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Tian Y, Chen S, Gao A, Wang R, Gao X. High-Efficiency Condensation Heat Transfer Interfaces Based on Superwetting Copper Microgroove/Nanocone Structure. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 39333872 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c10153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
Utilizing superhydrophobic micro/nanostructures to enhance condensation heat transfer (CHT) of copper surfaces has attracted intensive interest in recent years due to its significance in multiple industrial fields including nuclear power generation, thermal management, water harvesting, and desalination. However, superhydrophobic surfaces have instability risk caused by microcavity defect-induced vapor penetration and/or hydrophobic chemistry destruction. Here, we report a superwetting copper hierarchical microgroove/nanocone (MGNC) structure strategy that can realize high-efficiency CHT over a whole range of surface subcooling. By regulating groove width, fin width, groove depth, and nanostructure growth time, we obtain the optimal MGNC structure, where the CHT coefficient is 121% and 107% higher than that of hydrophilic flat surfaces at surface subcooling of 2 and 15 K, respectively. Such remarkable enhancement can be ascribed to the synergy of three interface effects: more nucleation sites for phase-change energy exchanging, thinner condensate films for reducing thermal resistance, and parallel microchannels for timely drainage. Compared with superhydrophobic strategies, our strategy not only can be mass-producible but also has other inherent advantages: no microcavity-induced performance failure risk as well as being free of chemistry modification, which makes the fabrication process simpler and more economic. Hierarchical micropillar/nanocone structure is also fabricated as the contrast sample for highlighting the superiority of the superwetting MGNC structure in enhancing CHT. This work not only enriches research systems of superwettability surfaces but also helps develop high-performance chips' cooling devices and explore more potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Shihan Chen
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Anqiao Gao
- Hainan Micro-City Future School (iSchool), Haikou 571924, P. R. China
| | - Rui Wang
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Gao
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
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Effects of surface nanotexturing on the wickability of microtextured metal surfaces. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 638:788-800. [PMID: 36791477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.01.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Achieving spontaneous, rapid, and long-distance liquid transport is crucial for many practical applications such as phase change heat transfer and reactions at solid-liquid interfaces. Surface nanotexturing has been widely reported to improve the wickability of microtextured metal surfaces. Although surface nanotextures show high capillary pressure, the high fluid flow resistance through nanotextures prevents fluid transport. The underlying mechanisms responsible for the enhanced wickability of nanotextured surfaces are still unclear. EXPERIMENTS Herein, we prepared a variety of microtextures and nanotextures on copper surfaces by femtosecond laser micromachining and chemical oxidation, respectively. The wickability of these textured surfaces was quantitively compared by measuring wicking coefficient and capillary rise speed. We designed experiments to eliminate any possible effects of surface oxidation and metal composition on wickability. A theoretical model describing the vertical and horizontal capillary flow in V-shaped microgrooves was proposed and utilized to analyze the experimental results. The effects of time-dependent wettability on wickability were also examined. FINDINGS Surface nanotexturing can enhance surface wettability while altering the micrometer-scale structural characteristics. The greatly enhanced wickability of nanotextured surfaces can only be observed when the surface microtextures have a very small aspect ratio. Otherwise, for metal surfaces with fine microgrooves, the latter effect is more pronounced, and thus the surface wickability may deteriorate after preparing surface nanotextures; for surfaces with wide microgrooves, both effects are minimal, and the surface wickability enhances only marginally after surface nanotexturing. Furthermore, the wickability of microtextured surfaces will decay rapidly due to the adsorption of airborne organics, whereas adding surface nanotextures can significantly inhibit this degradation. The anti-contamination capability of surface nanotextures is considered likely to be a potential mechanism responsible for the greatly enhanced wickability of nanotextured surfaces noted in some studies.
