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DeLong RK, Huber H, Aparicio-Lopez C, Bhatti A, Swanson R, Shrestha TB, Gaudreault NN. Enzyme Nanoscale Interactions with Manganese Zinc Sulfide Give Insight into Potential Antiviral Mechanisms and SARS-CoV-2 Inhibition. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2022; 5:449-457. [PMID: 35821747 PMCID: PMC9236215 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
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Recent interest in nanomedicine has
skyrocketed because of mRNA
vaccine lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) against COVID-19. Ironically, despite
this success, the innovative nexus between nanotechnology and biochemistry,
and the impact of nanoparticles on enzyme biochemical activity is
poorly understood. The studies of this group on zinc nanoparticle
(ZNP) compositions suggest that nanorod morphologies are preferred
and that ZNP doped with manganese or iron can increase activity against
model enzymes such as luciferase, DNA polymerase, and β-galactosidase
(β-Gal), with the latter previously being associated with antimicrobial
activity. SARS-CoV-2 encodes several of these types of oxido-reductase,
polymerase, or hydrolase types of enzymes, and while metamaterials
or nanoparticle composites have become important in many fields, their
application against SARS-CoV-2 has only recently been considered.
Recently, this group discovered the antiviral activity of manganese-doped
zinc sulfide (MnZnS), and here the interactions of this nanoparticle
composite with β-Gal, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), and
human ACE2 (hACE2), the SARS-CoV-2 receptor, are demonstrated. Low
UV, circular dichroism, and zeta potential results confirm their enzyme
interaction and inhibition by fluorometric area under the curve (AUC)
measurements. The IC50 of enzyme activity varied depending
on the manganese percentage and surface ranging from 20 to 50 μg/mL.
MnZnS NPs give a 1–2 log order inhibition of SARS-CoV-2; however,
surface-capping with cysteine does not improve activity. These data
suggest that Mn substituted ZNP interactions to hACE2 and potentially
other enzymes may underlie its antiviral activity, opening up a new
area of pharmacology ready for preclinical translation.
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Rayamajhi S, Wilson S, Aryal S, DeLong R. Biocompatible FePO 4 Nanoparticles: Drug Delivery, RNA Stabilization, and Functional Activity. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2021; 16:169. [PMID: 34837559 PMCID: PMC8626714 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-021-03626-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
FePO4 NPs are of special interest in food fortification and biomedical imaging because of their biocompatibility, high bioavailability, magnetic property, and superior sensory performance that do not cause adverse organoleptic effects. These characteristics are desirable in drug delivery as well. Here, we explored the FePO4 nanoparticles as a delivery vehicle for the anticancer drug, doxorubicin, with an optimum drug loading of 26.81% ± 1.0%. This loading further enforces the formation of Fe3+ doxorubicin complex resulting in the formation of FePO4-DOX nanoparticles. FePO4-DOX nanoparticles showed a good size homogeneity and concentration-dependent biocompatibility, with over 70% biocompatibility up to 80 µg/mL concentration. Importantly, cytotoxicity analysis showed that Fe3+ complexation with DOX in FePO4-DOX NPs enhanced the cytotoxicity by around 10 times than free DOX and improved the selectivity toward cancer cells. Furthermore, FePO4 NPs temperature-stabilize RNA and support mRNA translation activity showing promises for RNA stabilizing agents. The results show the biocompatibility of iron-based inorganic nanoparticles, their drug and RNA loading, stabilization, and delivery activity with potential ramifications for food fortification and drug/RNA delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Rayamajhi
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66502, USA
- Nanotechnology Innovation Center of Kansas State, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66502, USA
| | - Sarah Wilson
- Nanotechnology Innovation Center of Kansas State, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66502, USA
| | - Santosh Aryal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Health Outcomes, The Ben and Maytee Fisch College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX, 75799, USA.
| | - Robert DeLong
- Nanotechnology Innovation Center of Kansas State, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66502, USA.
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Huber HF, Jaberi-Douraki M, DeVader S, Aparicio-Lopez C, Nava-Chavez J, Xu X, Millagaha Gedara NI, Gaudreault NN, Delong RK. Targeting SARS-CoV-2 Variants with Nucleic Acid Therapeutic Nanoparticle Conjugates. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:1012. [PMID: 34681236 PMCID: PMC8539335 DOI: 10.3390/ph14101012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants is cause for concern, because these may become resistant to current vaccines and antiviral drugs in development. Current drugs target viral proteins, resulting in a critical need for RNA-targeted nanomedicines. To address this, a comparative analysis of SARS-CoV-2 variants was performed. Several highly conserved sites were identified, of which the most noteworthy is a partial homopurine palindrome site with >99% conservation within the coding region. This sequence was compared among recently emerged, highly infectious SARS-CoV-2 variants. Conservation of the site was maintained among these emerging variants, further contributing to its potential as a regulatory target site for SARS-CoV-2. RNAfold was used to predict the structures of the highly conserved sites, with some resulting structures being common among coronaviridae. An RNA-level regulatory map of the conserved regions of SARS-CoV-2 was produced based on the predicted structures, with each representing potential target sites for antisense oligonucleotides, triplex-forming oligomers, and aptamers. Additionally, homopurine/homopyrimidine sequences within the viral genome were identified. These sequences also demonstrate appropriate target sites for antisense oligonucleotides and triplex-forming oligonucleotides. An experimental strategy to investigate these is summarized along with potential nanoparticle types for delivery, and the advantages and disadvantages of each are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanah F. Huber
- Nanotechnology Innovation Center, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (H.F.H.); (S.D.); (C.A.-L.); (J.N.-C.)
