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Muñoz J. Rational Design of Stimuli-Responsive Inorganic 2D Materials via Molecular Engineering: Toward Molecule-Programmable Nanoelectronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2305546. [PMID: 37906953 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The ability of electronic devices to act as switches makes digital information processing possible. Succeeding graphene, emerging inorganic 2D materials (i2DMs) have been identified as alternative 2D materials to harbor a variety of active molecular components to move the current silicon-based semiconductor technology forward to a post-Moore era focused on molecule-based information processing components. In this regard, i2DMs benefits are not only for their prominent physiochemical properties (e.g., the existence of bandgap), but also for their high surface-to-volume ratio rich in reactive sites. Nonetheless, since this field is still in an early stage, having knowledge of both i) the different strategies for molecularly functionalizing the current library of i2DMs, and ii) the different types of active molecular components is a sine qua non condition for a rational design of stimuli-responsive i2DMs capable of performing logical operations at the molecular level. Consequently, this Review provides a comprehensive tutorial for covalently anchoring ad hoc molecular components-as active units triggered by different external inputs-onto pivotal i2DMs to assess their role in the expanding field of molecule-programmable nanoelectronics for electrically monitoring bistable molecular switches. Limitations, challenges, and future perspectives of this emerging field which crosses materials chemistry with computation are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Muñoz
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
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Gibalova A, Arndt NB, Burg L, Ravoo BJ. Light-Responsive Conductive Surface Coatings on the Basis of Azidomethyl-PEDOT Electropolymer Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:12363-12371. [PMID: 36848114 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The design of responsive coatings has gained increasing attention recently, with light-responsive interfaces receiving particular appreciation, as their surface properties can be modulated with excellent spatiotemporal control. In this article, we present light-responsive conductive coatings acquired through a copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction between electropolymerized azide-functionalized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT-N3) and arylazopyrazole (AAP)-bearing alkynes. The UV/vis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data indicate a successful post-modification, supporting a covalent attachment of AAP moieties to PEDOT-N3. The thickness and degree of PEDOT-N3 modification are accessible by varying the amount of passed charge during electropolymerization and time of reaction, respectively, providing a degree of synthetic control over the physicochemical material properties. The produced substrates demonstrate a reversible and stable light-driven switching of photochromic properties in both "dry" and swelled states, as well as efficient electrocatalytic Z → E switching. The AAP-modified polymer substrates exhibit a light-controlled wetting behavior, demonstrating a consistently reversible switching of the static water contact angle with a difference up to 10.0° for CF3-AAP@PEDOT-N3. The results highlight the application of conducting PEDOT-N3 for the covalent immobilization of molecular switches while preserving their stimuli-responsive features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gibalova
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 36, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Niklas B Arndt
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 36, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Luca Burg
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 36, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 36, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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Wang Y, Cui H, Esworthy T, Mei D, Wang Y, Zhang LG. Emerging 4D Printing Strategies for Next-Generation Tissue Regeneration and Medical Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2109198. [PMID: 34951494 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of 3D printing has led to considerable progress in the field of biomedical engineering. Notably, 4D printing provides a potential strategy to achieve a time-dependent physical change within tissue scaffolds or replicate the dynamic biological behaviors of native tissues for smart tissue regeneration and the fabrication of medical devices. The fabricated stimulus-responsive structures can offer dynamic, reprogrammable deformation or actuation to mimic complex physical, biochemical, and mechanical processes of native tissues. Although there is notable progress made in the development of the 4D printing approach for various biomedical applications, its more broad-scale adoption for clinical use and tissue engineering purposes is complicated by a notable limitation of printable smart materials and the simplistic nature of achievable responses possible with current sources of stimulation. In this review, the recent progress made in the field of 4D printing by discussing the various printing mechanisms that are achieved with great emphasis on smart ink mechanisms of 4D actuation, construct structural design, and printing technologies, is highlighted. Recent 4D printing studies which focus on the applications of tissue/organ regeneration and medical devices are then summarized. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives of 4D printing are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronics Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Haitao Cui
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Timothy Esworthy
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Deqing Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronics Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yancheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronics Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Lijie Grace Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
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Muñoz J, Pumera M. 3D-Printed COVID-19 immunosensors with electronic readout. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND : 1996) 2021; 425:131433. [PMID: 34393616 PMCID: PMC8349461 DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.131433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
3D printing technology has brought light in the fight against the COVID-19 global pandemic event through the decentralized and on-demand manufacture of different personal protective equipment and medical devices. Nonetheless, since this technology is still in an early stage, the use of 3D-printed electronic devices for antigen test developments is almost an unexplored field. Herein, a robust and general bottom-up biofunctionalization approach via surface engineering is reported aiming at providing the bases for the fabrication of the first 3D-printed COVID-19 immunosensor prototype with electronic readout. The 3D-printed COVID-19 immunosensor was constructed by covalently anchoring the COVID-19 recombinant protein on a 3D-printed graphene-based nanocomposite electrode surface. The electrical readout relies on impedimetrically monitoring changes at the electrode/electrolyte interface after interacting with the monoclonal COVID-19 antibody via competitive assay, fact that hinders the redox conversion of a benchmark redox marker. Overall, the developed 3D-printed system exhibits promising electroanalytical capabilities in both buffered and human serum samples, displaying an excellent linear response with a detection limit at trace levels (0.5 ± 0.1 μg·mL-1). Such achievements demonstrate advantage of light-of-speed distribution of 3D printing datafiles with localized point-of-care low-cost printing and bioelectronic devices to help contain the spread of emerging infectious diseases such as COVID-19. This technology is applicable to any post-COVID-19 SARS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Muñoz