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Superlyophilic Interfaces Assisted Thermal Management. Chem Res Chin Univ 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-022-2063-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Zhou L, He W, Wang M, Hou X. Enhanced Phase-Change Heat Transfer by Surface Wettability Control. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102531. [PMID: 35182025 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The phase-change heat-transfer coefficient can be improved by several orders of magnitude through the design of micro-nanostructures on typical surfaces. However, with the rapid development of intelligent and integrated devices, there is an increasing desire to regulate the heat exchange form of the surface to adapt to various environmental requirements. This study concerns the design of a carbon nanotube array-based phase-change heat-transfer surface, which can switch its wettability between superhydrophobicity and superhydrophilicity. By installing this surface on a device that integrates boiling heat transfer and condensation heat transfer, the device can independently adjust the surface wettability for different heat-transfer requirements. As a result, this surface can enhance condensation heat-transfer coefficient over 90 % in the superhydrophobic state and enhance the boiling heat-transfer coefficient over 41 % in the superhydrophilic state. Surfaces with controllable wettability can aid development of a new generation of smart control technologies to actively regulate system and device temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhou
- Department of Physics, Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Materials Research, Jiujiang Research Institute, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Wen He
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Miao Wang
- The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province, Research Center of Biomedical Engineering of Xiamen, Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Xu Hou
- Department of Physics, Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Materials Research, Jiujiang Research Institute, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
- Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen, 361102, P. R. China
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Cheng C, Shi WH, Teng TP, Yang CR. Evaluation of Surfactants on Graphene Dispersion and Thermal Performance for Heat Dissipation Coating. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14050952. [PMID: 35267775 PMCID: PMC8912673 DOI: 10.3390/polym14050952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
With the development of thin and high-power electronic devices, heat dissipation has become an important and urgent issue in thermal management. In this study, a water-based epoxy was used as a polymer matrix to prepare heat dissipation coatings utilizing low volatile organic compounds, which were environmentally friendly and had a high heat-dissipating performance. Graphene flakes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes and aluminum oxide particles were used as fillers for preparing the heat dissipation coating. The graphene flakes and multi-walled carbon nanotubes were dispersed in a water-based epoxy by adding sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate and poly (dimethyldiallylammonium chloride). These two surfactants were combined as a dispersant to improve the dispersibility of the carbon nanomaterials in the water-based epoxy. The synergistic effect of the well-dispersed fillers improved the heat-dissipating performance. The experimental results show that the infrared emissivity of the heat dissipation film was 0.96 after filling 30 wt% aluminum oxide particles, 2 wt% graphene flakes and 2 wt% multi-walled carbon nanotubes into a water-based epoxy. The heat dissipation film reduced the thermal equilibrium temperature of the bare copper panel by 17.8 °C under a heating power of 10 W. The film was applied in a heat dissipation test on a 15 W LED bulb, and the thermal equilibrium temperature was reduced by 21.3 °C. The results demonstrate that the carbon nanomaterial-based heat dissipation coating with a water-based epoxy could significantly reduce the thermal equilibrium temperature, giving a high potential for the application of thermal management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia Cheng
- Department of Mechatronic Engineering, National Taiwan Normal University, No. 162, Sec. 1, He-ping E. Road, Da-an District, Taipei City 10610, Taiwan; (C.C.); (W.-H.S.)
| | - Wen-Hao Shi
- Department of Mechatronic Engineering, National Taiwan Normal University, No. 162, Sec. 1, He-ping E. Road, Da-an District, Taipei City 10610, Taiwan; (C.C.); (W.-H.S.)
| | - Tun-Ping Teng
- Undergraduate Program of Vehicle and Energy Engineering, National Taiwan Normal University, No. 162, Sec. 1, He-ping E. Road, Da-an District, Taipei City 10610, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (T.-P.T.); (C.-R.Y.); Tel.: +886-2-77493358 (T.-P.T.); +886-2-77493506 (C.-R.Y.)
| | - Chii-Rong Yang
- Department of Mechatronic Engineering, National Taiwan Normal University, No. 162, Sec. 1, He-ping E. Road, Da-an District, Taipei City 10610, Taiwan; (C.C.); (W.-H.S.)
- Correspondence: (T.-P.T.); (C.-R.Y.); Tel.: +886-2-77493358 (T.-P.T.); +886-2-77493506 (C.-R.Y.)
