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Wagner P, Bakhshi Sichani S, Khorshid M, Lieberzeit P, Losada-Pérez P, Yongabi D. Bioanalytical sensors using the heat-transfer method HTM and related techniques. TECHNISCHES MESSEN : TM 2023; 90:761-785. [PMID: 38046181 PMCID: PMC10690833 DOI: 10.1515/teme-2023-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
This review provides an overview on bio- and chemosensors based on a thermal transducer platform that monitors the thermal interface resistance R th between a solid chip and the supernatant liquid. The R th parameter responds in a surprisingly strong way to molecular-scale changes at the solid-liquid interface, which can be measured thermometrically, using for instance thermocouples in combination with a controllable heat source. In 2012, the effect was first observed during on-chip denaturation experiments on complementary and mismatched DNA duplexes that differ in their melting temperature. Since then, the concept is addressed as heat-transfer method, in short HTM, and numerous applications of the basic sensing principle were identified. Functionalizing the chip with bioreceptors such as molecularly imprinted polymers makes it possible to detect neurotransmitters, inflammation markers, viruses, and environmental pollutants. In combination with aptamer-type receptors, it is also possible to detect proteins at low concentrations. Changing the receptors to surface-imprinted polymers has opened up new possibilities for quantitative bacterial detection and identification in complex matrices. In receptor-free variants, HTM was successfully used to characterize lipid vesicles and eukaryotic cells (yeast strains, cancer cell lines), the latter showing spontaneous detachment under influence of the temperature gradient inherent to HTM. We will also address modifications to the original HTM technique such as M-HTM, inverted HTM, thermal wave transport analysis TWTA, and the hot-wire principle. The article concludes with an assessment of the possibilities and current limitations of the method, together with a technological forecast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Wagner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laboratory for Soft Matter and Biophysics ZMB, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 D, B-3001Leuven, Belgium
| | - Soroush Bakhshi Sichani
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laboratory for Soft Matter and Biophysics ZMB, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 D, B-3001Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mehran Khorshid
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laboratory for Soft Matter and Biophysics ZMB, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 D, B-3001Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Lieberzeit
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 42, A-1090Wien, Austria
| | - Patricia Losada-Pérez
- Physique Expérimentale Thermique et de la Matière Molle, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine – CP 223, Boulevard du Triomphe, ACC.2, B-1050Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Derick Yongabi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laboratory for Soft Matter and Biophysics ZMB, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 D, B-3001Leuven, Belgium
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2
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Crapnell R, Bernalte E, Ferrari AGM, Whittingham MJ, Williams RJ, Hurst NJ, Banks CE. All-in-One Single-Print Additively Manufactured Electroanalytical Sensing Platforms. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2022; 2:167-176. [PMID: 36785725 PMCID: PMC9838814 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.1c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript provides the first report of a fully additively manufactured (AM) electrochemical cell printed all-in-one, where all the electrodes and cell are printed as one, requiring no post-assembly or external electrodes. The three-electrode cell is printed using a standard non-conductive poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-based filament for the body and commercially available conductive carbon black/PLA (CB/PLA, ProtoPasta) for the three electrodes (working, counter, and reference; WE, CE, and RE, respectively). The electrochemical performance of the cell is evaluated first against the well-known near-ideal outer-sphere redox probe hexaamineruthenium(III) chloride (RuHex), showing that the cell performs well using an AM electrode as the pseudo-RE. Electrochemical activation of the WE via chronoamperometry and NaOH provides enhanced electrochemical performances toward outer-sphere probes and for electroanalytical performance. It is shown that this activation can be completed using either an external commercial Ag|AgCl RE or through simply using the internal AM CB/PLA pseudo-RE and CE. This all-in-one electrochemical cell (AIOEC) was applied toward the well-known detection of ascorbic acid (AA) and acetaminophen (ACOP), achieving linear trends with limits of detection (LODs) of 13.6 ± 1.9 and 4.5 ± 0.9 μM, respectively. The determination of AA and ACOP in real samples from over-the-counter effervescent tablets was explored, and when analyzed individually, recoveries of 102.9 and 100.6% were achieved against UV-vis standards, respectively. Simultaneous detection of both targets was also achieved through detection in the same sample exhibiting 149.75 and 81.35% recoveries for AA and ACOP, respectively. These values differing from the originals are likely due to electrode fouling due to the AA oxidation being a surface-controlled process. The cell design produced herein is easily tunable toward different sample volumes or container shapes for various applications among aqueous electroanalytical sensing; however, it is a simple example of the capabilities of this manufacturing method. This work illustrates the next step in research synergising AM and electrochemistry, producing operational electrochemical sensing platforms in a single print, with no assembly and no requirements for exterior or commercial electrodes. Due to the flexibility, low-waste, and rapid prototyping of AM, there is scope for this work to be able to span and impact a plethora of research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert
D. Crapnell
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, U.K.
