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Liu W, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Chen W, Yuan L, Yu Z, Yu X, Wu Q. Interfacial Mass Diagnostics: Quantitative Perspective on Construction and Mechanism Understanding of Dye-Sensitized, Perovskite and Quantum Dots Solar Cells. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202400290. [PMID: 38695835 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), quantum dot-sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs) and perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted wide attention. DSSCs, QDSSCs and PSCs can be prepared by liquid phase or solid phase, which causes a certain range of interface micro-mass changes during preparation. In addition, the photoelectric conversion process occurring inside the device also inevitably causes interface micro-mass changes. Interpretation of these interface micro-mass changes can help to optimize the cell structure, improve the stability and performance repeatability of the device, as well as directly or indirectly infer, track and predict the internal photoelectric conversion mechanism of the device. Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is a powerful tool for studying surface mass changes, extending this technology to the fields of solar cells to directly obtain interface micro-mass changes, which makes the research more in-depth and opens up a new perspective for explaining the basic principles of solar cells. This review summarizes the research progress of QCM application in DSSCs, QDSSCs and PSCs in recent years, and explores the challenges and new opportunities of QCM application in new solar cells in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqing Liu
- Key Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information Perception and Instrumentation of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, P. R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Non-Destructive Testing and Optoelectronic Sensing Technology and Applications, Key Laboratory of Nondestructive Testing Ministry of Education, School of the Testing and Photoelectric Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, P. R. China
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Yiyao Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information Perception and Instrumentation of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, P. R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Non-Destructive Testing and Optoelectronic Sensing Technology and Applications, Key Laboratory of Nondestructive Testing Ministry of Education, School of the Testing and Photoelectric Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, P. R. China
| | - Yan Yang
- Key Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information Perception and Instrumentation of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, P. R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Non-Destructive Testing and Optoelectronic Sensing Technology and Applications, Key Laboratory of Nondestructive Testing Ministry of Education, School of the Testing and Photoelectric Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, P. R. China
| | - Wenhao Chen
- Key Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information Perception and Instrumentation of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, P. R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Non-Destructive Testing and Optoelectronic Sensing Technology and Applications, Key Laboratory of Nondestructive Testing Ministry of Education, School of the Testing and Photoelectric Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, P. R. China
| | - Ligang Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information Perception and Instrumentation of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, P. R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Non-Destructive Testing and Optoelectronic Sensing Technology and Applications, Key Laboratory of Nondestructive Testing Ministry of Education, School of the Testing and Photoelectric Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, P. R. China
| | - Zhongpeng Yu
- Key Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information Perception and Instrumentation of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, P. R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Non-Destructive Testing and Optoelectronic Sensing Technology and Applications, Key Laboratory of Nondestructive Testing Ministry of Education, School of the Testing and Photoelectric Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Yu
- Key Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information Perception and Instrumentation of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, P. R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Non-Destructive Testing and Optoelectronic Sensing Technology and Applications, Key Laboratory of Nondestructive Testing Ministry of Education, School of the Testing and Photoelectric Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Key Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information Perception and Instrumentation of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, P. R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Non-Destructive Testing and Optoelectronic Sensing Technology and Applications, Key Laboratory of Nondestructive Testing Ministry of Education, School of the Testing and Photoelectric Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, P. R. China
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
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Wang S, Wang Y, Wei Z, Zhu J, Chen Z, Hong H, Xiong Q, Zhang D, Li S, Wang S, Huang Y, Zhi C. Halide Exchange in Perovskites Enables Bromine/Iodine Hybrid Cathodes for Highly Durable Zinc Ion Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2401924. [PMID: 38593988 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202401924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