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Može M, Vajc V, Zupančič M, Golobič I. Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Nanostructured Copper Surfaces for Efficient Pool Boiling Heat Transfer with Water, Water/Butanol Mixtures and Novec 649. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:3216. [PMID: 34947565 PMCID: PMC8707367 DOI: 10.3390/nano11123216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Increasing heat dissipation requirements of small and miniature devices demands advanced cooling methods, such as application of immersion cooling via boiling heat transfer. In this study, functionalized copper surfaces for enhanced heat transfer are developed and evaluated. Samples are functionalized using a chemical oxidation treatment with subsequent hydrophobization of selected surfaces with a fluorinated silane. Pool boiling tests with water, water/1-butanol mixture with self-rewetting properties and a novel dielectric fluid with low GWP (Novec™ 649) are conducted to evaluate the boiling performance of individual surfaces. The results show that hydrophobized functionalized surfaces covered by microcavities with diameters between 40 nm and 2 µm exhibit increased heat transfer coefficient (HTC; enhancements up to 120%) and critical heat flux (CHF; enhancements up to 64%) values in comparison with the untreated reference surface, complemented by favorable fabrication repeatability. Positive surface stability is observed in contact with water, while both the self-rewetting fluids and Novec™ 649 gradually degrade the boiling performance and in some cases also the surface itself. The use of water/1-butanol mixtures in particular results in surface chemistry and morphology changes, as observed using SEM imaging and Raman spectroscopy. This seems to be neglected in the available literature and should be focused on in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matic Može
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Viktor Vajc
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technická 4, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
| | - Matevž Zupančič
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Iztok Golobič
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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Li J, Kang D, Fazle Rabbi K, Fu W, Yan X, Fang X, Fan L, Miljkovic N. Liquid film-induced critical heat flux enhancement on structured surfaces. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/26/eabg4537. [PMID: 34172446 PMCID: PMC8232909 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg4537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing critical heat flux (CHF) during boiling with structured surfaces has received much attention because of its important implications for two-phase flow. The role of surface structures on bubble evolution and CHF enhancement remains unclear because of the lack of direct visualization of the liquid- and solid-vapor interfaces. Here, we use high-magnification in-liquid endoscopy to directly probe bubble behavior during boiling. We report the previously unidentified coexistence of two distinct three-phase contact lines underneath growing bubbles on structured surfaces, resulting in retention of a thin liquid film within the structures between the two contact lines due to their disparate advancing velocities. This finding sheds light on a previously unidentified mechanism governing bubble evolution on structured surfaces, which has notable implications for a variety of real systems using bubble formation, such as thermal management, microfluidics, and electrochemical reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Li
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Daniel Kang
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Kazi Fazle Rabbi
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Wuchen Fu
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Xiao Yan
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Xiaolong Fang
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Liwu Fan
- Institute of Thermal Science and Power Systems, School of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Nenad Miljkovic
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- International Institute for Carbon Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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8
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Cao Z, Liu B, Preger C, Zhang YH, Wu Z, Messing ME, Deppert K, Wei JJ, Sundén B. Nanoparticle-Assisted Pool Boiling Heat Transfer on Micro-Pin-Fin Surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:1089-1101. [PMID: 33417766 PMCID: PMC7880573 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Boiling heat transfer intensification is of significant relevance to energy conversion and various cooling processes. This study aimed to enhance the saturated pool boiling of FC-72 (a dielectric liquid) by surface modifications and explore mechanisms of the enhancement. Specifically, circular and square micro pin fins were fabricated on silicon surfaces by dry etching and then copper nanoparticles were deposited on the micro-pin-fin surfaces by electrostatic deposition. Experimental results indicated that compared with a smooth surface, the micro pin fins increased the heat transfer coefficient and the critical heat flux by more than 200 and 65-83%, respectively, which were further enhanced by the nanoparticles up to 24% and more than 20%, respectively. Correspondingly, the enhancement mechanism was carefully explored by high-speed bubble visualizations, surface wickability measurements, and model analysis. It was quantitatively found that small bubble departure diameters with high bubble departure frequencies promoted high heat transfer coefficients. The wickability, which characterizes the ability of a liquid to rewet a surface, played an important role in determining the critical heat flux, but further analyses indicated that evaporation beneath bubbles was also essential and competition between the wicking and the evaporation finally triggered the critical heat flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Cao
- Heat
Transfer Division, Department of Energy Sciences, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Bin Liu
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Calle Preger
- Solid
State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Yong-hai Zhang
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zan Wu
- Heat
Transfer Division, Department of Energy Sciences, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria E. Messing
- Solid
State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Knut Deppert
- Solid
State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jin-jia Wei
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bengt Sundén
- Heat
Transfer Division, Department of Energy Sciences, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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