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Wang CH, Lin YC, Bhunia S, Feng Y, Kundu P, Stern CL, Chen PL, Stoddart JF, Horie M. Photosalience and Thermal Phase Transitions of Azobenzene- and Crown Ether-Based Complexes in Polymorphic Crystals. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:21378-21386. [PMID: 37733877 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive molecular crystals have attracted considerable attention as promising smart materials with applications in various fields such as sensing, actuation, and optoelectronics. Understanding the structure-mechanical property relationships, however, remains largely unexplored when it comes to functionalizing these organic crystals. Here, we report three polymorphic crystals (Forms A, B, and C) formed by the non-threaded complexation of a dibenzo[18]crown-6 (DB18C6) ether ring and an azobenzene-based ammonium cation, each exhibiting distinct thermal phase transitions, photoinduced deformations, and mechanical behavior. Structural changes on going from Form A to Form B and from Form C to Form B during heating and cooling, respectively, are observed by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Form A shows photoinduced reversible bending, whereas Form B exhibits isotropic expansion. Form C displays uniaxial negative expansion with a remarkable increase of 44% in thickness under photoirradiation. Force measurements and nanoindentation reveal that the soft crystals of Form A with a low elastic modulus demonstrate a significant photoresponse, attributed to the non-threaded molecular structure, which permits flexibility of the azobenzene unit. This work represents a significant advance in the understanding of the correlation between structure-thermomechanical and structure-photomechanical properties necessary for the development of multi-stimulus-responsive materials with tailored properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hsien Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chia Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Surojit Bhunia
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yuanning Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Pramita Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Charlotte L Stern
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Pei-Lin Chen
- Instrumentation Center, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Masaki Horie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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Wang CH, Chang HK, Chen KJ, Huang DH, Chang CJ, Huang KH, Chiu YD, Horie M. Facile Photoresponsive Actuators Based on Ferrocene-Doped Poly(butyl methacrylate). ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:38846-38856. [PMID: 37537978 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c07788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents facile photoresponsive actuators comprising ferrocene as a guest chromophore and poly(butyl methacrylate) (PBMA) as a host matrix. The ferrocene-doped PBMA film exhibits mechanical expansion and contraction when a 445 nm laser is turned on and off, respectively. The photoresponsive film is attached by a commercially available acetylcellulose adhesive tape, which exhibits a bending motion that is controlled by turning the laser on and off. Thereafter, the double-layer film is employed to fabricate a table-shaped lifting machine (0.7 mg) that lifts a 10.5 mg object up and down by turning the laser on and off, respectively, and the mechanical force offered by the double-layer film is recorded. Additionally, the film is coated with gold and applied to an electric circuit that serves as a reversible photoresponsive switch. This film preparation technique is applied to other chromophores (e.g., Coumarin 343, Rhodamine 6G, Sudan Blue II, and Solvent Green 3) to independently control the motions of the films with 445, 520, and 655 nm lasers. The ferrocene-containing films also exhibit photoinduced healing from mechanical damage. Finally, the photoirradiation-accompanied morphological changes in the film are observed via small-angle X-ray scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hsien Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Kai Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Jen Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Dao-Hong Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Ju Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Hung Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yao-De Chiu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Masaki Horie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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Saura-Sanmartin A. Light-responsive rotaxane-based materials: inducing motion in the solid state. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:873-880. [PMID: 37346498 PMCID: PMC10280056 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Light-responsive rotaxane-based solid-state materials are ideal scaffolds in order to develop smart materials due to the properties provided by the mechanical bond, such as control over the dynamics of the components upon application of external stimuli. This perspective aims to highlight the relevance of these materials, by pointing out recent examples of photoresponsive materials prepared from a rotaxanated architecture in which motion of the counterparts and/or macroscopic motion of the interlocked materials are achieved. Although further development is needed, these materials are envisioned as privileged scaffolds which will be used for different advanced applications in the area of molecular machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Saura-Sanmartin
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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Sun B, Ngai JHL, Zhou G, Zhou Y, Li Y. Voltage-Controlled Conversion from CDS to MDS in an Azobenzene-Based Organic Memristor for Information Storage and Logic Operations. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:41304-41315. [PMID: 36041038 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
