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Ruiz-Preciado LA, Pešek P, Guerra-Yánez C, Ghassemlooy Z, Zvánovec S, Hernandez-Sosa G. Inkjet-printed high-performance and mechanically flexible organic photodiodes for optical wireless communication. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3296. [PMID: 38332022 PMCID: PMC10853278 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53796-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Emerging areas such as the Internet of Things (IoT), wearable and wireless sensor networks require the implementation of optoelectronic devices that are cost-efficient, high-performing and capable of conforming to different surfaces. Organic semiconductors and their deposition via digital printing techniques have opened up new possibilities for optical devices that are particularly suitable for these innovative fields of application. In this work, we present the fabrication and characterization of high-performance organic photodiodes (OPDs) and their use as an optical receiver in an indoor visible light communication (VLC) system. We investigate and compare different device architectures including spin-coated, partially-printed, and fully-printed OPDs. The presented devices exhibited state-of-the-art performance and reached faster detection speeds than any other OPD previously reported as organic receivers in VLC systems. Finally, our results demonstrate that the high-performance of the fabricated OPDs can be maintained in the VLC system even after the fabrication method is transferred to a fully-inkjet-printed process deposited on a mechanically flexible substrate. A comparison between rigid and flexible samples shows absolute differences of only 0.2 b s-1 Hz-1 and 2.9 Mb s-1 for the spectral efficiency and the data rate, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Arturo Ruiz-Preciado
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstr. 13, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- InnovationLab, Speyererstr. 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petr Pešek
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Dejvice-Praha 6, 16627, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Carlos Guerra-Yánez
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Dejvice-Praha 6, 16627, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zabih Ghassemlooy
- Optical Communications Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Stanislav Zvánovec
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Dejvice-Praha 6, 16627, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Gerardo Hernandez-Sosa
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstr. 13, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
- InnovationLab, Speyererstr. 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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Zhao Y, Chen N, Deng B, Wu L, Wang S, Grandidier B, Proust J, Plain J, Xu T. Plasmonic-Enhanced Tunable Near-Infrared Photoresponse for Narrowband Organic Photodetectors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:49436-49446. [PMID: 37821424 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) narrowband organic photodetectors (OPDs) can be essential building blocks for emerging applications including wireless optical communication and light detection, but further improvement of their performances remains to be a great challenge. Herein, a light manipulation strategy combining solution-processable gold nanorings (AuNRs)-based hole transporting layer (HTL) and an optical microcavity is proposed to achieve high-performance NIR narrowband OPDs. Optical microcavities with a Fabry-Pérot resonator structure, guided by theoretical simulation, are coupled with PM6:BTP-eC9-based OPDs to exhibit highly tunable NIR selectivity. The further integration of AuNRs array with NIR-customized localized surface plasmon resonance in the HTL of the NIR narrowband OPDs enables evident NIR absorption enhancement, yielding a specific detectivity exceeding 1013 Jones (1.5 × 1012 Jones, calculated from noise spectral density) at 820 nm, along with a finely selective photoresponse (full width at half-maximum of 80 nm) and a 3-fold increase in photocurrent intensity. Finally, the practical application of our OPDs is demonstrated in an NIR communication system. These results reveal the great potential of an appropriate optical design for developing highly performing NIR narrowband OPDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanglin Zhao
- Sino-European School of Technology, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Chen
- Sino-European School of Technology, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China
| | - Baozhong Deng
- Sino-European School of Technology, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China
| | - Lifang Wu
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China
| | - Shenghao Wang
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China
| | - Bruno Grandidier
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, Junia-ISEN, UMR 8520─IEMN, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Julien Proust
- Light, Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies (L2n), CNRS ERL 7004, University of Technology of Troyes, F-10004 Troyes, France
| | - Jérôme Plain
- Light, Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies (L2n), CNRS ERL 7004, University of Technology of Troyes, F-10004 Troyes, France
| | - Tao Xu
- Sino-European School of Technology, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China
