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Ojha A, Jaiswal S, Bharti P, Mishra SK. Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials-Based Recent Approaches in Upgraded Targeting and Management of Cancer: A Review. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010162. [PMID: 36612158 PMCID: PMC9817889 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Along with the extensive improvement in tumor biology research and different therapeutic developments, cancer remains a dominant and deadly disease. Tumor heterogeneity, systemic toxicities, and drug resistance are major hurdles in cancer therapy. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, phototherapy, and surgical therapy are some prominent areas of cancer treatment. During chemotherapy for cancer, chemotherapeutic agents are distributed all over the body and also damage normal cells. With advancements in nanotechnology, nanoparticles utilized in all major areas of cancer therapy offer the probability to advance drug solubility, and stability, extend drug half-lives in plasma, reduce off-target effects, and quintessence drugs at a target site. The present review compiles the use of different types of nanoparticles in frequently and recently applied therapeutics of cancer therapy. A recent area of cancer treatment includes cancer stem cell therapy, DNA/RNA-based immunomodulation therapy, alteration of the microenvironment, and cell membrane-mediated biomimetic approach. Biocompatibility and bioaccumulation of nanoparticles is the major impediment in nano-based therapy. More research is required to develop the next generation of nanotherapeutics with the incorporation of new molecular entities, such as kinase inhibitors, siRNA, mRNA, and gene editing. We assume that nanotherapeutics will dramatically improve patient survival, move the model of cancer treatment, and develop certainty in the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Ojha
- Department of Allied Health Science, Mahayogi Gorakhnath University, Gorakhpur 273007, India
| | - Sonali Jaiswal
- Department of Biotechnology, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur 273009, India
| | - Priyanka Bharti
- Department of Biotechnology, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur 273009, India
| | - Sarad Kumar Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur 273009, India
- Correspondence:
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Sala F, Ficorella C, Osellame R, Käs JA, Martínez Vázquez R. Microfluidic Lab-on-a-Chip for Studies of Cell Migration under Spatial Confinement. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12080604. [PMID: 36004998 PMCID: PMC9405557 DOI: 10.3390/bios12080604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding cell migration is a key step in unraveling many physiological phenomena and predicting several pathologies, such as cancer metastasis. In particular, confinement has been proven to be a key factor in the cellular migration strategy choice. As our insight in the field improves, new tools are needed in order to empower biologists’ analysis capabilities. In this framework, microfluidic devices have been used to engineer the mechanical and spatial stimuli and to investigate cellular migration response in a more controlled way. In this work, we will review the existing technologies employed in the realization of microfluidic cellular migration assays, namely the soft lithography of PDMS and hydrogels and femtosecond laser micromachining. We will give an overview of the state of the art of these devices, focusing on the different geometrical configurations that have been exploited to study specific aspects of cellular migration. Our scope is to highlight the advantages and possibilities given by each approach and to envisage the future developments in in vitro migration studies under spatial confinement in microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Sala
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, CNR, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Carlotta Ficorella
- Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, University of Leipzig, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roberto Osellame
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, CNR, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Josef A. Käs
- Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, University of Leipzig, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rebeca Martínez Vázquez
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, CNR, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Yang X, Song R, He L, Wu L, He X, Liu X, Tang H, Lu X, Ma Z, Tian P. Optimization mechanism and applications of ultrafast laser machining towards highly designable 3D micro/nano structuring. RSC Adv 2022; 12:35227-35241. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05148f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The optimization mechanism of ultrafast laser machining is introduced. The specific applications of laser processed 3D micro/nano structures in optical, electrochemical and biomedical fields are elaborated, and perspectives are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ruiqi Song
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Liang He
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Med+X Center for Manufacturing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Leixin Wu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xin He
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Hui Tang
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Xiaolong Lu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zeyu Ma
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Peng Tian
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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Luminol Doped Silica-Polymer Sensor for Portable Organic Amino Nitrogen and Ammonium Determination in Water. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8090149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose a portable sensor, obtained by embedding luminol into the tetraethylorthosilicate/trietoxymethylsilane (TEOS/MTEOS) composite, for the quantitative determination of organic amino nitrogen and ammonium in water with the goal of achieving low levels of concentration. The method is based on the reaction between amino nitrogen compounds and hypochlorite to produce chloramino derivatives. Then, the remaining hypochlorite reacts with luminol sensor by producing a luminescence signal, which was measured by using a portable luminometer, being inversely proportional to nitrogen concentration. The liberation of the luminol from sensor is higher than 90% and the sensor is stable for at least a week at room temperature. This portable method was successfully validated and applied to the analysis of several real waters: fountain, river transition, lagoon, and seawater with recovery values between 92% and 112%, which indicated that the matrix effect was absent. The achieved limit of detection was around 10 µg·L−1, expressed as N. This sensor allows in situ monitoring owing to its simplicity, rapidity, and portability.