For organic memristors, non-zero-crossing current-voltage (I-V) curves are often observed, which can be attributed to capacitive effects. If the conversion between the capacitance-dominated state (CDS) and the memristance-dominated state (MDS) can be realized in a controllable manner, more device functions can be obtained. In this work, a two-terminal memristor using a common organic dye, azobenzene (AZB), as the active layer was prepared. It is found that as the applied voltage gradually increases, the device can transition from CDS to MDS. In the low voltage range (<1 V), the device is in CDS, and the capacitance is significantly increased by ∼104 compared to the theoretical value. In the high voltage range (>1 V), the device is in MDS, achieving an HRS (high resistance state)/LRS (low resistance state) resistance ratio of ∼104, and the logic operations are achieved. Through the analysis of the I-V curve, energy diagram of the materials, and computer simulation results, the mechanisms of CDS, MDS, and their conversion are proposed. This work provides an in-depth understanding of the working mechanism of organic memristors and demonstrates the potential of AZB-based organic memristors for information storage and logic display applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai Sun
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST), Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Jenner H L Ngai
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
- Security and Disruptive Technologies, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Guangdong Zhou
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yongzan Zhou
- Department of Mechanics and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Yuning Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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Ferrocene-Containing Pseudorotaxanes in Crystals: Aromatic Interactions with Hammett Correlation. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27051745. [PMID: 35268846 PMCID: PMC8911870 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Single crystals of pseudorotaxanes, [(FcCH2NH2CH2Ar)(DB24C8)][PF6] (DB24C8 = dibenzo[24]crown-8, Fc = Fe(C5H4)(C5H5), Ar = -C6H3-3,4-Cl2, -C6H3-3,4-F2, -C6H4-4-F, -C6H4-4-Cl, -C6H4-4-Br, -C6H3-3-F-4-Me, -C6H4-4-I) and [(FcCH2NH2CH2C6H4-4-Me)(DB24C8)][Ni(dmit)2] (dmit = 1,3-dithiole-2,4,5-dithiolate), were obtained from solutions containing DB24C8 and ferrocenylmethyl(arylmethyl)ammonium. X-ray crystallographic analyses of the pseudorotaxanes revealed that the aryl ring of the axle moiety and the catechol ring of the macrocyclic component were at close centroid distances and parallel or tilted orientation. The structures with parallel aromatic rings showed correlation of the distances between the centroids to Hammett substituent constants of the aryl groups.
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Wu B, Wang C, Li B, Wang C. Light-driven Molecular Magnetic Switch for a Metallofullerene ※. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/a21120564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Wang CH, Chen KJ, Wu TH, Chang HK, Tsuchido Y, Sei Y, Chen PL, Horie M. Ring rotation of ferrocene in interlocked molecules in single crystals. Chem Sci 2021; 12:3871-3875. [PMID: 34163655 PMCID: PMC8179491 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06876d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This work describes unique molecular motions of ferrocene-containing interlocked molecules observed by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The rotational flexibility of ferrocene is achieved using combinations of ferrocene-tethered ammonium and 30-membered ring dibenzo-crown ether. By contrast, ferrocene was locked in the complex with an 18-membered ring dibenzo-crown ether and CH2Cl2. When the complex was heated at 358 K, CH2Cl2 was removed from the complex, which led to drastic structural changes, including a semieclipsed-to-disordered transition of ferrocene and flipping of the dibenzo-crown ether.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hsien Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road Hsinchu 30013 Taiwan
| | - Kai-Jen Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road Hsinchu 30013 Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Huan Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road Hsinchu 30013 Taiwan
| | - Hung-Kai Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road Hsinchu 30013 Taiwan
| | - Yoshitaka Tsuchido
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8503 Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Sei
- Open Facility Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8503 Japan
| | - Pei-Lin Chen
- Instrumentation Center, National Tsing Hua University 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road Hsinchu 30013 Taiwan
| | - Masaki Horie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road Hsinchu 30013 Taiwan
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Suzaki Y, Fukuchi Y, Tadami H, Koizumi TA, Osakada K, Ide T, Horie M, Hoshino N, Akutagawa T. Further investigations of the crystal-to-crystal phase transition of a [2]pseudorotaxane composed of ferrocene-terminated dialkylammonium and dibenzo[24]crown-8-ether. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce00457c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A pseudorotaxane with different or mixed counter anions undergoes thermal phase transition, which is related to the interaction between the counter anion and macrocyclic component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Suzaki
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagastuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Yugo Fukuchi
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagastuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroko Tadami
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagastuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Take-aki Koizumi
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagastuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
- Advanced Instrumental Analysis Center, Shizuoka Institute of Science and Technology, 2200-2 Toyosawa, Fukuroi, Shizuoka 437-8555, Japan
| | - Kohtaro Osakada
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagastuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Tomohito Ide
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tokyo College, 1220-2 Kunugida-machi, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 193-0097, Japan
| | - Masaki Horie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing-Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Norihisa Hoshino
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Akutagawa
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
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