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Li QY, Yu X, Li X, Bao LN, Zhang Y, Xie MJ, Jiang M, Wang YQ, Huang K, Xu L. Silicon-Carbon Dots-Loaded Mesoporous Silica Nanocomposites (mSiO 2@SiCDs): An Efficient Dual Inhibitor of Cu 2+-Mediated Oxidative Stress and Aβ Aggregation for Alzheimer's Disease. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:54221-54233. [PMID: 37962427 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The redox-active metal ions, especially Cu2+, are highly correlated to Alzheimer's disease (AD) by causing metal ion-mediated oxidative stress and toxic metal-bound β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregates. Numerous pieces of evidence have revealed that the regulation of metal homeostasis could be an effective therapeutic strategy for AD. Herein, in virtue of the interaction of both amino-containing silane and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt for Cu2+, the silicon-carbon dots (SiCDs) are deliberately prepared using these two raw materials as the cocarbon source; meanwhile, to realize the local enrichment of SiCDs and further maximize the chelating ability to Cu2+, the SiCDs are feasibly loaded to the biocompatible mesoporous silica nanoparticles (mSiO2) with the interaction between residual silane groups on SiCDs and silanol groups of mSiO2. Thus-obtained nanocomposites (i.e., mSiO2@SiCDs) could serve as an efficient Cu2+ chelator with satisfactory metal selectivity and further modulate the enzymic activity of free Cu2+ and the Aβ42-Cu2+ complex to alleviate the pathological oxidative stress with an anti-inflammatory effect. Besides, mSiO2@SiCDs show an inspiring inhibitory effect on Cu2+-mediated Aβ aggregation and further protect the neural cells against the toxic Aβ42-Cu2+ complex. Moreover, the transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans CL2120 assay demonstrates the protective efficacy of mSiO2@SiCDs on Cu2+-mediated Aβ toxicity in vivo, indicating its potential for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin-Ying Li
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xu Yu
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Xi Li
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Li-Na Bao
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Min-Jie Xie
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Ming Jiang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ya Qian Wang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Kun Huang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Li Xu
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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Peng Q, Zeng Q, Wang F, Wu X, Zhang R, Shi G, Zhang M. Multi-engineered Graphene Extended-Gate Field-Effect Transistor for Peroxynitrite Sensing in Alzheimer's Disease. ACS NANO 2023; 17:21984-21992. [PMID: 37874899 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c08499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
The expression of β-amyloid peptides (Aβ), a pathological indicator of Alzheimer's disease (AD), was reported to be inapparent in the early stage of AD. While peroxynitrite (ONOO-) is produced excessively and emerges earlier than Aβ plaques in the progression of AD, it is thus significant to sensitively detect ONOO- for early diagnosis of AD and its pathological research. Herein, we unveiled an integrated sensor for monitoring ONOO-, which consisted of a commercially available field-effect transistor (FET) and a high-performance multi-engineered graphene extended-gate (EG) electrode. In the configuration of the presented EG electrode, laser-induced graphene (LIG) intercalated with MnO2 nanoparticles (MnO2/LIG) can improve the electrical properties of LIG and the sensitivity of the sensor, and graphene oxide (GO)-MnO2/Hemin nanozyme with ONOO- isomerase activity can selectively trigger the isomerization of ONOO- to NO3-. With this synergistic effect, our EG-FET sensor can respond to the ONOO- with high sensitivity and selectivity. Moreover, taking advantage of our EG-FET sensor, we modularly assembled a portable sensing platform for wireless tracking ONOO- levels in the brain tissue of AD transgenic mice at earlier stages before massive Aβ plaques appeared, and we systematically explored the complex role of ONOO- in the occurrence and development of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwen Peng
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Qiankun Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Fangbing Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Wu
- School of Communication and Electric Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Runxi Zhang
- School of Communication and Electric Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Guoyue Shi
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Optics, Chongqing Institute of East China Normal University, Chongqing 401120, China
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Hou Y, Lin J, Chen Y, He J, Su Z, Zheng Q, Zhao X, Lv X, Tang X, Zhou C. Flammulina velutipes-derived carbon dots for fluorescence detection and imaging of hydroxyl radical. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 291:122304. [PMID: 36630809 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.122304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring hydroxyl radical (•OH) fluctuation is of great importance to study some relative pathological processes and to predict early diagnosis of diseases. Efficient •OH-responsive fluorescent sensors based on carbon dots (CDs) have been reported, but most researches have focused on the new strategies for the synthesis and doping of the CDs. Herein, a kind of biomass CDs (F-CDs) with Flammulina velutipes (F. velutipes) as the carbon source was prepared by a one-step hydrothermal method without any additional modification. The prepared F-CDs have remarkable sensitivity and selectivity and there is a good linear relationship from 0 to 12 μM with a low detection limit of 95 nM for quantitative •OH assay. With excitation-independent emission, favourable biocompatibility and low toxicity, the F-CDs can penetrate cell membranes as •OH-responsive fluorescent sensors to detect intracellular •OH in A549 cells stimulated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and successfully monitor the •OH concentration levels by the corresponding fluorescence change. Given the combined benefits of the green and eco-friendly approach, the F-CDs show promise as novel theranostics tools for early detection and treatment of related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hou
- School of Applied Chemistry and Materials, Zhuhai College of Science and Technology, Zhuhai 519040, PR China.