| | - Majid Jaberi-Douraki
- 1DATA Consortium and Department of Mathematics, Kansas State University Olathe, Olathe, KS 66061, USA; (M.J.-D.); (X.X.); (N.I.M.G.)
| | - Sarah DeVader
- Nanotechnology Innovation Center, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (H.F.H.); (S.D.); (C.A.-L.); (J.N.-C.)
| | - Cesar Aparicio-Lopez
- Nanotechnology Innovation Center, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (H.F.H.); (S.D.); (C.A.-L.); (J.N.-C.)
| | - Juliet Nava-Chavez
- Nanotechnology Innovation Center, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (H.F.H.); (S.D.); (C.A.-L.); (J.N.-C.)
| | - Xuan Xu
- 1DATA Consortium and Department of Mathematics, Kansas State University Olathe, Olathe, KS 66061, USA; (M.J.-D.); (X.X.); (N.I.M.G.)
| | - Nuwan Indika Millagaha Gedara
- 1DATA Consortium and Department of Mathematics, Kansas State University Olathe, Olathe, KS 66061, USA; (M.J.-D.); (X.X.); (N.I.M.G.)
| | - Natasha N. Gaudreault
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Robert K. Delong
- Nanotechnology Innovation Center, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (H.F.H.); (S.D.); (C.A.-L.); (J.N.-C.)
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4
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DeLong RK, Swanson R, Niederwerder MC, Khanal P, Aryal S, Marasini R, Jaberi-Douraki M, Shakeri H, Mazloom R, Schneider S, Ensley S, Clarke LL, Woode RA, Young S, Rayamajhi S, Miesner T, Higginbotham ML, Lin Z, Shrestha T, Ghosh K, Glaspell G, Mathew EN. Zn-based physiometacomposite nanoparticles: distribution, tolerance, imaging, and antiviral and anticancer activity. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:1857-1872. [PMID: 34282923 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution, tolerance, and anticancer and antiviral activity of Zn-based physiometacomposites (PMCs). Manganese, iron, nickel and cobalt-doped ZnO, ZnS or ZnSe were synthesized. Cell uptake, distribution into 3D culture and mice, and biochemical and chemotherapeutic activity were studied by fluorescence/bioluminescence, confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, viability, antitumor and virus titer assays. Luminescence and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis showed that nanoparticle distribution was liver >spleen >kidney >lung >brain, without tissue or blood pathology. Photophysical characterization as ex vivo tissue probes and LL37 peptide, antisense oligomer or aptamer delivery targeting RAS/Ras binding domain (RBD) was investigated. Treatment at 25 μg/ml for 48 h showed ≥98-99% cell viability, 3D organoid uptake, 3-log inhibition of β-Galactosidase and porcine reproductive respiratory virus infection. Data support the preclinical development of PMCs for imaging and delivery targeting cancer and infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K DeLong
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,Nanotechnology Innovation Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Ryan Swanson
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,Nanotechnology Innovation Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Megan C Niederwerder
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Pratiksha Khanal
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Santosh Aryal
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Health Outcomes, The Ben and Maytee Fisch College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75799, USA
| | - Ramesh Marasini
- Nanotechnology Innovation Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Majid Jaberi-Douraki
- 1DATA Consortium, & Department of Mathematics, Kansas State University Olathe, Olathe, KS 66061, USA
| | - Heman Shakeri
- 1DATA Consortium, & Department of Mathematics, Kansas State University Olathe, Olathe, KS 66061, USA
| | - Reza Mazloom
- 1DATA Consortium, & Department of Mathematics, Kansas State University Olathe, Olathe, KS 66061, USA
| | - Sarah Schneider
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Steve Ensley
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Lane L Clarke
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Rowena A Woode
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Sarah Young
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Sagar Rayamajhi
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Tracy Miesner
- Comparative Medicine Group, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Mary L Higginbotham
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Zhoumeng Lin
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,Institute for Computational Comparative Medicine, Kansas State University Manhattan, KS 66061, USA
| | - Tej Shrestha
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,Nanotechnology Innovation Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Kartik Ghosh
- Department of Physics, Astronomy & Materials Science, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO 65897, USA
| | - Garry Glaspell
- US Army Corps of Engineers Engineer Research & Development Center, Alexandria, VA 22315, USA
| | - Elza N Mathew
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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