1
|
Woodman SJ, Shah DS, Landesberg M, Agrawala A, Kramer-Bottiglio R. Stretchable Arduinos embedded in soft robots. Sci Robot 2024; 9:eadn6844. [PMID: 39259780 DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.adn6844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
To achieve real-world functionality, robots must have the ability to carry out decision-making computations. However, soft robots stretch and therefore need a solution other than rigid computers. Examples of embedding computing capacity into soft robots currently include appending rigid printed circuit boards to the robot, integrating soft logic gates, and exploiting material responses for material-embedded computation. Although promising, these approaches introduce limitations such as rigidity, tethers, or low logic gate density. The field of stretchable electronics has sought to solve these challenges, but a complete pipeline for direct integration of single-board computers, microcontrollers, and other complex circuitry into soft robots has remained elusive. We present a generalized method to translate any complex two-layer circuit into a soft, stretchable form. This enabled the creation of stretchable single-board microcontrollers (including Arduinos) and other commercial circuits (including SparkFun circuits), without design simplifications. As demonstrations of the method's utility, we embedded highly stretchable (>300% strain) Arduino Pro Minis into the bodies of multiple soft robots. This makes use of otherwise inert structural material, fulfilling the promise of the stretchable electronic field to integrate state-of-the-art computational power into robust, stretchable systems during active use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Woodman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, 9 Hillhouse Ave., New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Dylan S Shah
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, 9 Hillhouse Ave., New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Melanie Landesberg
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, 9 Hillhouse Ave., New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Anjali Agrawala
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, 9 Hillhouse Ave., New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Rebecca Kramer-Bottiglio
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, 9 Hillhouse Ave., New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lin Y, Wang H, Qiu W, Ye C, Kong D. Liquid Metal-Based Self-Healing Conductors for Flexible and Stretchable Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:43083-43092. [PMID: 39115969 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c10541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Flexible and stretchable electronics rely on compliant conductors as essential building materials. However, these materials are susceptible to wear and tear, leading to degradation over time. In response to this concern, self-healing conductors have been developed to prolong the lifespan of functional devices. These conductors can autonomously restore their properties following damage. Conventional self-healing conductors typically comprise solid conductive fillers and healing agents dispersed within polymer matrices. However, the solid additives increase the stiffness and reduce the stretchability of the resulting composites. There is growing interest in utilizing gallium-based liquid metal alloys due to their exceptional electrical conductivity and liquid-phase deformability. These liquid metals are considered attractive candidates for developing compliant conductors capable of automatic recovery. This perspective delves into the rapidly advancing field of liquid metal-based self-healing conductors, exploring their design, fabrication, and critical applications. Furthermore, this article also addresses the current challenges and future directions in this active area of research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Lin
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hao Wang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Weijie Qiu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chenyang Ye
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Desheng Kong
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang S, Liu C, Tang L, Shang J, Zhang J, Jiang X. Highly Adhesive and Stretchable Epidermal Electrode for Bimodal Recording Patch. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:43880-43891. [PMID: 39133011 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c05705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
For numerous biological and human-machine applications, it is critical to have a stable electrophysiological interface to obtain reliable signals. To achieve this, epidermal electrodes should possess conductivity, stretchability, and adhesiveness. However, limited types of materials can simultaneously satisfy these requirements to provide satisfying recording performance. Here, we present a dry electromyography (EMG) electrode based on conductive polymers and tea polyphenol (CPT), which offers adhesiveness (0.51 N/cm), stretchability (157%), and low impedance (14 kΩ cm2 at 100 Hz). The adhesiveness of the electrode is attributed to the interaction between catechol groups and hydroxyls in the polymer blend. This adhesive electrode ensures stable EMG recording even in the presence of vibrations and provides signals with a high signal-to-noise ratio (>25 dB) for over 72 h. By integrating the CPT electrode with a liquid metal strain sensor, we have developed a bimodal rehabilitation monitoring patch (BRMP) for sports injuries. The patch utilizes Kinesio Tape as a substrate, which serves to accelerate rehabilitation. It also tackles the challenge of recording with knee braces by fitting snugly between the brace and the skin, due to its thin and stretchable design. CPT electrodes not only enable BRMP to assist clinicians in formulating effective rehabilitation plans and offer patients a more comfortable rehabilitation experience, but also hold promise for future applications in biological and human-machine interface domains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuaijian Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088 Xueyuan Rd, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Chenqi Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088 Xueyuan Rd, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Lixue Tang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088 Xueyuan Rd, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical Application, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao, You An Men Wai, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jin Shang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088 Xueyuan Rd, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Junrui Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088 Xueyuan Rd, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088 Xueyuan Rd, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li Y, Veronica A, Ma J, Nyein HYY. Materials, Structure, and Interface of Stretchable Interconnects for Wearable Bioelectronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2408456. [PMID: 39139019 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202408456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Since wearable technologies for telemedicine have emerged to tackle global health concerns, the demand for well-attested wearable healthcare devices with high user comfort also arises. Skin-wearables for health monitoring require mechanical flexibility and stretchability for not only high compatibility with the skin's dynamic nature but also a robust collection of fine health signals from within. Stretchable electrical interconnects, which determine the device's overall integrity, are one of the fundamental units being understated in wearable bioelectronics. In this review, a broad class of materials and engineering methodologies recently researched and developed are presented, and their respective attributes, limitations, and opportunities in designing stretchable interconnects for wearable bioelectronics are offered. Specifically, the electrical and mechanical characteristics of various materials (metals, polymers, carbons, and their composites) are highlighted, along with their compatibility with diverse geometric configurations. Detailed insights into fabrication techniques that are compatible with soft substrates are also provided. Importantly, successful examples of establishing reliable interfacial connections between soft and rigid elements using novel interconnects are reviewed. Lastly, some perspectives and prospects of remaining research challenges and potential pathways for practical utilization of interconnects in wearables are laid out.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, 00000, China
| | - Asmita Veronica
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, 00000, China
| | - Jiahao Ma
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, 00000, China
| | - Hnin Yin Yin Nyein