With the increasing need for reliable storage systems, the conversion-type chemistry typified by bromine cathodes attracts considerable attention due to sizeable theoretical capacity, cost efficiency, and high redox potential. However, the severe loss of active species during operation remains a problem, leading researchers to resort to concentrated halide-containing electrolytes. Here, profiting from the intrinsic halide exchange in perovskite lattices, a novel low-dimensional halide hybrid perovskite cathode, TmdpPb2[IBr]6, which serves not only as a halogen reservoir for reversible three-electron conversions but also as an effective halogen absorbent by surface Pb dangling bonds, C─H…Br hydrogen bonds, and Pb─I…Br halogen bonds, is proposed. As such, the Zn||TmdpPb2[IBr]6 battery delivers three remarkable discharge voltage plateaus at 1.21 V (I0/I-), 1.47 V (I+/I0), and 1.74 V (Br0/Br-) in a typical halide-free electrolyte; meanwhile, realizing a high capacity of over 336 mAh g-1 at 0.4 A g-1 and high capacity retentions of 88% and 92% after 1000 cycles at 1.2 A g-1 and 4000 cycles at 3.2 A g-1, respectively, accompanied by a high coulombic efficiency of ≈99%. The work highlights the promising conversion-type cathodes based on metal-halide perovskite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixun Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong S.A.R., 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yiqiao Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong S.A.R., 999077, P. R. China
| | - Zhiquan Wei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong S.A.R., 999077, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxiong Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong S.A.R., 999077, P. R. China
| | - Ze Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong S.A.R., 999077, P. R. China
| | - Hu Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong S.A.R., 999077, P. R. China
| | - Qi Xiong
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Shatin, NT, Hong Kong S.A.R., 999077, P. R. China
| | - Dechao Zhang
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Shatin, NT, Hong Kong S.A.R., 999077, P. R. China
| | - Shimei Li
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Shatin, NT, Hong Kong S.A.R., 999077, P. R. China
| | - Shengnan Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong S.A.R., 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong S.A.R., 999077, P. R. China
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chunyi Zhi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong S.A.R., 999077, P. R. China
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Shatin, NT, Hong Kong S.A.R., 999077, P. R. China
- Center for Advanced Nuclear Safety and Sustainable Development, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong S.A.R., 999077, P. R. China
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3
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Bracesco AA, Jansen JWP, Xue H, Zardetto V, Brocks G, Kessels WMM, Tao S, Creatore M. In Situ IR Spectroscopy Studies of Atomic Layer-Deposited SnO 2 on Formamidinium-Based Lead Halide Perovskite. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:38018-38028. [PMID: 37501654 PMCID: PMC10416150 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite photovoltaics has achieved conversion efficiencies of 26.0% by optimizing the optoelectronic properties of the absorber and its interfaces with charge transport layers (CTLs). However, commonly adopted organic CTLs can lead to parasitic absorption and device instability. Therefore, metal oxides like atomic layer-deposited (ALD) SnO2 in combination with fullerene-based electron transport layers have been introduced to enhance mechanical and thermal stability. Instead, when ALD SnO2 is directly processed on the absorber, i.e., without the fullerene layer, chemical modifications of the inorganic fraction of the perovskite occur, compromising the device performance. This study focuses on the organic fraction, particularly the formamidinium cation (FA+), in a CsFAPb(I,Br)3 perovskite. By employing in situ infrared spectroscopy, we investigate the impact of ALD processing on the perovskite, such as vacuum level, temperature, and exposure to half and full ALD cycles using tetrakis(dimethylamido)-Sn(IV) (TDMA-Sn) and H2O. We observe that exposing the absorber to vacuum conditions or water half-cycles has a negligible effect on the chemistry of the perovskite. However, prolonged exposure at 100 °C for 90 min results in a loss of 0.7% of the total formamidinium-related vibrational features compared to the pristine perovskite. Supported by density functional theory calculations, we speculate that FA+ deprotonates and that formamidine desorbs from the perovskite surface. Furthermore, the interaction between TDMA-Sn and FA+ induces more decomposition of the perovskite surface compared to vacuum, temperature, or H2O exposure. During the exposure to 10 ALD half-cycles of TDMA-Sn, 4% of the total FA+-related infrared features are lost compared to the pristine perovskite. Additionally, IR spectroscopy suggests the formation and trapping of sym-triazine, i.e., a decomposition product of FA+. These studies enable to decouple the effects occurring during direct ALD processing on the perovskite and highlight the crucial role of the Sn precursor in affecting the perovskite surface chemistry and compromising the device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea
E. A. Bracesco
- Plasma
& Materials Processing, Department of Applied Physics and Science
of Education, Eindhoven University of Technology
(TU/e), P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB, Netherlands
| | - Jarvi W. P Jansen
- Plasma
& Materials Processing, Department of Applied Physics and Science
of Education, Eindhoven University of Technology
(TU/e), P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB, Netherlands
| | - Haibo Xue
- Materials
Simulation & Modelling, Department of Applied Physics and Science