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology (CEITEC-BUT), Brno 61600, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pumera
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology (CEITEC-BUT), Brno 61600, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan
- 3D Printing & Innovation Hub, Department of Food Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno CZ-613 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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Covalently modified enzymatic 3D-printed bioelectrode. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:374. [PMID: 34628520 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-05006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing has showed great potential for the construction of electrochemical sensor devices. However, reported 3D-printed biosensors are usually constructed by physical adsorption and needed immobilizing reagents on the surface of functional materials. To construct the 3D-printed biosensors, the simple modification of the 3D-printed device by non-expert is mandatory to take advantage of the remote, distributed 3D printing manufacturing. Here, a 3D-printed electrode was prepared by fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing technique and activated by chemical and electrochemical methods. A glucose oxidase-based 3D-printed nanocarbon electrode was prepared by covalent linkage method to an enzyme on the surface of the 3D-printed electrode to enable biosensing. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the glucose oxidase-based biosensor. Direct electrochemistry glucose oxidase-based biosensor with higher stability was then chosen to detect the two biomarkers, hydrogen peroxide and glucose by chronoamperometry. The prepared glucose oxidase-based biosensor was further used for the detection of glucose in samples of apple cider. The covalently linked glucose oxidase 3D-printed nanocarbon electrode as a biosensor showed excellent stability. This work can open new doors for the covalent modification of 3D-printed electrodes in other electrochemistry fields such as biosensors, energy, and biocatalysis.
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Muñoz J, Redondo E, Pumera M. Versatile Design of Functional Organic-Inorganic 3D-Printed (Opto)Electronic Interfaces with Custom Catalytic Activity. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2103189. [PMID: 34510744 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202103189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The ability to combine organic and inorganic components in a single material represents a great step toward the development of advanced (opto)electronic systems. Nowadays, 3D-printing technology has generated a revolution in the rapid prototyping and low-cost fabrication of 3D-printed electronic devices. However, a main drawback when using 3D-printed transducers is the lack of robust functionalization methods for tuning their capabilities. Herein, a simple, general and robust in situ functionalization approach is reported to tailor the capabilities of 3D-printed nanocomposite carbon/polymer electrode (3D-nCE) surfaces with a battery of functional inorganic nanoparticles (FINPs), which are appealing active units for electronic, optical and catalytic applications. The versatility of the resulting functional organic-inorganic 3D-printed electronic interfaces is provided in different pivotal areas of electrochemistry, including i) electrocatalysis, ii) bio-electroanalysis, iii) energy (storage and conversion), and iv) photoelectrochemical applications. Overall, the synergism of combining the transducing characteristics of 3D-nCEs with the implanted tuning surface capabilities of FINPs leads to new/enhanced electrochemical performances when compared to their bare 3D-nCE counterparts. Accordingly, this work elucidates that FINPs have much to offer in the field of 3D-printing technology and provides the bases toward the green fabrication of functional organic-inorganic 3D-printed (opto)electronic interfaces with custom catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Muñoz
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology (CEITEC-BUT), Purkyňova 123, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
| | - Edurne Redondo
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology (CEITEC-BUT), Purkyňova 123, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pumera
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology (CEITEC-BUT), Purkyňova 123, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
- 3D Printing & Innovation Hub, Department of Food Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1/1665, Brno, 613 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
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Mayorga-Burrezo P, Muñoz J, Zaoralová D, Otyepka M, Pumera M. Multiresponsive 2D Ti 3C 2T x MXene via Implanting Molecular Properties. ACS NANO 2021; 15:10067-10075. [PMID: 34125533 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c01742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The design and fabrication of active nanomaterials exhibiting multifunctional properties is a must in the so-called global "Fourth Industrial Revolution". In this sense, molecular engineering is a powerful tool to implant original capabilities on a macroscopic scale. Herein, different bioinspired 2D-MXenes have been developed via a versatile and straightforward synthetic approach. As a proof of concept, Ti3C2Tx MXene has been exploited as a highly sensitive transducing platform for the covalent assembly of active biomolecular architectures (i.e., amino acids). All pivotal properties originated from the anchored targets were proved to be successfully transferred to the resulting bioinspired 2D-MXenes. Appealing applications have been devised for these 2D-MXene prototypes showing (i) chiroptical activity, (ii) fluorescence capabilities, (iii) supramolecular π-π interactions, and (iv) stimuli-responsive molecular switchability. Overall, this work demonstrates the fabrication of programmable 2D-MXenes, taking advantage of the inherent characteristics of the implanted (bio)molecular components. Thus, the current bottleneck in the field of 2D-MXenes can be overcome after the significant findings reported here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Mayorga-Burrezo
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology (CEITEC-BUT), Purkyňova 123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jose Muñoz
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology (CEITEC-BUT), Purkyňova 123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dagmar Zaoralová
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials (RCPTM), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Otyepka
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials (RCPTM), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- IT4Innovations, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pumera
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology (CEITEC-BUT), Purkyňova 123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
- Center for Nanorobotics and Machine Intelligence, Department of Food Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1/1665, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
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