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, 00000, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu P, He H. Integrating High-Performance Flexible Wires with Strain Sensors for Wearable Human Motion Detection. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:4795. [PMID: 39123842 PMCID: PMC11315041 DOI: 10.3390/s24154795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Flexible electronics have revolutionized the field by overcoming the rigid limitations of traditional devices, offering superior flexibility and adaptability. Conductive ink performance is crucial, directly impacting the stability of flexible electronics. While metal filler-based inks exhibit excellent conductivity, they often lack mechanical stability. To address this challenge, we present a novel conductive ink utilizing a ternary composite filler system: liquid metal and two micron-sized silver morphologies (particles and flakes). We systematically investigated the influence of filler type, mass ratio, and sintering process parameters on the composite ink's conductivity and mechanical stability. Our results demonstrate that flexible wires fabricated with the liquid metal/micron silver particle/micron silver flake composite filler exhibit remarkable conductivity and exceptional bending stability. Interestingly, increasing the liquid metal content results in a trade-off, compromising conductivity while enhancing mechanical performance. After enduring 5000 bending cycles, the resistance change in wires formulated with a 4:1 mass ratio of micron silver particles to flakes is only half that of wires with a 1:1 ratio. This study further investigates the mechanism governing resistance variations during flexible wire bending. Additionally, we observed a positive correlation between sintering temperature and pressure with the conductivity of flexible wires. The significance of the sintering parameters on conductivity follows a descending order: sintering temperature, sintering pressure, and sintering time. Finally, we demonstrate the practical application of this technology by integrating the composite ink-based flexible wires with conductive polymer-based strain sensors. This combination successfully achieved the detection of human movements, including finger and wrist bending.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hu He
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Manufacturing for Extreme Service Performance, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yang C, Huang W, Lin Y, Cao S, Wang H, Sun Y, Fang T, Wang M, Kong D. Stretchable MXene/Carbon Nanotube Bilayer Strain Sensors with Tunable Sensitivity and Working Ranges. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:30274-30283. [PMID: 38822785 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c04770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Stretchable strain sensors have gained increasing popularity as wearable devices to convert mechanical deformation of the human body into electrical signals. Two-dimensional transition metal carbides (Ti3C2Tx MXene) are promising candidates to achieve excellent sensitivity. However, MXene films have been limited in operating strain ranges due to rapid crack propagation during stretching. In this regard, this study reports MXene/carbon nanotube bilayer films with tunable sensitivity and working ranges. The device is fabricated using a scalable process involving spray deposition of well-dispersed nanomaterial inks. The bilayer sensor's high sensitivity is attributed to the cracks that form in the MXene film, while the compliant carbon nanotube layer extends the working range by maintaining conductive pathways. Moreover, the response of the sensor is easily controlled by tuning the MXene loading, achieving a gauge factor of 9039 within 15% strain at 1.92 mg/cm2 and a gauge factor of 1443 within 108% strain at 0.55 mg/cm2. These tailored properties can precisely match the operation requirements during the wearable application, providing accurate monitoring of various body movements and physiological activities. Additionally, a smart glove with multiple integrated strain sensors is demonstrated as a human-machine interface for the real-time recognition of hand gestures based on a machine-learning algorithm. The design strategy presented here provides a convenient avenue to modulate strain sensors for targeted applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Yang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Weixi Huang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yong Lin
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shitai Cao
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hao Wang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuping Sun
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ting Fang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Menglu Wang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Desheng Kong
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jiang Q, Hu Z, Wu K, Wu W, Zhang S, Ding H, Wu Z. Squid-Inspired Powerful Untethered Soft Pumps via Magnetically Induced Phase Transitions. Soft Robot 2024; 11:423-431. [PMID: 38011800 DOI: 10.1089/soro.2022.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft robots possess unique deformability and hence result in great adaptability to various unconstructive environments; meanwhile, untethered soft actuation techniques are critical in fully exploiting their potential for practical applications. However, restricted by the material's softness and structural compliance, most untethered actuation systems were incapable of achieving fully soft construction with a powerful output. While in Nature, with a fully soft body, a squid can burst high-pressure jet flow from a cavity that drives the squid to swim swiftly. Here, inspired by such a unique actuation strategy of squids, an entirely soft pump capable of high-pressure output, fast jetting, and untethered control is presented, and it helps a bionic soft robotic squid to achieve a high-efficient untethered motion in water. The soft pump is designed by a reversible liquid-gas phase transition of an inductive heating magnetic liquid metal composite that acts as an adjustable power source with high heat efficiency. In particular, being purely soft, the pump can yet lift ∼20 times its weight and achieve ∼3 times the specific pressure of the previous record. It may promote the application of soft robots with independent actuation, high output power, and embodied energy supply.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhitong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kefan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Han Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhigang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lee DH, Lim T, Pyeon J, Park H, Lee SW, Lee S, Kim W, Kim M, Lee JC, Kim DW, Han S, Kim H, Park S, Choi YK. Self-Mixed Biphasic Liquid Metal Composite with Ultra-High Stretchability and Strain-Insensitivity for Neuromorphic Circuits. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2310956. [PMID: 38196140 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Neuromorphic circuits that can function under extreme deformations are important for various data-driven wearable and robotic applications. Herein, biphasic liquid metal particle (BMP) with unprecedented stretchability and strain-insensitivity (ΔR/R0 = 1.4@ 1200% strain) is developed to realize a stretchable neuromorphic circuit that mimics a spike-based biologic sensory system. The BMP consists of liquid metal particles (LMPs) and rigid liquid metal particles (RLMPs), which are homogeneously mixed via spontaneous solutal-Marangoni mixing flow during coating. This permits facile single step patterning directly on various substrates at room temperature. BMP is highly conductive (2.3 × 106 S/m) without any post activation steps. BMP interconnects are utilized for a sensory system, which is capable of distinguishing variations of biaxial strains with a spiking neural network, thus demonstrating their potential for various sensing and signal processing applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Do Hoon Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Taesu Lim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongsu Pyeon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunmin Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungkyu Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonsik Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Chan Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Wan Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungmin Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoungsoo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Steve Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang-Kyu Choi