of Education, Eindhoven University of Technology
(TU/e), P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB, Netherlands
- Center
for Computational Energy Research, Department of Applied Physics and
Science of Education, Eindhoven University
of Technology (TU/e), P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB, Netherlands
| | - Valerio Zardetto
- TNO-partner
in Solliance, High Tech Campus 21, Eindhoven 5656 AE, Netherlands
| | - Geert Brocks
- Materials
Simulation & Modelling, Department of Applied Physics and Science
of Education, Eindhoven University of Technology
(TU/e), P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB, Netherlands
- Center
for Computational Energy Research, Department of Applied Physics and
Science of Education, Eindhoven University
of Technology (TU/e), P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB, Netherlands
- Computational
Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Technology and MESA+ Institute
for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, Enschede 7500 AE, Netherlands
| | - Wilhelmus M. M. Kessels
- Plasma
& Materials Processing, Department of Applied Physics and Science
of Education, Eindhoven University of Technology
(TU/e), P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB, Netherlands
| | - Shuxia Tao
- Materials
Simulation & Modelling, Department of Applied Physics and Science
of Education, Eindhoven University of Technology
(TU/e), P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB, Netherlands
- Center
for Computational Energy Research, Department of Applied Physics and
Science of Education, Eindhoven University
of Technology (TU/e), P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB, Netherlands
| | - Mariadriana Creatore
- Plasma
& Materials Processing, Department of Applied Physics and Science
of Education, Eindhoven University of Technology
(TU/e), P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB, Netherlands
- Eindhoven
Institute of Renewable Energy Systems (EIRES), Eindhoven 5600 MB, Netherlands
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Jin RJ, Lou YH, Wang ZK. Doping Strategies for Promising Organic-Inorganic Halide Perovskites. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206581. [PMID: 36670076 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic halide perovskites (OIHPs) obtained tremendous attention due to their low cost and excellent properties. However, the stability and toxicity of Pb-based OIHPs (POIHPs), as well as the weakness of efficiency and stability in Sn-based OIHPs (SOIHPs), are still serious issues for commercial application. Notably, composition engineering is an effective and direct strategy for improving these issues along with the control and modification of properties. Recently, the doping strategies for POIHPs and SOIHPs are booming. Based on the relationship between properties and composition, the doping strategies for POIHPs and SOIHPs, aiming to provide a comprehensive review and guidance for the research are systematically summarized. Moreover, the doping strategies for Pb-Sn mixed OIHPs are also discussed. Finally, a brief perspective and conclusion toward future possible doping schemes and properties designment of POIHPs and SOIHPs are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run-Jun Jin
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yan-Hui Lou
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Zhao-Kui Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
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Yu B, Tang F, Yang Y, Huang J, Wu S, Lu F, Duan W, Lambertz A, Ding K, Mai Y. Impermeable Atomic Layer Deposition for Sputtering Buffer Layer in Efficient Semi-Transparent and Tandem Solar Cells via Activating Unreactive Substrate. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2202447. [PMID: 36408939 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202202447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Atomic layer deposition (ALD) turns out to be particularly attractive technology for the sputtering buffer layer when preparing the semi-transparent (ST) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and the tandem solar cells. ALD process turns to be island growth when the substrate is unreactive with the ALD reactants, resulting in the pin-hole layer, which causes an adverse effect on anti-sputtering. Here, p-i-n structured PSCs with ALD SnOx as sputtering buffer layer are conducted. The commonly used electron transportation layer (ETL) PCBM in the p-i-n structured PVK solar cell is an unreactive substrate that prevents the layer-by-layer growth for the ALD SnOx . PCBM layer is activated by introducing reaction sites to form impermeable ALD layers. By introducing reaction sites/ALD SnOx as sputtering buffer layer, the authors succeed to fabricate ST-PSCs and perovskite/silicon (double-side polished) tandem solar cells with power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.25% and 23.31%, respectively. Besides, the unencapsulated device with reaction sites maintains more than 99% of the initial PCE after aging over 5100 h. This work opens a promising avenue to prepare impermeable layer for stable PSCs, ST-PSCs, tandem solar cells, and the related scale-up solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohao Yu
- Institute of New Energy Technology, College of Information Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Fei Tang
- Department of Physics, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, 741000, China
| | - Yuzhao Yang
- Institute of New Energy Technology, College of Information Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jincheng Huang
- College of Energy and Power Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410114, China
| | - Shaohang Wu
- Institute of New Energy Technology, College of Information Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Feiping Lu
- Department of Physics, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, 741000, China