| | - Elena Bernalte
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, U.K.
| | | | - Matthew J. Whittingham
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, U.K.
| | - Rhys J. Williams
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, U.K.
| | - Nicholas J. Hurst
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, U.K.
| | - Craig E Banks
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, U.K.
- ; Tel: ++(0)1612471196
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Garcia-Miranda Ferrari A, Hurst NJ, Bernalte E, Crapnell RD, Whittingham MJ, Brownson DAC, Banks CE. Exploration of defined 2-dimensional working electrode shapes through additive manufacturing. Analyst 2022; 147:5121-5129. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an01412b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the electrochemical response of different morphologies (shapes) and dimensions of additively manufactured (3D-printing) carbon black(CB)/poly-lactic acid (PLA) electrodes are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas J. Hurst
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Elena Bernalte
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Robert D. Crapnell
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Matthew J. Whittingham
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Dale A. C. Brownson
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Craig E. Banks
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, M1 5GD, UK
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Shivshetty N, Swift T, Pinnock A, Pownall D, Neil SM, Douglas I, Garg P, Rimmer S. Evaluation of ligand modified poly (N-Isopropyl acrylamide) hydrogel for etiological diagnosis of corneal infection. Exp Eye Res 2021; 214:108881. [PMID: 34871569 PMCID: PMC9012892 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Corneal ulcers, a leading cause of blindness in the developing world are treated inappropriately without prior microbiology assessment because of issues related to availability or cost of accessing these services. In this work we aimed to develop a device for identifying the presence of Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria or fungi that can be used by someone without the need for a microbiology laboratory. Working with branched poly (N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM) tagged with Vancomycin, Polymyxin B, or Amphotericin B to bind Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi respectively, grafted onto a single hydrogel we demonstrated specific binding of the organisms. The limit of detection of the microbes by these polymers was between 10 and 4 organisms per high power field (100X) for bacteria and fungi binding polymers respectively. Using ex vivo and animal cornea infection models infected with bacteria, fungi or both we than demonstrated that the triple functionalised hydrogel could pick up all 3 organisms after being in place for 30 min. To confirm the presence of bacteria and fungi we used conventional microbiology techniques and fluorescently labelled ligands or dyes. While we need to develop an easy-to-use either a colorimetric or an imaging system to detect the fluorescent signals, this study presents for the first time a simple to use hydrogel system, which can be applied to infected eyes and specifically binds different classes of infecting agents within a short space of time. Ultimately this diagnostic system will not require trained microbiologists for its use and will be used at the point-of-care. Functionalised branched Poly N-isopropyl acrylamide binds corneal ulcer causing microorganisms. The functionalised polymers demonstrated specific binding to gram positive, gram negative and fungi. Grafting three different polymers on a single hydrogel retained this specific binding for microorganisms. Triple functionalised hydrogels were effective in picking up microorganisms in ex-vivo and animal cornea infection models. Application for a duration of 30 min was sufficient to pick up enough organisms for subsequent identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagaveni Shivshetty
- Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, 500034, Telangana, India.
| | - Thomas Swift
- Polymer and Biomaterial Chemistry Laboratories, School of Chemistry and Biosciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Abigail Pinnock
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HQ, UK
| | - David Pownall
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HQ, UK
| | - Sheila Mac Neil
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HQ, UK
| | - Ian Douglas
- School of Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TA, UK
| | - Prashant Garg
- Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, 500034, Telangana, India.