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shukla D, Wang H, Awartani O, Dickey MD, Zhu Y. Surface Embedded Metal Nanowire-Liquid Metal-Elastomer Hybrid Composites for Stretchable Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:14183-14197. [PMID: 38457372 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Both liquid metal (LM) and metallic filler-based conductive composites are promising stretchable conductors. LM alloys exhibit intrinsically high deformability but present challenges for patterning on polymeric substrates due to high surface tension. On the other hand, conductive composites comprising metallic fillers undergo considerable decrease in electrical conductivity under mechanical deformation. To address the challenges, we present silver nanowire (AgNW)-LM-elastomer hybrid composite films, where AgNWs and LM are embedded below the surface of an elastomeric matrix, using two fabrication approaches, sequential and mixed. We investigate and understand the process-structure-property relationship of the AgNW-LM-elastomer hybrid composites fabricated using two approaches. Different weight ratios of AgNWs and LM particles provide tunable electrical conductivity. The hybrid composites show more stable electromechanical performance than the composites with AgNWs alone. In particular, 1:2.4 (AgNW:LMP w/w) sequential hybrid composite shows electromechanical stability similar to that of the LM-elastomer composite, with a resistance increase of 2.04% at 90% strain. The sequential approach is found to form AgIn2 intermetallic compounds which along with Ga-In bonds, imparts large deformability to the sequential hybrid composite as well as mechanical robustness against scratching, cutting, peeling, and wiping. To demonstrate the application of the hybrid composite for stretchable electronics, a laser patterned stretchable heater on textile and a stretchable circuit including a light-emitting diode are fabricated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darpan Shukla
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Hongyu Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Omar Awartani
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lu G, Ni E, Jiang Y, Wu W, Li H. Room-Temperature Liquid Metals for Flexible Electronic Devices. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2304147. [PMID: 37875665 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Room-temperature gallium-based liquid metals (RT-GaLMs) have garnered significant interest recently owing to their extraordinary combination of fluidity, conductivity, stretchability, self-healing performance, and biocompatibility. They are ideal materials for the manufacture of flexible electronics. By changing the composition and oxidation of RT-GaLMs, physicochemical characteristics of the liquid metal can be adjusted, especially the regulation of rheological, wetting, and adhesion properties. This review highlights the advancements in the liquid metals used in flexible electronics. Meanwhile related characteristics of RT-GaLMs and underlying principles governing their processing and applications for flexible electronics are elucidated. Finally, the diverse applications of RT-GaLMs in self-healing circuits, flexible sensors, energy harvesting devices, and epidermal electronics, are explored. Additionally, the challenges hindering the progress of RT-GaLMs are discussed, while proposing future research directions and potential applications in this emerging field. By presenting a concise and critical analysis, this paper contributes to the advancement of RT-GaLMs as an advanced material applicable for the new generation of flexible electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guixuan Lu
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250061, China
| | - Erli Ni
- The Institute for Advanced Studies of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Yanyan Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250061, China
| | - Weikang Wu
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250061, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250061, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sakorikar T, Mihaliak N, Krisnadi F, Ma J, Kim TI, Kong M, Awartani O, Dickey MD. A Guide to Printed Stretchable Conductors. Chem Rev 2024; 124:860-888. [PMID: 38291556 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Printing of stretchable conductors enables the fabrication and rapid prototyping of stretchable electronic devices. For such applications, there are often specific process and material requirements such as print resolution, maximum strain, and electrical/ionic conductivity. This review highlights common printing methods and compatible inks that produce stretchable conductors. The review compares the capabilities, benefits, and limitations of each approach to help guide the selection of a suitable process and ink for an intended application. We also discuss methods to design and fabricate ink composites with the desired material properties (e.g., electrical conductance, viscosity, printability). This guide should help inform ongoing and future efforts to create soft, stretchable electronic devices for wearables, soft robots, e-skins, and sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tushar Sakorikar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Nikolas Mihaliak
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Febby Krisnadi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Jinwoo Ma
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Tae-Il Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, South Korea
| | - Minsik Kong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Omar Awartani
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lin Y, Fang T, Bai C, Sun Y, Yang C, Hu G, Guo H, Qiu W, Huang W, Wang L, Tao Z, Lu YQ, Kong D. Ultrastretchable Electrically Self-Healing Conductors Based on Silver Nanowire/Liquid Metal Microcapsule Nanocomposites. NANO LETTERS 2023. [PMID: 38047765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable conductive nanocomposites are essential for deformable electronic devices. These conductors currently face significant limitations, such as insufficient deformability, significant resistance changes upon stretching, and drifted properties during cyclic deformations. To tackle these challenges, we present an electrically self-healing and ultrastretchable conductor in the form of bilayer silver nanowire/liquid metal microcapsule nanocomposites. These nanocomposites utilize silver nanowires to establish their initial excellent conductivity. When the silver nanowire networks crack during stretching, the microcapsules are ruptured to release the encased liquid metal for recovering the electrical properties. This self-healing capability allows the nanocomposite to achieve ultrahigh stretchability for both uniaxial and biaxial strains, minor changes in resistance during stretching, and stable resistance after repetitive deformations. The conductors have been used to create skin-attachable electronic patches and stretchable light-emitting diode arrays with enhanced robustness. These developments provide a bioinspired strategy to enhance the performance and durability of conductive nanocomposites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Lin
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ting Fang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chong Bai
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuping Sun
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Gaohua Hu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Haorun Guo
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Engineering Research Center of Seawater Utilization Technology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Weijie Qiu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Weixi Huang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lin Wang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zihao Tao
- Kuang Yaming Honors School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yan-Qing Lu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Desheng Kong
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jeong S, Oh J, Kim H, Bae J, Ko SH. Pattern design of a liquid metal-based wearable heater for constant heat generation under biaxial strain. iScience 2023; 26:107008. [PMID: 37332675 PMCID: PMC10275728 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
As the wearable heater is increasingly popular due to its versatile applications, there is a growing need to improve the tensile stability of the wearable heater. However, maintaining the stability and precise control of heating in resistive heaters for wearable electronics remains challenging due to multiaxial dynamic deformation with human motion. Here, we propose a pattern study for a circuit control system without complex structure or deep learning of the liquid metal (LM)-based wearable heater. The LM direct ink writing (DIW) method was used to fabricate the wearable heaters in various designs. Through the study about the pattern, the significance of input power per unit area for steady average temperature with tension was proven, and the directionality of the pattern was shown to be a factor that makes feedback control difficult due to the difference in resistance change according to strain direction. For this issue, a wearable heater with the same minimal resistance change regardless of the tension direction was developed using Peano curves and sinuous pattern structure. Lastly, by attaching to a human body model, the wearable heater with the circuit control system shows stable heating (52.64°C, with a standard deviation of 0.91°C) in actual motion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seongmin Jeong