| | - Weiyuan Duan
- IEK-5 Photovoltaik, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Andreas Lambertz
- IEK-5 Photovoltaik, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Kaining Ding
- IEK-5 Photovoltaik, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Yaohua Mai
- Institute of New Energy Technology, College of Information Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
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Gong J, Adnani M, Jones BT, Xin Y, Wang S, Patel SV, Lochner E, Mattoussi H, Hu YY, Gao H. Nanoscale Encapsulation of Hybrid Perovskites Using Hybrid Atomic Layer Deposition. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:4082-4089. [PMID: 35499488 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites have shown tremendous potential for optoelectronic applications. Ion migration within the crystal and across heterointerfaces, however, imposed severe problems with material degradation and performance loss in devices. Encapsulating hybrid perovskite with a thin physical barrier can be essential for suppressing the undesirable interfacial reactions without inhibiting the desirable transport of charge carriers. Here, we demonstrated that nanoscale, pinhole-free Al2O3 layer can be coated directly on the perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 using atomic layer deposition (ALD). The success can be attributed to a multitude of strategies including surface molecular modification and hybrid ALD processing combining the thermal and plasma-enhanced modes. The Al2O3 films provided remarkable protection to the underlying perovskite films, surviving by hours in solvents without noticeable decays in either structural or optical properties. The results advanced the understanding of applying ALD directly on hybrid perovskite and provided new opportunities to implement stable and high-performance devices based on the perovskites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Gong
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Moein Adnani
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Brendon T Jones
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Yan Xin
- Condensed Matter Science, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Sisi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Sawankumar V Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Eric Lochner
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Hedi Mattoussi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Yan-Yan Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Hanwei Gao
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
- Condensed Matter Science, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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Svanström S, García-Fernández A, Jacobsson TJ, Bidermane I, Leitner T, Sloboda T, Man GJ, Boschloo G, Johansson EMJ, Rensmo H, Cappel UB. The Complex Degradation Mechanism of Copper Electrodes on Lead Halide Perovskites. ACS MATERIALS AU 2022; 2:301-312. [PMID: 35578703 PMCID: PMC9100662 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialsau.1c00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
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Lead halide perovskite
solar cells have reached power conversion
efficiencies during the past few years that rival those of crystalline
silicon solar cells, and there is a concentrated effort to commercialize
them. The use of gold electrodes, the current standard, is prohibitively
costly for commercial application. Copper is a promising low-cost
electrode material that has shown good stability in perovskite solar
cells with selective contacts. Furthermore, it has the potential to
be self-passivating through the formation of CuI, a copper salt which
is also used as a hole selective material. Based on these opportunities,
we investigated the interface reactions between lead halide perovskites
and copper in this work. Specifically, copper was deposited on the
perovskite surface, and the reactions were followed in detail using
synchrotron-based and in-house photoelectron spectroscopy. The results
show a rich interfacial chemistry with reactions starting upon deposition
and, with the exposure to oxygen and moisture, progress over many
weeks, resulting in significant degradation of both the copper and
the perovskite. The degradation results not only in the formation
of CuI, as expected, but also in the formation of two previously unreported
degradation products. The hope is that a deeper understanding of these
processes will aid in the design of corrosion-resistant copper-based
electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Svanström
- Condensed Matter Physics of Energy Materials, Division of X-ray Photon Science, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alberto García-Fernández
- Division of Applied Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T. Jesper Jacobsson
- Young Investigator Group Hybrid Materials Formation and Scaling, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialen und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ieva Bidermane
- Uppsala-Berlin Joint Laboratory on Next Generation Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Leitner
- Uppsala-Berlin Joint Laboratory on Next Generation Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tamara Sloboda
- Division of Applied Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gabriel J. Man
- Condensed Matter Physics of Energy Materials, Division of X-ray Photon Science, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gerrit Boschloo
- Department of Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 538, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Håkan Rensmo
- Condensed Matter Physics of Energy Materials, Division of X-ray Photon Science, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ute B. Cappel
- Division of Applied Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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