| | - Jiawei Lin
- School of Applied Chemistry and Materials, Zhuhai College of Science and Technology, Zhuhai 519040, PR China
| | - Yichao Chen
- School of Applied Chemistry and Materials, Zhuhai College of Science and Technology, Zhuhai 519040, PR China
| | - Jianbin He
- School of Applied Chemistry and Materials, Zhuhai College of Science and Technology, Zhuhai 519040, PR China
| | - Zhe Su
- School of Applied Chemistry and Materials, Zhuhai College of Science and Technology, Zhuhai 519040, PR China
| | - Qinhua Zheng
- School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Zhuhai College of Science and Technology, Zhuhai 519040, PR China
| | - Xiujuan Zhao
- Department of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai 519041, PR China
| | - Xiaodan Lv
- School of Applied Chemistry and Materials, Zhuhai College of Science and Technology, Zhuhai 519040, PR China
| | - Xiuping Tang
- School of Applied Chemistry and Materials, Zhuhai College of Science and Technology, Zhuhai 519040, PR China.
| | - Changren Zhou
- School of Applied Chemistry and Materials, Zhuhai College of Science and Technology, Zhuhai 519040, PR China
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Hu Y, Zhou X, Wang L, Gu J, Zuo Y, Zhao L, Lu W, Yu Y. A liposome-based aptasensor integrated with competitive reaction enabling portable and electrochemical detection of Aβ oligomer. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 225:115108. [PMID: 36709587 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Aggregation of β-amyloid (Aβ) were considered as a typical pathological feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Extensive studies have verified that soluble Aβ oligomers (AβO) were more toxic to neurons than plaques. Herein, in this work, a glucose entrapped liposome-based portable aptasensor was fabricated for recognizing and interacting with AβO by specific aptamer on liposome (G-Lip-Apt). Then, a single strand DNA, designed to be partially complementary to AβO aptamer, was modified on amino-functionalized Fe3O4@SiO2 to obtain a magnetic nanocomposite (Fe3O4@SiO2/NH2-DNA). In the presence of AβO, the specific recognition between AβO and its aptamer on G-Lip-Apt made AβO bounded with G-Lip-Apt. With subsequent introduction of Fe3O4@SiO2/NH2-DNA, the unreacted G-Lip-Apt was further linked with Fe3O4@SiO2/NH2-DNA by double stranded complementary pairing interaction. Along with the addition of TritonX-100 into the formed G-Lip-Apt/Fe3O4@SiO2/NH2-DNA complex, the encapsulated glucose was released from liposome and then measured by a personal glucose meter (PGM). Good linear correlation was acquired over concentration of 5.0-1000 nM and the limit of detection (LOD) was calculated to be 2.27 nM for AβO. The developed portable electrochemical strategy integrated magnetic separation, competitive reaction and point of care test (POCT) to achieve high sensitivity, selectivity and accuracy, therefore enabled it successfully applied to the analysis of AβO in the hippocampus and cortex of APP/PS1 transgenic AD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xinguang Zhou
- Shenzhen NTEK Testing Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Liming Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jinyu Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yingchun Zuo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Li Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Wenwen Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yanyan Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Peng Q, Zhang M, Shi G. High-Performance Extended-Gate Field-Effect Transistor for Kinase Sensing in Aβ Accumulation of Alzheimer’s Disease. Anal Chem 2022; 94:1491-1497. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiwen Peng
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, Research Center of Nanophotonics and Advanced Instrument, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, Research Center of Nanophotonics and Advanced Instrument, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Guoyue Shi
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, Research Center of Nanophotonics and Advanced Instrument, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, China
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Yavarinasab A, Abedini M, Tahmooressi H, Janfaza S, Tasnim N, Hoorfar M. Potentiodynamic Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy of Polyaniline-Modified Pencil Graphite Electrodes for Selective Detection of Biochemical Trace Elements. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:polym14010031. [PMID: 35012052 PMCID: PMC8747131 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed the application of potentiodynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (PDEIS) for a selective in situ recognition of biological trace elements, i.e., Cr (III), Cu (II), and Fe (III). The electrochemical sensor was developed using the electropolymerization of aniline (Ani) on the surface of the homemade pencil graphite electrodes (PGE) using cyclic voltammetry (CV). The film was overoxidized to diminish the background current. A wide range of potential (V = −0.2 V to 1.0 V) was investigated to study the impedimetric and capacitive behaviour of the PAni/modified PGE. The impedance behaviors of the films were recorded at optimum potentials through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scrutinized by means of an appropriate equivalent circuit at different voltages and at their corresponding oxidative potentials. The values of the equivalent circuit were used to identify features (charge transfer-resistant and double layer capacitance) that can selectivity distinguish different trace elements with the concentration of 10 μM. The PDEIS spectra represented the highest electron transfer for Cu (II) and Cr (III) in a broad potential range between +0.1 and +0.4 V while the potential V = +0.2 V showed the lowest charge transfer resistance for Fe (III). The results of this paper showed the capability of PDEIS as a complementary tool for conventional CV and EIS measurement for metallic ion sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Yavarinasab
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; (A.Y.); (H.T.); (S.J.)