| | - Stephen Rimmer
- Polymer and Biomaterial Chemistry Laboratories, School of Chemistry and Biosciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
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Crapnell RD, Street RJ, Ferreira-Silva V, Down MP, Peeters M, Banks CE. Electrospun Nylon Fibers with Integrated Polypyrrole Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for the Detection of Glucose. Anal Chem 2021; 93:13235-13241. [PMID: 34549586 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Electrospun nylon 6,6 fibers incorporating polypyrrole (PPy) molecular-imprinted polymers (MIPs) were produced for the selective detection of d-glucose using a thermal detection methodology. PPy MIPs were produced using a facile bulk synthesis approach and electrospun into intricate fibrous scaffolds giving a highly mass-producible sensing interface. The maximum incorporation of MIPs and greatest sensing performance was found to be 12.1 wt % in conjunction with the heat-transfer method (HTM), a low-cost and simple thermal detection method that measures changes in the thermal resistance at the solid-liquid interface. It is demonstrated that a 12.1% incorporation of MIPs into electrospun fibers produces the widest working linear range with a limit of detection of 0.10 ± 0.01 mM. There were no observed changes in the measured thermal resistance response to incubation with a series of structurally similar compounds, providing evidence toward the selectivity of the platform. Additionally, the sensing platform exhibited a linear working response to glucose samples in artificial sweat solutions in the biologically relevant range. This is the first report of the incorporation of MIPs into nylon 6,6 fibers for the detection of glucose and points toward the possibility of developing mass-producible electrospun fibers embedded with low-cost recognition elements of improved thermal and chemical stability for the application of wearable sensor technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Crapnell
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan J Street
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom
| | - Valentine Ferreira-Silva
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institut National Des Sciences Appliquées Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Michael P Down
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom
| | - Marloes Peeters
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Merz Court, Claremond Road, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Craig E Banks
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom
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McClements J, Seumo Tchekwagep PM, Vilela Strapazon AL, Canfarotta F, Thomson A, Czulak J, Johnson RE, Novakovic K, Losada-Pérez P, Zaman A, Spyridopoulos I, Crapnell RD, Banks CE, Peeters M. Immobilization of Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Nanoparticles onto Surfaces Using Different Strategies: Evaluating the Influence of the Functionalized Interface on the Performance of a Thermal Assay for the Detection of the Cardiac Biomarker Troponin I. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:27868-27879. [PMID: 34110781 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that a novel functionalized interface, where molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles (nanoMIPs) are attached to screen-printed graphite electrodes (SPEs), can be utilized for the thermal detection of the cardiac biomarker troponin I (cTnI). The ultrasensitive detection of the unique protein cTnI can be utilized for the early diagnosis of myocardial infraction (i.e., heart attacks), resulting in considerably lower patient mortality and morbidity. Our developed platform presents an innovative route to develop accurate, low-cost, and disposable sensors for the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases, specifically myocardial infraction. A reproducible and advantageous solid-phase approach was utilized to synthesize high-affinity nanoMIPs (average size = 71 nm) for cTnI, which served as synthetic receptors in a thermal sensing platform. To assess the performance and commercial potential of the sensor platform, various approaches were used to immobilize nanoMIPs onto thermocouples or SPEs: dip coating, drop casting, and a covalent approach relying on electrografting with an organic coupling reaction. Characterization of the nanoMIP-functionalized surfaces was performed with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Measurements from an in-house designed thermal setup revealed that covalent functionalization of nanoMIPs onto SPEs led to the most reproducible sensing capabilities. The proof of application was provided by measuring buffered solutions spiked with cTnI, which demonstrated that through monitoring changes in heat transfer at the solid-liquid interface, we can measure concentrations as low as 10 pg L-1, resulting in the most sensitive test of this type. Furthermore, preliminary data are presented for a prototype platform, which can detect cTnI with shorter measurement times and smaller sample volumes. The excellent sensor performance, versatility of the nanoMIPs, and reproducible and low-cost nature of the SPEs demonstrate that this sensor platform technology has a clear commercial route with high potential to contribute to sustainable healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake McClements