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Wang Y, Wang J, Wang T, Wang C. Simultaneous Detection of Viability and Concentration of Microalgae Cells Based on Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Bright Field Dual Imaging. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:896. [PMID: 34442519 PMCID: PMC8398499 DOI: 10.3390/mi12080896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ship ballast water contains high concentration of plankton, bacteria, and other microorganisms. If the huge amount of ballast water is discharged without being inactivated, it will definitely spell disaster to the marine environment. Microalgae is the most common species exiting in ballast water, so the detection of the concentration and viability of microalgae is a very important issue. The traditional methods of detecting microalgae in ballast water were costly and need the help of bulky equipment. Herein, a novel method based on microalgae cell intracellular chlorophyll fluorescence (CF) imaging combines with cell bright field (BF) microscopy was proposed. The geometric features of microalgae cells were obtained by BF image, and the cell viability was obtained by CF image. The two images were fused through the classic image registration algorithm to achieve simultaneous detection of the viability and concentration of microalgae cells. Furthermore, a low-cost, miniaturized CF/BF microscopy imaging prototype system based on the above principles was designed. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, four typical microalgae in ballast water (Platymonas, Pyramimonas sp., Chrysophyta, and Prorocentrum lima) were selected as the samples. The experimental results show that the self-developed prototype can quickly and accurately determine the concentration and the viability of microalgae cells in ship ballast water based on the dual images of BF and CF, and the detection accuracy is equivalent to that of commercial microscope. It was the first time to simultaneously detect the viability and concentration of microalgae cells in ship ballast water using the method that combining the fluorescence and bright field images; moreover, a miniaturized microscopic imaging prototype was developed. Those findings expected to contribute to the microalgae detection and ship ballast water management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjuan Wang
- Software Institute, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China; (Y.W.); (T.W.); (C.W.)
- Center of Microfluidic Optoelectronic Sensing, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
- College of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Junsheng Wang
- Center of Microfluidic Optoelectronic Sensing, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
- College of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Tianqi Wang
- Software Institute, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China; (Y.W.); (T.W.); (C.W.)
- Center of Microfluidic Optoelectronic Sensing, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Chengxiao Wang
- Software Institute, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China; (Y.W.); (T.W.); (C.W.)
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Staicu CE, Jipa F, Axente E, Radu M, Radu BM, Sima F. Lab-on-a-Chip Platforms as Tools for Drug Screening in Neuropathologies Associated with Blood-Brain Barrier Alterations. Biomolecules 2021; 11:916. [PMID: 34205550 PMCID: PMC8235582 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) and organ-on-a-chip (OOC) devices are highly versatile platforms that enable miniaturization and advanced controlled laboratory functions (i.e., microfluidics, advanced optical or electrical recordings, high-throughput screening). The manufacturing advancements of LOCs/OOCs for biomedical applications and their current limitations are briefly discussed. Multiple studies have exploited the advantages of mimicking organs or tissues on a chip. Among these, we focused our attention on the brain-on-a-chip, blood-brain barrier (BBB)-on-a-chip, and neurovascular unit (NVU)-on-a-chip applications. Mainly, we review the latest developments of brain-on-a-chip, BBB-on-a-chip, and NVU-on-a-chip devices and their use as testing platforms for high-throughput pharmacological screening. In particular, we analyze the most important contributions of these studies in the field of neurodegenerative diseases and their relevance in translational personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Elena Staicu
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania;
- Center for Advanced Laser Technologies, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Măgurele, Romania; (F.J.); (E.A.); (F.S.)
