries. The top 10 high-frequency words in this field are consistent with the field's research hotspots. The evolution trend of the discipline indicates that most citations come from Physics/Materials/Chemistry journals. Factorial analysis plays an intuitive role in determining research hotspots in this sphere. Keyword burst detection shows that chitosan and endothelial cells are emerging research hotspots in this field. Conclusion: This bibliometric study maps out a fundamental knowledge structure including countries, affiliations, authors, journals and keywords in this field of research from 2010 to 2022. This study fills a gap in the field of bibliometrics and provides a comprehensive perspective with broad prospects for this burgeoning research area.

Fabrication of PCL/CMARX/GO Composite Nanofibrous Mats for Dye Adsorption: Wastewater Treatment

The effluents of industrial wastewater contain several toxic organic and inorganic pollutants that may contaminate clean and freshwater sources if untreated or poorly treated. These toxic pollutants include colors; hazardous compounds; surfactants; cosmetics; agrochemicals; pharmaceutical by-products; and agricultural, pharmaceutical, and medical contaminants. Treating wastewater has become a global problem. Many projects have been started in the last two decades to treat wastewater, resultant water pollution, and associated waste management problems. Adsorbants based on graphene oxide (GO) are viable wastewater treatment materials due to their adaptability, photocatalytic action, and capacity for self-assembly. Here, we report the fabrication of nanofibrous mats from polycaprolactone (PCL), carboxymethyl arabinoxylan (CMARX), and carboxyl-functionalized-graphene oxide using an electrospinning technique. The silver nanoparticles were loaded onto the mat to enhance their photocatalytic activity. These mats were characterized using different techniques, including Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The water contact angles were used to study their hydrophilic and hydrophobic behavior. The Langmuir isotherm model and adsorption kinetics were studied to evaluate their adsorption capabilities against methylene blue (MB). Sample 2 followed the Langmuir isotherm model (R² = 0.9939). Adsorption kinetics exhibited pseudo-second order behavior (R² = 0.9978) due to their maximum correlation coefficient values. MB has excellent adsorption at room temperature and the formation of the monolayer at the surface of the adsorption mat. An enhanced PO₄^3- and MB adsorption was observed, providing recyclability up to 4-5 times. Hence, the fabricated nanofibrous mat would be a potential candidate for more effective wastewater treatment applications.

Hyaluronic Acid-Coated Chitosan Nanoparticles as an Active Targeted Carrier of Alpha Mangostin for Breast Cancer Cells

Alpha mangostin (AM) has potential anticancer properties for breast cancer. This study aims to assess the potential of chitosan nanoparticles coated with hyaluronic acid for the targeted delivery of AM (AM-CS/HA) against MCF-7 breast cancer cells. AM-CS/HA showed a spherical shape with an average diameter of 304 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.3, and a negative charge of 24.43 mV. High encapsulation efficiency (90%) and drug loading (8.5%) were achieved. AM released from AM-CS/HA at an acidic pH of 5.5 was higher than the physiological pH of 7.4 and showed sustained release. The cytotoxic effect of AM-CS/HA (IC₅₀ 4.37 µg/mL) on MCF-7 was significantly higher than AM nanoparticles without HA coating (AM-CS) (IC₅₀ 4.48 µg/mL) and AM (IC₅₀ 5.27 µg/mL). These findings suggest that AM-CS/HA enhances AM cytotoxicity and has potential applications for breast cancer therapy.

The Current Status, Prospects, and Challenges of Shape Memory Polymers Application in Bone Tissue Engineering

Bone defects can occur after severe trauma, infection, or bone tumor resection surgery, which requires grafting to repair the defect when it reaches a critical size, as the bone's self-healing ability is insufficient to complete the bone repair. Natural bone grafts or artificial bone grafts, such as bioceramics, are currently used in bone tissue engineering, but the low availability of bone and high cost limit these treatments. Therefore, shape memory polymers (SMPs), which combine biocompatibility, biodegradability, mechanical properties, shape tunability, ease of access, and minimally invasive implantation, have received attention in bone tissue engineering in recent years. Here, we reviewed the various excellent properties of SMPs and their contribution to bone formation in experiments at the cellular and animal levels, respectively, especially for the repair of defects in craniomaxillofacial (CMF) and limb bones, to provide new ideas for the application of these new SMPs in bone tissue engineering.

Design strategies for composite matrix and multifunctional polymeric scaffolds with enhanced bioactivity for bone tissue engineering

Over the past few decades, various bioactive material-based scaffolds were investigated and researchers across the globe are actively involved in establishing a potential state-of-the-art for bone tissue engineering applications, wherein several disciplines like clinical medicine, materials science, and biotechnology are involved. The present review article's main aim is to focus on repairing and restoring bone tissue defects by enhancing the bioactivity of fabricated bone tissue scaffolds and providing a suitable microenvironment for the bone cells to fasten the healing process. It deals with the various surface modification strategies and smart composite materials development that are involved in the treatment of bone tissue defects. Orthopaedic researchers and clinicians constantly focus on developing strategies that can naturally imitate not only the bone tissue architecture but also its functional properties to modulate cellular behaviour to facilitate bridging, callus formation and osteogenesis at critical bone defects. This review summarizes the currently available polymeric composite matrices and the methods to improve their bioactivity for bone tissue regeneration effectively.

Preparation and In Vitro Bioactivity Study of a Novel Hollow Mesoporous Bioactive Glass Nanofiber Scaffold

In this study, a novel three-dimensional hollow mesoporous bioactive glass nanofiber scaffold has been synthesized with a template-assisted sol-gel method using bacterial cellulose (BC) as a template and nonionic triblock copolymer (P123) as a pore-directing agent, ethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), calcium nitrate tetrahydrate (CN), and triethyl phosphate (TEP) as glass precursors. Scanning and transmission electron microscopies, X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption-desorption, and nuclear magnetic resonance method were applied to characterize the morphology, crystal structure, and chemical structure of the mesoporous bioactive glass nanofiber scaffold. Furthermore, the in vitro bioactivity and biocompatibility were also explored. The obtained scaffold depicted nanofiber-like morphology and interconnected three-dimensional network structure that replicated the BC template. The scaffold showed a large specific surface area (230.0 cm² g^-1) and pore volume (0.2 m³ g^-1). More importantly, the scaffold exhibited excellent apatite-forming ability and cellular biocompatibility. We believe that the hollow mesoporous bioactive glass nanofiber scaffold has great potential application in bone tissue regeneration.