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Merz Court, Claremont Road, NE1 7RU Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
| | - Patrick Marcel Seumo Tchekwagep
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Merz Court, Claremont Road, NE1 7RU Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, 812 Yaoundé Cameroon
| | - Ana Luiza Vilela Strapazon
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes, 580, São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Francesco Canfarotta
- MIP Diagnostics Ltd, The Exchange Building, Colworth Park, Sharnbrook, MK44 1LQ Bedford, U.K
| | - Alan Thomson
- MIP Diagnostics Ltd, The Exchange Building, Colworth Park, Sharnbrook, MK44 1LQ Bedford, U.K
| | - Joanna Czulak
- MIP Diagnostics Ltd, The Exchange Building, Colworth Park, Sharnbrook, MK44 1LQ Bedford, U.K
| | - Rhiannon E Johnson
- MIP Diagnostics Ltd, The Exchange Building, Colworth Park, Sharnbrook, MK44 1LQ Bedford, U.K
| | - Katarina Novakovic
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Merz Court, Claremont Road, NE1 7RU Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
| | - Patricia Losada-Pérez
- Experimental Soft Matter and Thermal Physics (EST) Group, Department of Physics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Boulevard du Triomphe CP223, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Azfar Zaman
- Department of Cardiology, Freeman Hospital and Newcastle University, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, NE7 7DN Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
| | - Ioakim Spyridopoulos
- Department of Cardiology, Freeman Hospital and Newcastle University, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, NE7 7DN Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
| | - Robert D Crapnell
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, M1 5GD Manchester, U.K
| | - Craig E Banks
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, M1 5GD Manchester, U.K
| | - Marloes Peeters
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Merz Court, Claremont Road, NE1 7RU Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
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7
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Crapnell RD, Jesadabundit W, García-Miranda Ferrari A, Dempsey-Hibbert NC, Peeters M, Tridente A, Chailapakul O, Banks CE. Toward the Rapid Diagnosis of Sepsis: Detecting Interleukin-6 in Blood Plasma Using Functionalized Screen-Printed Electrodes with a Thermal Detection Methodology. Anal Chem 2021; 93:5931-5938. [PMID: 33793190 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the detection of the inflammatory and sepsis-related biomarker, interleukin-6 (IL-6), in human blood plasma using functionalized screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) in conjunction with a thermal detection methodology, termed heat-transfer method (HTM). SPEs are functionalized with antibodies specific for IL-6 through electrodeposition of a diazonium linking group and N'-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) coupling, which was tracked through the use of cyclic voltammetry and Raman spectroscopy. The functionalized SPEs are mounted inside an additively manufactured flow cell and connected to the HTM device. We demonstrate the ability to detect IL-6 at clinically relevant concentrations in PBS buffer (pH = 7.4) with no significant interference from the similarly sized sepsis-related biomarker procalcitonin (PCT). The limit of detection (3σ) of the system is calculated to correspond to 3.4 ± 0.2 pg mL-1 with a working range spanning the physiologically relevant concentration levels in both healthy individuals and patients with sepsis, indicating the sensitivity of the sensor is suitable for the application. Further experiments helped provide a proof-of-application through the detection of IL-6 in blood plasma with no significant interference observed from PCT or the constituents of the medium. Due to the selectivity, sensitivity, straightforward operation, and low cost of production, this sensor platform has the potential for use as a traffic light sensor for the multidetection of inflammatory biomarkers for the diagnosis of sepsis and other conditions in which the rapid testing of blood biomarkers has vital clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Crapnell
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom
| | - Whitchuta Jesadabundit
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Center of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | | | - Nina C Dempsey-Hibbert
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom
| | - Marloes Peeters
- Newcastle University, School of Engineering, Merz Court, Claremont Road, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Ascanio Tridente
- Intensive Care Unit, Whiston Hospital, St Helens and Knowsley Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Warrington Road, Prescot L35 5DR, United Kingdom
| | - Orawon Chailapakul
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Center of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Craig E Banks
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom
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