| | - Florin Jipa
- Center for Advanced Laser Technologies, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Măgurele, Romania; (F.J.); (E.A.); (F.S.)
| | - Emanuel Axente
- Center for Advanced Laser Technologies, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Măgurele, Romania; (F.J.); (E.A.); (F.S.)
| | - Mihai Radu
- Department of Life and Environmental Physics, ‘Horia Hulubei’ National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, 077125 Măgurele, Romania;
| | - Beatrice Mihaela Radu
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Felix Sima
- Center for Advanced Laser Technologies, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Măgurele, Romania; (F.J.); (E.A.); (F.S.)
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Sala F, Ficorella C, Martínez Vázquez R, Eichholz HM, Käs JA, Osellame R. Rapid Prototyping of 3D Biochips for Cell Motility Studies Using Two-Photon Polymerization. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:664094. [PMID: 33928074 PMCID: PMC8078855 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.664094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of cellular migration dynamics and strategies plays a relevant role in the understanding of both physiological and pathological processes. An important example could be the link between cancer cell motility and tumor evolution into metastatic stage. These strategies can be strongly influenced by the extracellular environment and the consequent mechanical constrains. In this framework, the possibility to study the behavior of single cells when subject to specific topological constraints could be an important tool in the hands of biologists. Two-photon polymerization is a sub-micrometric additive manufacturing technique that allows the fabrication of 3D structures in biocompatible resins, enabling the realization of ad hoc biochips for cell motility analyses, providing different types of mechanical stimuli. In our work, we present a new strategy for the realization of multilayer microfluidic lab-on-a-chip constructs for the study of cell motility which guarantees complete optical accessibility and the possibility to freely shape the migration area, to tailor it to the requirements of the specific cell type or experiment. The device includes a series of micro-constrictions that induce different types of mechanical stress on the cells during their migration. We show the realization of different possible geometries, in order to prove the versatility of the technique. As a proof of concept, we present the use of one of these devices for the study of the motility of murine neuronal cancer cells under high physical confinement, highlighting their peculiar migration mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Sala
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlotta Ficorella
- Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Hannah Marie Eichholz
- Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Josef A. Käs
- Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roberto Osellame
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
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Kunwar P, Xiong Z, Zhu Y, Li H, Filip A, Soman P. Hybrid Laser Printing of 3D, Multiscale, Multimaterial Hydrogel Structures. ADVANCED OPTICAL MATERIALS 2019; 7:1900656. [PMID: 33688458 PMCID: PMC7938640 DOI: 10.1002/adom.201900656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of multiscale, multi-material three-dimensional (3D) structures at high resolution is difficult using current technologies. This is especially significant when working with hydrated and mechanically weak hydrogel materials. In this work, a new hybrid laser printing (HLP) technology is reported to print complex, multiscale, multimaterial, 3D hydrogel structures with microscale resolution. This technique of fabrication utilizes sequential additive and subtractive modes of material fabrication, that are typically considered as mutually exclusive due to differences in their material processing conditions. Further, compared to current laser writing systems that enforce stringent processing depth limits, HLP is shown to fabricate structures at any depth inside the material. As a proof-of-principle, a Mayan Pyramid with embedded cube-frame is printed using model synthetic polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogel. Printing of ready-to-use open-well chips with embedded microchannels is also demonstrated using PEGDA and gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogels for potential applications in biomedical sciences. Next, HLP is used in additive and additive modes to print multiscale 3D structures spanning in size from centimeter to micrometers within minutes, which is followed by printing of 3D, multi-material, multiscale structures using this technology. Overall, this work demonstrates that HLP's fabrication versatility can potentially offer a unique opportunity for a range of applications in optics and photonics, biomedical sciences, microfluidics, soft robotics, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puskal Kunwar
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Zheng Xiong
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Yin Zhu
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Haiyan Li
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Alex Filip
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Pranav Soman
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
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