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jinhyeok Oh
- Bio-Robotics and Control Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Hongchan Kim
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Joonbum Bae
- Bio-Robotics and Control Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Ko
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Institute of Engineering Research/Institute of Advanced Machinery and Design (SNU-IAMD), Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lee GH, Lee DH, Jeon W, Yoon J, Ahn K, Nam KS, Kim M, Kim JK, Koo YH, Joo J, Jung W, Lee J, Nam J, Park S, Jeong JW, Park S. Conductance stable and mechanically durable bi-layer EGaIn composite-coated stretchable fiber for 1D bioelectronics. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4173. [PMID: 37443162 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39928-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Deformable semi-solid liquid metal particles (LMP) have emerged as a promising substitute for rigid conductive fillers due to their excellent electrical properties and stable conductance under strain. However, achieving a compact and robust coating of LMP on fibers remains a persistent challenge, mainly due to the incompatibility of conventional coating techniques with LMP. Additionally, the limited durability and absence of initial electrical conductivity of LMP restrict their widespread application. In this study, we propose a solution process that robustly and compactly assembles mechanically durable and initially conductive LMP on fibers. Specifically, we present a shearing-based deposition of polymer-attached LMP followed by additional coating with CNT-attached LMP to create bi-layer LMP composite with exceptional durability, electrical conductivity, stretchability, and biocompatibility on various fibers. The versatility and reliability of this manufacturing strategy for 1D electronics are demonstrated through the development of sewn electrical circuits, smart clothes, stretchable biointerfaced fiber, and multifunctional fiber probes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gun-Hee Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hoon Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Woojin Jeon
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihwan Yoon
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangguk Ahn
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kum Seok Nam
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Kyu Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hoe Koo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50, UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinmyoung Joo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50, UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - WooChul Jung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehong Lee
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungang-daero, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewook Nam
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjun Park
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- KAIST Institute for NanoCentury, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Woong Jeong
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Steve Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- KAIST Institute for NanoCentury, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Li M, Chen D, Deng X, Xu B, Li M, Liang H, Wang M, Song G, Zhang T, Liu Y. Graded Mxene-Doped Liquid Metal as Adhesion Interface Aiming for Conductivity Enhancement of Hybrid Rigid-Soft Interconnection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 36893387 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c23002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid rigid-soft electronic system combines the biocompatibility of stretchable electronics and the computing capacity of silicon-based chips, which has a chance to realize a comprehensive stretchable electronic system with perception, control, and algorithm in near future. However, a reliable rigid-soft interconnection interface is urgently required to ensure both the conductivity and stretchability under a large strain. To settle this demand, this paper proposes a graded Mxene-doped liquid metal (LM) method to achieve a stable solid-liquid composite interconnect (SLCI) between the rigid chip and stretchable interconnect lines. To overcome the surface tension of LM, a high-conductive Mxene is doped for the balance between adhesion and liquidity of LM. And the high-concentration doping could prevent the contact failure with chip pins, while the low-concentration doping tends to maintain the stretchability. Based on this dosage-graded interface structure, the solid light-emitting diode (LED) and other devices integrated into the stretchable hybrid electronic system could achieve an excellent conductivity insensitive to the exerted tensile strain. In addition, the hybrid electronic system is demonstrated for skin-mounted and tire-mounted temperature-test applications under the tensile strain up to 100%. This Mxene-doped LM method aims to obtain a robust interface between rigid components and flexible interconnects by attenuating the inherent Young's modulus mismatch between rigid and flexible systems and makes it a promising candidate for effective interconnection between solid electronics and soft electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, 266590 Qingdao, China
| | - Da Chen
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, 266590 Qingdao, China
| | - Xiupeng Deng
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, 266590 Qingdao, China
| | - Baochun Xu
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, 266590 Qingdao, China
| | - Mingyue Li
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, 266590 Qingdao, China
| | - Hongrui Liang
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, 266590 Qingdao, China
| | - Mengxin Wang
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, 266590 Qingdao, China
| | - Ge Song
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, 266590 Qingdao, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, 266590 Qingdao, China
| | - Yijian Liu
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, 266590 Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kim M, Lim H, Ko SH. Liquid Metal Patterning and Unique Properties for Next-Generation Soft Electronics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205795. [PMID: 36642850 PMCID: PMC9951389 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Room-temperature liquid metal (LM)-based electronics is expected to bring advancements in future soft electronics owing to its conductivity, conformability, stretchability, and biocompatibility. However, various difficulties arise when patterning LM because of its rheological features such as fluidity and surface tension. Numerous attempts are made to overcome these difficulties, resulting in various LM-patterning methods. An appropriate choice of patterning method based on comprehensive understanding is necessary to fully utilize the unique properties. Therefore, the authors aim to provide thorough knowledge about patterning methods and unique properties for LM-based future soft electronics. First, essential considerations for LM-patterning are investigated. Then, LM-patterning methods-serial-patterning, parallel-patterning, intermetallic bond-assisted patterning, and molding/microfluidic injection-are categorized and investigated. Finally, perspectives on LM-based soft electronics with unique properties are provided. They include outstanding features of LM such as conformability, biocompatibility, permeability, restorability, and recyclability. Also, they include perspectives on future LM-based soft electronics in various areas such as radio frequency electronics, soft robots, and heterogeneous catalyst. LM-based soft devices are expected to permeate the daily lives if patterning methods and the aforementioned features are analyzed and utilized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minwoo Kim
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science LabDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826South Korea
| | - Hyungjun Lim
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science LabDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826South Korea
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology77 Chungam‐ro, Nam‐guPohang37673South Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Ko
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science LabDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826South Korea
