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Zhang P, Liu C, Modavi C, Abate A, Chen H. Printhead on a chip: empowering droplet-based bioprinting with microfluidics. Trends Biotechnol 2024; 42:353-368. [PMID: 37777352 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Droplet-based bioprinting has long struggled with the manipulation and dispensation of individual cells from a printhead, hindering the fabrication of artificial cellular structures with high precision. The integration of modern microfluidic modules into the printhead of a bioprinter is emerging as one approach to overcome this bottleneck. This convergence allows for high-accuracy manipulation and spatial control over placement of cells during printing, and enables the fabrication of cell arrays and hierarchical heterogenous microtissues, opening new applications in bioanalysis and high-throughput screening. In this review, we summarize recent developments in the use of microfluidics in droplet printing systems, with consideration of the working principles; present applications extended through microfluidic features; and discuss the future of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, China.
| | - Congying Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Cyrus Modavi
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Adam Abate
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Huawei Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, China
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Zhu Z, Chen T, Huang F, Wang S, Zhu P, Xu RX, Si T. Free-Boundary Microfluidic Platform for Advanced Materials Manufacturing and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2304840. [PMID: 37722080 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics, with its remarkable capacity to manipulate fluids and droplets at the microscale, has emerged as a powerful platform in numerous fields. In contrast to conventional closed microchannel microfluidic systems, free-boundary microfluidic manufacturing (FBMM) processes continuous precursor fluids into jets or droplets in a relatively spacious environment. FBMM is highly regarded for its superior flexibility, stability, economy, usability, and versatility in the manufacturing of advanced materials and architectures. In this review, a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in FBMM is provided, encompassing technical principles, advanced material manufacturing, and their applications. FBMM is categorized based on the foundational mechanisms, primarily comprising hydrodynamics, interface effects, acoustics, and electrohydrodynamic. The processes and mechanisms of fluid manipulation are thoroughly discussed. Additionally, the manufacturing of advanced materials in various dimensions ranging from zero-dimensional to three-dimensional, as well as their diverse applications in material science, biomedical engineering, and engineering are presented. Finally, current progress is summarized and future challenges are prospected. Overall, this review highlights the significant potential of FBMM as a powerful tool for advanced materials manufacturing and its wide-ranging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zhu
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Tianao Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Fangsheng Huang
- Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Shiyu Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Pingan Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Ronald X Xu
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Ting Si
- Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
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Deposition Offset of Printed Foam Strands in Direct Bubble Writing. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142895. [PMID: 35890670 PMCID: PMC9321078 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct Bubble Writing is a recent technique to print shape-stable 3-dimensional foams from streams of liquid bubbles. These bubbles are ejected from a core-shell nozzle, deposited on the build platform placed at a distance of approximately 10 cm below the nozzle, and photo-polymerized in situ. The bubbles are ejected diagonally, with a vertical velocity component equal to the ejection velocity and a horizontal velocity component equal to the motion of the printhead. Owing to the horizontal velocity component, a discrepancy exists between the nozzle trajectory and the location of the printed strand. This discrepancy can be substantial, as for high printhead velocities (500 mm/s) an offset of 8 mm (in radius) was measured. Here, we model and measure the deviation in bubble deposition location as a function of printhead velocity. The model is experimentally validated by the printing of foam patterns including a straight line, a circle, and sharp corners. The deposition offset is compensated by tuning the print path, enabling the printing of a circular path to the design specifications and printing of sharp corners with improved accuracy. These results are an essential step towards the Direct Bubble Writing of 3-dimensional polymer foam parts with high dimensional accuracy.
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Mea H, Wan J. Microfluidics-enabled functional 3D printing. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2022; 16:021501. [PMID: 35282033 PMCID: PMC8896890 DOI: 10.1063/5.0083673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic technology has established itself as a powerful tool to enable highly precise spatiotemporal control over fluid streams for mixing, separations, biochemical reactions, and material synthesis. 3D printing technologies such as extrusion-based printing, inkjet, and stereolithography share similar length scales and fundamentals of fluid handling with microfluidics. The advanced fluidic manipulation capabilities afforded by microfluidics can thus be potentially leveraged to enhance the performance of existing 3D printing technologies or even develop new approaches to additive manufacturing. This review discusses recent developments in integrating microfluidic elements with several well-established 3D printing technologies, highlighting the trend of using microfluidic approaches to achieve functional and multimaterial 3D printing as well as to identify potential future research directions in this emergent area.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Mea
- Also at: Chemical Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - J. Wan
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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Fairbanks BD, Macdougall LJ, Mavila S, Sinha J, Kirkpatrick BE, Anseth KS, Bowman CN. Photoclick Chemistry: A Bright Idea. Chem Rev 2021; 121:6915-6990. [PMID: 33835796 PMCID: PMC9883840 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
At its basic conceptualization, photoclick chemistry embodies a collection of click reactions that are performed via the application of light. The emergence of this concept has had diverse impact over a broad range of chemical and biological research due to the spatiotemporal control, high selectivity, and excellent product yields afforded by the combination of light and click chemistry. While the reactions designated as "photoclick" have many important features in common, each has its own particular combination of advantages and shortcomings. A more extensive realization of the potential of this chemistry requires a broader understanding of the physical and chemical characteristics of the specific reactions. This review discusses the features of the most frequently employed photoclick reactions reported in the literature: photomediated azide-alkyne cycloadditions, other 1,3-dipolarcycloadditions, Diels-Alder and inverse electron demand Diels-Alder additions, radical alternating addition chain transfer additions, and nucleophilic additions. Applications of these reactions in a variety of chemical syntheses, materials chemistry, and biological contexts are surveyed, with particular attention paid to the respective strengths and limitations of each reaction and how that reaction benefits from its combination with light. Finally, challenges to broader employment of these reactions are discussed, along with strategies and opportunities to mitigate such obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Fairbanks
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Laura J Macdougall
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Sudheendran Mavila
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Jasmine Sinha
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Bruce E Kirkpatrick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- The BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Coorado 80045, United States
| | - Kristi S Anseth
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- The BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Christopher N Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
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Rodrigues LL, Micallef AS, Pfrunder MC, Truong VX, McMurtrie JC, Dargaville TR, Goldmann AS, Feist F, Barner-Kowollik C. A Self-Catalyzed Visible Light Driven Thiol Ligation. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:7292-7297. [PMID: 33955743 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We introduce a highly efficient ligation system based on a visible light-induced rearrangement affording a thiophenol which rapidly undergoes thiol-Michael additions. Unlike conventional light-triggered thiol-ene/yne systems, which rely on the use of photocaged bases/nucleophiles, (organo)-photo catalysts, or radical photoinitiators, our system provides a light-induced reaction in the absence of any additives. The ligation is self-catalyzed via the pyridine mediated deprotonation of the photochemically generated thiophenol. Subsequently, the thiol-Michael reaction between the thiophenol anion and electron deficient alkynes/alkenes proceeds additive-free. Hereby, the underlying photoinduced rearrangement of o-thiopyrinidylbenzaldehyde (oTPyB) generating the free thiol is described for the first time. We studied the influence of various reactions conditions as well as solvents and substrates. We exemplify our findings in a polymer end group modification and obtained macromolecules with excellent end group fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leona L Rodrigues
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Aaron S Micallef
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Michael C Pfrunder
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Vinh X Truong
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - John C McMurtrie
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Tim R Dargaville
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Anja S Goldmann
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Florian Feist
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.,Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.,Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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