| | - Mostafa Abedini
- Abidi Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development Centre, Tehran 1389776363, Iran;
| | - Hamed Tahmooressi
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; (A.Y.); (H.T.); (S.J.)
| | - Sajjad Janfaza
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; (A.Y.); (H.T.); (S.J.)
| | - Nishat Tasnim
- Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada;
| | - Mina Hoorfar
- Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada;
- Correspondence:
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Qu ZB, Jiang Y, Zhang J, Chen S, Zeng R, Zhuo Y, Lu M, Shi G, Gu H. Tailoring Oxygen-Containing Groups on Graphene for Ratiometric Electrochemical Measurements of Ascorbic Acid in Living Subacute Parkinson's Disease Mouse Brains. Anal Chem 2021; 93:16598-16607. [PMID: 34844405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AA), a major antioxidant in the central nervous system (CNS), is involved in withstanding oxidative stress that plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Exploring the AA disturbance in the process of PD is of great value in understanding the molecular mechanism of PD. Herein, by virtue of a carbon fiber electrode (CFE) as a matric electrode, a three-step electrochemical process for tailoring oxygen-containing groups on graphene was well designed: potentiostatic deposition was carried out to fabricate graphene oxide on CFE, electrochemical reduction that assisted in removing the epoxy groups accelerated the electron transfer kinetics of AA oxidation, and electrochemical oxidation that increased the content of the carbonyl group (C═O) generated an inner-reference signal. The mechanism was solidified by ab initio calculations by comparing AA absorption on defected models of graphene functionalized with different oxygen groups including carboxyl, hydroxyl, epoxy, and carbonyl. It was found that epoxy groups would hinder the physical absorption of AA onto graphene, while other functional groups would be beneficial to it. Biocompatible polyethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) was further rationally assembled to improve the antifouling property of graphene. As a result, a new platform for ratiometric electrochemical measurements of AA with high sensitivity, excellent selectivity, and reproducibility was established. In vivo determination of AA levels in different regions of living mouse brains by the proposed method demonstrated that AA decreased remarkably in the hippocampus and cortex of a subacute PD mouse than those of a normal mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Bei Qu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yimin Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan 411201, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan 411201, P. R. China
| | - Shu Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan 411201, P. R. China
| | - Rongjin Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan 411201, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zhuo
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410006, P.R. China
| | - Ming Lu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410006, P.R. China
| | - Guoyue Shi
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China
| | - Hui Gu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan 411201, P. R. China
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Hanif S, Muhammad P, Niu Z, Ismail M, Morsch M, Zhang X, Li M, Shi B. Nanotechnology‐Based Strategies for Early Diagnosis of Central Nervous System Disorders. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202100008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sumaira Hanif
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation School of Life Sciences Henan University Kaifeng Henan 475004 China
| | - Pir Muhammad
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation School of Life Sciences Henan University Kaifeng Henan 475004 China
| | - Zheng Niu
- Province's Key Lab of Brain Targeted Bionanomedicine School of Pharmacy Henan University Kaifeng Henan 475004 China
| | - Muhammad Ismail
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation School of Life Sciences Henan University Kaifeng Henan 475004 China
| | - Marco Morsch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Macquarie University Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research Macquarie University NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Xiaoju Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Henan Provincial People's Hospital Zhengzhou Henan 450003 China
| | - Mingqiang Li
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine The Third Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou Guangdong 510630 China
| | - Bingyang Shi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine & Health & Human Sciences Macquarie University NSW 2109 Australia
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Jiang J, Sun H, Hu Y, Lu G, Cui J, Hao J. AIE + ESIPT activity-based NIR Cu 2+ sensor with dye participated binding strategy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:7685-7688. [PMID: 34254605 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02233d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel activity-based Cu2+ fluorescent probe featuring multidentate binding sites was synthesized. It functions through chelation with Cu2+, which in turn specifically triggers hydrolysis of the probe to release a near-infrared emission with AIE + ESIPT properties. The probe was found to be capable of ratiometric imaging of Cu2+ in living HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of the Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Haifeng Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of the Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Yanlei Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of the Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Gang Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of the Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Jiwei Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of the Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Jingcheng Hao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of the Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
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