- Institute of Advanced Machinery and Design/Institute of Engineering ResearchSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yang B, Yang Z, Tang L. Recent progress in fiber-based soft electronics enabled by liquid metal. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1178995. [PMID: 37187888 PMCID: PMC10175636 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1178995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft electronics can seamlessly integrate with the human skin which will greatly improve the quality of life in the fields of healthcare monitoring, disease treatment, virtual reality, and human-machine interfaces. Currently, the stretchability of most soft electronics is achieved by incorporating stretchable conductors with elastic substrates. Among stretchable conductors, liquid metals stand out for their metal-grade conductivity, liquid-grade deformability, and relatively low cost. However, the elastic substrates usually composed of silicone rubber, polyurethane, and hydrogels have poor air permeability, and long-term exposure can cause skin redness and irritation. The substrates composed of fibers usually have excellent air permeability due to their high porosity, making them ideal substrates for soft electronics in long-term applications. Fibers can be woven directly into various shapes, or formed into various shapes on the mold by spinning techniques such as electrospinning. Here, we provide an overview of fiber-based soft electronics enabled by liquid metals. An introduction to the spinning technology is provided. Typical applications and patterning strategies of liquid metal are presented. We review the latest progress in the design and fabrication of representative liquid metal fibers and their application in soft electronics such as conductors, sensors, and energy harvesting. Finally, we discuss the challenges of fiber-based soft electronics and provide an outlook on future prospects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical Application, School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zihan Yang
- Fashion Accessory Art and Engineering College, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zihan Yang, ; Lixue Tang,
| | - Lixue Tang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical Application, School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zihan Yang, ; Lixue Tang,
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Niu Y, Tian G, Liang C, Wang T, Ma X, Gong G, Qi D. Thermal-Sinterable EGaIn Nanoparticle Inks for Highly Deformable Bioelectrode Arrays. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 12:e2202531. [PMID: 36562213 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Liquid metal (especially eutectic gallium indium, EGaIn) nanoparticle inks overcome the poor wettability of high surface tension EGaIn to elastomer substrates and show great potential in soft electronics. Normally, a sintering strategy is required to break the oxide shells of the EGaIn nanoparticles (EGaIn NPs) to achieve conductive paths. Herein, for the first time, thermal-sinterable EGaIn NP inks are prepared by introducing thermal expansion microspheres (TEMs) into EGaIn NP solution. Through the mechanical pressure induced by the expansion of the heated TEMs, the printed EGaIn NPs can be sintered into electrically conductive paths to achieve highly stretchable bioelectrode arrays, which exhibit giant electromechanical performance (up to 680% strain), good cyclic stability (over 2 × 104 cycles), and stable conductivity after high-speed rotation (6000 rpm). Simultaneously, the recording sites are hermetically sealed by ionic elastomer layers, ensuring the complete leakage-free property of EGaIn and reducing the electrochemical impedance of the electrodes (891.16 Ω at 1 kHz). The bioelectrode is successfully applied to monitor dynamic electromyographic signals. The sintering strategy overcomes the disadvantages of the traditional sintering strategies, such as leakage of EGaIn, reformation of large EGaIn droplets, and low throughput, which promotes the application of EGaIn in soft electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Niu
- College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150040, P. R. China
| | - Gongwei Tian
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation, and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients; MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Cuiyuan Liang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation, and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients; MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Tianchi Wang
- College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150040, P. R. China
| | - Xu Ma
- College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150040, P. R. China
| | - Guifen Gong
- College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150040, P. R. China
| | - Dianpeng Qi
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation, and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients; MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Choe M, Sin D, Bhuyan P, Lee S, Jeon H, Park S. Ultrasoft and Ultrastretchable Wearable Strain Sensors with Anisotropic Conductivity Enabled by Liquid Metal Fillers. MICROMACHINES 2022; 14:17. [PMID: 36677078 PMCID: PMC9862167 DOI: 10.3390/mi14010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Herein, ultrasoft and ultrastretchable wearable strain sensors enabled by liquid metal fillers in an elastic polymer are described. The wearable strain sensors that can change the effective resistance upon strains are prepared by mixing silicone elastomer with liquid metal (EGaIn, Eutectic gallium-indium alloy) fillers. While the silicone is mixed with the liquid metal by shear mixing, the liquid metal is rendered into small droplets stabilized by an oxide, resulting in a non-conductive liquid metal elastomer. To attain electrical conductivity, localized mechanical pressure is applied using a stylus onto the thermally cured elastomer, resulting in the formation of a handwritten conductive trace by rupturing the oxide layer of the liquid metal droplets and subsequent percolation. Although this approach has been introduced previously, the liquid metal dispersed elastomers developed here are compelling because of their ultra-stretchable (elongation at break of 4000%) and ultrasoft (Young’s modulus of <0.1 MPa) mechanical properties. The handwritten conductive trace in the elastomers can maintain metallic conductivity when strained; however, remarkably, we observed that the electrical conductivity is anisotropic upon parallel and perpendicular strains to the conductive trace. This anisotropic conductivity of the liquid metal elastomer film can manipulate the locomotion of a robot by routing the power signals between the battery and the driving motor of a robot upon parallel and perpendicular strains to the hand-written circuit. In addition, the liquid metal dispersed elastomers have a high degree of deformation and adhesion; thus, they are suitable for use as a wearable sensor for monitoring various body motions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minjae Choe
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongho Sin
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Priyanuj Bhuyan
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmin Lee
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongchan Jeon
- Sustainable Materials Research Team, Research & Development Division, Hyundai Motor Group, Uiwang 16082, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjune Park
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hu G, Wang S, Yu J, Zhang J, Sun Y, Kong D. A facile and scalable patterning approach for ultrastretchable liquid metal features. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:4933-4940. [PMID: 36408775 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00872f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metals represent an attractive class of compliant conductors featuring metallic conductivity and inherent deformability. The widespread implementation of liquid metal conductors in stretchable electronics is currently hindered by the lack of a facile patterning approach. In this study, we introduce a facile and scalable patterning approach to create liquid metal features on an elastomer substrate. A screen-printed Ag nanoflake pattern is employed as a template for the subsequent selective coating of a liquid metal layer. The as-prepared liquid metal conductors show a bulk-level conductivity of ∼2.7 × 104 S cm-1, an ultrahigh stretchability of up to 700% tensile strain, and excellent electromechanical durability. The practical suitability is demonstrated by the successful fabrication of an ultradeformable ribbon cable and a smart sensing glove. The efficient and economical access to ultrastretchable liquid metal features may open up a broad range of emerging applications in soft electronic devices and systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaohua Hu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China.
| | - Shaolei Wang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China.
| | - Jiyuan Yu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China.
| | - Jiaxue Zhang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China.
| | - Yuping Sun
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China.
| | - Desheng Kong
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China.
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Akyildiz K, Kim JH, So JH, Koo HJ. Recent progress on micro- and nanoparticles of gallium-based liquid metal: From preparation to applications. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
22
|
Kim S, Kim S, Hong K, Dickey MD, Park S. Liquid-Metal-Coated Magnetic Particles toward Writable, Nonwettable, Stretchable Circuit Boards, and Directly Assembled Liquid Metal-Elastomer Conductors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:37110-37119. [PMID: 35930688 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c07618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metal is a promising conductor material for producing soft and stretchable circuit "boards" that can enable next-generation electronics by electrically connecting and mechanically supporting electronic components. While liquid metal in general can be used to fabricate soft and stretchable circuits, magnetic liquid metal is appealing because it can be used for self-healing electronics and actuators by external magnetic fields. Liquid metal can be rendered into particles that can then be used for sensors and catalysts through sonication. We used this feature to produce "novel" conductive and magnetic particles. Mixing ferromagnetic iron particles into the liquid metal (gallium) produces conductive ferrofluids that can be rendered into gallium-coated iron particles by sonication. The gallium shell of the particles is extremely soft, while the rigid iron core can induce high friction in response to mechanical pressure; thus, hand-sintering of the particles can be used to directly write the conductive traces when the particles are cast as a film on elastic substrates. The surface topography of the particles can be manipulated by forming GaOOH crystals through sonication in DI water, thus resulting in nonwettable circuit boards. These gallium-coated iron particles dispersed in uncured elastomer can be assembled to form conductive microwires with the application of magnetic fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seoyeon Kim
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Sihyun Kim
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Kyeongmin Hong
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Sungjune Park
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yang B, Zhao Y, Ali MU, Ji J, Yan H, Zhao C, Cai Y, Zhang C, Meng H. Asymmetrically Enhanced Coplanar-Electrode Electroluminescence for Information Encryption and Ultrahighly Stretchable Displays. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2201342. [PMID: 35641318 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Traditional alternating-current-driven electroluminescent (AC-EL) devices adopting a sandwich structure are commonly used in solid-state lighting and displays, while the emerging coplanar-electrode alternating-current-driven light-emitting variants manifest excellent application prospects in intelligent, multifunctional, and full-color displays, and sensing purposes. In this work, an asymmetrically enhanced coplanar-electrode AC-EL device with a universal and straightforward architecture is designed based on the impedance adjustment strategy. This newly devised asymmetric structure extends the functionalities of the coplanar-electrode AC-EL devices by overcoming the bottlenecks of complicated patterning procedures and high driving voltages of symmetric configuration. The developed device design enables a new type of information encryption and ultrahighly stretchable patterned displays. Notably, the novel encryption appliances demonstrate feasible encryption/decryption features, multiple encryptions, and practical applicability; the biaxially stretchable display devices achieve the highest tensile performance in the field of stretchable electroluminescent pattern displays, and outperform the ultrahighly stretchable sandwich devices in terms of simple patterning process, higher brightness, wider color gamut, and long-term stability. The proposed configuration opens up new avenues for AC-EL devices toward a plethora of smart applications in wearable electronics with intelligent displays, dynamic interaction of human-machine interface, and soft robotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biao Yang
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yiqian Zhao
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Muhammad Umair Ali
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute(TBSI), Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Junpeng Ji
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hao Yan
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Changbin Zhao
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yulu Cai
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chaohong Zhang
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hong Meng
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lee GH, Woo H, Yoon C, Yang C, Bae JY, Kim W, Lee DH, Kang H, Han S, Kang SK, Park S, Kim HR, Jeong JW, Park S. A Personalized Electronic Tattoo for Healthcare Realized by On-the-Spot Assembly of an Intrinsically Conductive and Durable Liquid-Metal Composite. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2204159. [PMID: 35702762 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Conventional electronic (e-) skins are a class of thin-film electronics mainly fabricated in laboratories or factories, which is incapable of rapid and simple customization for personalized healthcare. Here a new class of e-tattoos is introduced that can be directly implemented on the skin by facile one-step coating with various designs at multi-scale depending on the purpose of the user without a substrate. An e-tattoo is realized by attaching Pt-decorated carbon nanotubes on gallium-based liquid-metal particles (CMP) to impose intrinsic electrical conductivity and mechanical durability. Tuning the CMP suspension to have low-zeta potential, excellent wettability, and high-vapor pressure enables conformal and intimate assembly of particles directly on the skin in 10 s. Low-cost, ease of preparation, on-skin compatibility, and multifunctionality of CMP make it highly suitable for e-tattoos. Demonstrations of electrical muscle stimulators, photothermal patches, motion artifact-free electrophysiological sensors, and electrochemical biosensors validate the simplicity, versatility, and reliability of the e-tattoo-based approach in biomedical engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gun-Hee Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejin Woo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanwoong Yoon
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Congqi Yang
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Bae
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonsik Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hoon Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Heemin Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungmin Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Kyun Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjun Park
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Ryong Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Woong Jeong
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Steve Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sanchez-Botero L, Shah DS, Kramer-Bottiglio R. Are Liquid Metals Bulk Conductors? ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2109427. [PMID: 35293649 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable electronics have potential in wide-reaching applications including wearables, personal health monitoring, and soft robotics. Many recent advances in stretchable electronics leverage liquid metals, particularly eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn). A variety of EGaIn electromechanical behaviors have been reported, ranging from bulk conductor responses to effectively strain-insensitive responses. However, numerous measurement techniques have been used throughout the literature, making it difficult to directly compare the various proposed formulations. Here, the electromechanical responses of EGaIn found in the literature is reviewed and pure EGaIn is investigated using three electrical resistance measurement techniques: four point probe, two point probe, and Wheatstone bridge. The results indicate substantial differences in measured electromechanical behavior between the three methods, which can largely be accounted for by correcting for a fixed offset corresponding to the resistances of various parts of the measurement circuits. Yet, even accounting for several of these sources of experimental error, the average relative change in resistance of EGaIn is found to be lower than that predicted by the commonly used bulk conductor assumption, referred to as Pouillet's law. Building upon recent theories proposed in the literature, possible explanations for the discrepancies are discussed. Finally, suggestions are provided on experimental design to enable reproducible and interpretable research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Sanchez-Botero
- School of Engineering & Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Dylan S Shah
- School of Engineering & Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhao C, Wang Y, Gao L, Xu Y, Fan Z, Liu X, Ni Y, Xuan S, Deng H, Gong X. High-Performance Liquid Metal/Polyborosiloxane Elastomer toward Thermally Conductive Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:21564-21576. [PMID: 35475337 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
With the combination of high flexibility and thermal property, thermally conductive elastomers have played an important role in daily life. However, traditional thermally conductive elastomers display limited stretchability and toughness, seriously restricting their further development in practical applications. Herein, a high-performance composite is fabricated by dispersing room-temperature liquid metal microdroplets (LM) into a polyborosiloxane elastomer (PBSE). Due to the unique solid-liquid coupling mechanism, the LM can deform with the PBSE matrix, achieving higher fracture strain (401%) and fracture toughness (2164 J/m2). Meanwhile, the existence of LM microdroplets improves the thermal conductivity of the composite. Interestingly, the LM/PBSE also exhibits remarkable anti-impact, adhesion capacities under complex loading environments. As a novel stretchable elastomer with enhanced mechanical and thermal behavior, the LM/PBSE shows good application prospects in the fields of thermal camouflages, stretchable heat-dissipation matrixes, and multifunctional shells for electronic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230027, P. R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230027, P. R. China
| | - Liang Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230027, P. R. China
| | - Yunqi Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230027, P. R. China
| | - Ziyang Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230027, P. R. China
| | - Xujing Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230027, P. R. China
| | - Yong Ni
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230027, P. R. China
| | - Shouhu Xuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230027, P. R. China
| | - Huaxia Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230027, P. R. China
| | - Xinglong Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230027, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Xu D, Cao J, Liu F, Zou S, Lei W, Wu Y, Liu Y, Shang J, Li RW. Liquid Metal Based Nano-Composites for Printable Stretchable Electronics. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:2516. [PMID: 35408131 PMCID: PMC9002646 DOI: 10.3390/s22072516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metal (LM) has attracted prominent attention for stretchable and elastic electronics applications due to its exceptional fluidity and conductivity at room temperature. Despite progress in this field, a great disparity remains between material fabrication and practical applications on account of the high surface tension and unavoidable oxidation of LM. Here, the composition and nanolization of liquid metal can be envisioned as effective solutions to the processibility-performance dilemma caused by high surface tension. This review aims to summarize the strategies for the fabrication, processing, and application of LM-based nano-composites. The intrinsic mechanism and superiority of the composition method will further extend the capabilities of printable ink. Recent applications of LM-based nano-composites in printing are also provided to guide the large-scale production of stretchable electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (D.X.); (J.C.); (F.L.); (S.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.)
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinwei Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (D.X.); (J.C.); (F.L.); (S.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.)
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- New Materials Institute, Department of Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Fei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (D.X.); (J.C.); (F.L.); (S.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.)
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Shengbo Zou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (D.X.); (J.C.); (F.L.); (S.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.)
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Wenjuan Lei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (D.X.); (J.C.); (F.L.); (S.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.)
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Yuanzhao Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (D.X.); (J.C.); (F.L.); (S.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.)
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Yiwei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (D.X.); (J.C.); (F.L.); (S.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.)
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jie Shang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (D.X.); (J.C.); (F.L.); (S.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.)
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Run-Wei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (D.X.); (J.C.); (F.L.); (S.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.)
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Li Y, Wang S, Zhang J, Ma X, Cao S, Sun Y, Feng S, Fang T, Kong D. A Highly Stretchable and Permeable Liquid Metal Micromesh Conductor by Physical Deposition for Epidermal Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:13713-13721. [PMID: 35262322 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c25206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable electronics allow functional devices to integrate with human skin seamlessly in an emerging wearable platform termed epidermal electronics. Compliant conductors represent key building components for functional devices. Among the various candidates, gallium-based liquid metals stand out with metallic conductivity and inherent deformability. Currently, the widespread applications of liquid metals in epidermal electronics are hindered by the low steam permeability and hence unpleasant wearing perceptions. In this study, a facile physical deposition approach is established to create a liquid metal micromesh over an elastomer sponge, which exhibits low sheet resistance (∼0.5 Ω sq-1), high stretchability (400% strain), and excellent durability. The porous micromesh shows textile-level permeability to achieve long-term wearing comfort. The conformal interaction of the liquid metal micromesh with the skin gives rise to a low contact impedance. An integrated epidermal sensing sleeve is demonstrated as a human-machine interface to distinguish different hand gestures by recording muscle contractions. The reported stretchable and permeable liquid metal conductor shows promising potentials in next-generation epidermal electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Li
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaolei Wang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxue Zhang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Ma
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Shitai Cao
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuping Sun
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuxuan Feng
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Fang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Desheng Kong
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Guymon GG, Malakooti MH. Multifunctional liquid metal polymer composites. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory G. Guymon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
- Institute for Nano‐Engineered Systems University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
| | - Mohammad H. Malakooti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
- Institute for Nano‐Engineered Systems University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Yao Y, Chen S, Ye J, Cui Y, Deng Z. Self-Assembled Copper Film-Enabled Liquid Metal Core-Shell Composite. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:60660-60671. [PMID: 34898166 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c18824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metal (LM) droplets covered with functional materials, especially metallic, often make breakthroughs in performance and functionality. In this study, self-assembly was used to synthesize copper films on the surface of LM. Herein, using CuO nanoparticles as the monomers, driven by the electrostatic interaction between CuO and eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn) in the alkaline environment, EGaIn@Cu is realized by taking advantage of the reducing property of the EGaIn-alkaline interface. The copper film is smooth and dense, and under its protection, a layer of gallium oxide remains on the reaction interface between copper and LM, which enabled EGaIn@Cu to possess the volt-ampere curves similar to the Schottky mode, showing that the proposed mechanism has the potential to be used in the bottom-up synthesis of the semiconductor junction. Owing to the support of the copper film, the stiffness coefficient of the LM droplet can be increased by 56.9%. Coupled with the melting latent heat of 55.46 J/g and the natural high density of metal, EGaIn@Cu is also a potential phase change capsule. In addition, a method based on stream jetting and self-breaking up mechanisms of LM to batch-produce sub-millimeter capsules was also introduced. The above structural and functional characteristics demonstrate the value of this work in related fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Yao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sen Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jiao Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuntao Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhongshan Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Sequential Oxidation Strategy for the Fabrication of Liquid Metal Electrothermal Thin Film with Desired Printing and Functional Property. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12121539. [PMID: 34945389 PMCID: PMC8709429 DOI: 10.3390/mi12121539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Room temperature liquid metal (LM) showcases a great promise in the fields of flexible functional thin film due to its favorable characteristics of flexibility, inherent conductivity, and printability. Current fabrication strategies of liquid metal film are substrate structure specific and sustain from unanticipated smearing effects. Herein, this paper reported a facile fabrication of liquid metal composite film via sequentially regulating oxidation to change the adhesion characteristics, targeting the ability of electrical connection and electrothermal conversion. The composite film was then made of the electrically resistive layer (oxidizing liquid metal) and the insulating Polyimide film (PI film) substrate, which has the advantages of electrical insulation and ultra-wide temperature working range, and its thickness is only 50 μm. The electrical resistance of composite film can maintain constant for 6 h and could work normally. Additionally, the heating film exhibited excellent thermal switching characteristics that can reach temperature equilibrium within 100 s, and recovery to ambient temperature within 50 s. The maximum working temperature of the as-prepared film is 115 °C, which is consistent with the result of the theoretical calculation, demonstrating a good electrothermal conversion capability. Finally, the heating application under extreme low temperature (−196 °C) was achieved. This conceptual study showed the promising value of the prototype strategy to the specific application areas such as the field of smart homes, flexible electronics, wearable thermal management, and high-performance heating systems.
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhang X, Zhou A, Hu G, Li Y, Zhang K, Liu B, Ning X, Kong D. Solution-based fabrication of mechanically transformative materials for implantable applications. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:6950-6956. [PMID: 34543366 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00808k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Implantable probes and needles represent multifunctional biomedical platforms by integrating sensing, stimulation, and drug delivery capabilities. Conventional rigid probes often result in inflammatory responses due to large mechanical mismatch with soft biological tissues, whereas soft probes with improved long-term performances are difficult to be inserted deep into the compliant biological tissues. An emerging class of mechanically transformative materials addresses the challenge by embedding a phase-change material of gallium within an elastomeric matrix. These materials exhibit high stiffness under ambient conditions to enable facile insertion and compliant mechanical properties after implantations. The widespread implementation of mechanically transformative materials is primarily hindered by the lack of facile fabrication techniques for delicate gallium features. In this study, we introduce a solution-based approach for scalable fabrication of gallium-based mechanically transformative materials, which exhibit bistable mechanical properties with large modulations in the modulus by five orders of magnitude. In a solution-based coating process, gallium features are created based on a patterned copper film and then encapsulated with elastomers to form mechanically transformative materials. The height profile of the gallium feature is controlled by the two-dimensional design of the copper pattern, which provides access to delicate and complex three-dimensional features as exemplified by mechanically transformative indwelling needles with sharp tips. The practical suitability is demonstrated by the in vivo implementation of the indwelling needles for long-term chemotherapy. The excellent biocompatibility enables applications of mechanically transformative biomedical devices in chronic implantable systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China.
| | - Anwei Zhou
- School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.,National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, and Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Centre, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Gaohua Hu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Kuikui Zhang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Bing Liu
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China.
| | - Xinghai Ning
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China. .,National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, and Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Centre, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Desheng Kong
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hong K, Choe M, Kim S, Lee HM, Kim BJ, Park S. An Ultrastretchable Electrical Switch Fiber with a Magnetic Liquid Metal Core for Remote Magnetic Actuation. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2407. [PMID: 34372010 PMCID: PMC8348917 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we describe a soft and ultrastretchable fiber with a magnetic liquid metal (MLM) core for electrical switches used in remote magnetic actuation. MLM was prepared by removing the oxide layer on the liquid metal and subsequent mixing with magnetic iron particles. We used SEBS (poly[styrene-b-(ethylene-co-butylene)-b-styrene]) and silicone to prepare stretchable elastic fibers. Once hollow elastic fibers form, MLM was injected into the core of the fiber at ambient pressure. The fibers are soft (Young's modulus of 1.6~4.4 MPa) and ultrastretchable (elongation at break of 600~5000%) while maintaining electrical conductivity and magnetic property due to the fluidic nature of the core. Magnetic strength of the fibers was characterized by measuring the maximum effective distance between the magnet and the fiber as a function of iron particle concentration in the MLM core and the polymeric shell. The MLM core facilitates the use of the fiber in electrical switches for remote magnetic actuation. This ultrastretchable and elastic fiber with MLM core can be used in soft robotics, and wearable and conformal electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyeongmin Hong
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea; (K.H.); (M.C.); (S.K.)
| | - Minjae Choe
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea; (K.H.); (M.C.); (S.K.)
| | - Seoyeon Kim
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea; (K.H.); (M.C.); (S.K.)
| | - Hye-Min Lee
- R&D Division, Korea Institute of Carbon Convergence Technology, Jeonju 54853, Korea;
| | - Byung-Joo Kim
- Department of Carbon-Nanomaterials Engineering, Jeonju University, 303 Cheonjam-ro, Jeonju 55069, Korea;
| | - Sungjune Park
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea; (K.H.); (M.C.); (S.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Novel Insights into Inkjet Printed Silver Nanowires Flexible Transparent Conductive Films. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147719. [PMID: 34299339 PMCID: PMC8307527 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Silver nanowire (AgNWs) inks for inkjet printing were prepared and the effects of the solvent system, wetting agent, AgNWs suspension on the viscosity, surface tension, contact angle between ink droplet and poly(ethylene) terephthalate (PET) surface, and pH value of AgNWs ink were discussed. Further, AgNWs flexible transparent conductive films were fabricated by using inkjet printing process on the PET substrate, and the effects of the number printing layer, heat treatment temperature, drop frequency, and number of nozzle on the microstructures and photoelectric properties of AgNWs films were investigated in detail. The experimental results demonstrated that the 14-layer AgNWs printed film heated at 60 °C and 70 °C had an average sheet resistance of 13 Ω∙sq−1 and 23 Ω∙sq−1 and average transparency of 81.9% and 83.1%, respectively, and displayed good photoelectric performance when the inkjet printing parameters were set to the voltage of 20 V, number of nozzles of 16, drop frequency of 7000 Hz, droplet spacing of 15 μm, PET substrate temperatures of 40 °C and nozzles of 35 °C during printing, and heat treatment at 60 °C for 20 min. The accumulation and overflow of AgNWs at the edges of the linear pattern were observed, which resulted in a decrease in printing accuracy. We successfully printed the heart-shaped pattern and then demonstrated that it could work well. This showed that the well-defined pattern with good photoelectric properties can be obtained by using an inkjet printing process with silver nanowires ink as inkjet material.
Collapse
|