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Cho S, Heo C, Lim Y, Oh S, Minami D, Yu M, Chun H, Yun S, Seo H, Fang F, Park J, Ham C, Shin J, Choi T, Lim J, Kim H, Hong HR, Shibuya H, Yi J, Choi B, Park K. Small Molecule Based Organic Photo Signal Receiver for High-Speed Optical Wireless Communications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2203715. [PMID: 36192160 PMCID: PMC9661864 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The present work describes the development of an organic photodiode (OPD) receiver for high-speed optical wireless communication. To determine the optimal communication design, two different types of photoelectric conversion layers, bulk heterojunction (BHJ) and planar heterojunction (PHJ), are compared. The BHJ-OPD device has a -3 dB bandwidth of 0.65 MHz (at zero bias) and a maximum of 1.4 MHz (at -4 V bias). A 150 Mbps single-channel visible light communication (VLC) data rate using this device by combining preequalization and machine learning (ML)-based digital signal processing (DSP) is demonstrated. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the highest data rate ever achieved on an OPD-based VLC system by a factor of 40 over the previous fastest reported. Additionally, the proposed OPD receiver achieves orders of magnitude higher spectral efficiency than the previously reported organic photovoltaic (OPV)-based receivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonghyeon Cho
- Dept. of Information and Telecommunication EngineeringIncheon National UniversityIncheon‐si22012Republic of Korea
| | - Chul‐Joon Heo
- Organic Materials LaboratorySamsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT)Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd.130 Samsung‐ro, Yeongtong‐guSuwon‐siGyeonggi‐do443‐803Republic of Korea
| | - Younhee Lim
- Organic Materials LaboratorySamsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT)Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd.130 Samsung‐ro, Yeongtong‐guSuwon‐siGyeonggi‐do443‐803Republic of Korea
| | - Seoyeon Oh
- Dept. of Information and Telecommunication EngineeringIncheon National UniversityIncheon‐si22012Republic of Korea
| | - Daiki Minami
- CSE teamInnovation CenterSamsung Electronics Co. Ltd.1 Samsungjeonja‐roHwasung‐siGyeonggi‐do18448Republic of Korea
| | - Minseok Yu
- Dept. of Information and Telecommunication EngineeringIncheon National UniversityIncheon‐si22012Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunchae Chun
- Dept. of Information and Telecommunication EngineeringIncheon National UniversityIncheon‐si22012Republic of Korea
- Energy Excellence & Smart City Lab., Incheon National UniversityIncheon‐si22012Republic of Korea
| | - Sungyoung Yun
- Organic Materials LaboratorySamsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT)Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd.130 Samsung‐ro, Yeongtong‐guSuwon‐siGyeonggi‐do443‐803Republic of Korea
| | - Hwijoung Seo
- Organic Materials LaboratorySamsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT)Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd.130 Samsung‐ro, Yeongtong‐guSuwon‐siGyeonggi‐do443‐803Republic of Korea
| | - Feifei Fang
- Organic Materials LaboratorySamsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT)Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd.130 Samsung‐ro, Yeongtong‐guSuwon‐siGyeonggi‐do443‐803Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong‐Il Park
- Organic Materials LaboratorySamsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT)Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd.130 Samsung‐ro, Yeongtong‐guSuwon‐siGyeonggi‐do443‐803Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Ham
- Organic Materials LaboratorySamsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT)Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd.130 Samsung‐ro, Yeongtong‐guSuwon‐siGyeonggi‐do443‐803Republic of Korea
| | - Jisoo Shin
- Organic Materials LaboratorySamsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT)Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd.130 Samsung‐ro, Yeongtong‐guSuwon‐siGyeonggi‐do443‐803Republic of Korea
| | - Taejin Choi
- Organic Materials LaboratorySamsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT)Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd.130 Samsung‐ro, Yeongtong‐guSuwon‐siGyeonggi‐do443‐803Republic of Korea
| | - Juhyung Lim
- Organic Materials LaboratorySamsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT)Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd.130 Samsung‐ro, Yeongtong‐guSuwon‐siGyeonggi‐do443‐803Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong‐Ju Kim
- Organic Materials LaboratorySamsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT)Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd.130 Samsung‐ro, Yeongtong‐guSuwon‐siGyeonggi‐do443‐803Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Rim Hong
- Organic Materials LaboratorySamsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT)Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd.130 Samsung‐ro, Yeongtong‐guSuwon‐siGyeonggi‐do443‐803Republic of Korea
| | - Hiromasa Shibuya
- Organic Materials LaboratorySamsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT)Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd.130 Samsung‐ro, Yeongtong‐guSuwon‐siGyeonggi‐do443‐803Republic of Korea
| | - Jeoungin Yi
- Organic Materials LaboratorySamsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT)Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd.130 Samsung‐ro, Yeongtong‐guSuwon‐siGyeonggi‐do443‐803Republic of Korea
| | - Byoungki Choi
- Organic Materials LaboratorySamsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT)Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd.130 Samsung‐ro, Yeongtong‐guSuwon‐siGyeonggi‐do443‐803Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung‐Bae Park
- Organic Materials LaboratorySamsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT)Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd.130 Samsung‐ro, Yeongtong‐guSuwon‐siGyeonggi‐do443‐803Republic of Korea
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Liu Q, Zeiske S, Jiang X, Desta D, Mertens S, Gielen S, Shanivarasanthe R, Boyen HG, Armin A, Vandewal K. Electron-donating amine-interlayer induced n-type doping of polymer:nonfullerene blends for efficient narrowband near-infrared photo-detection. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5194. [PMID: 36057674 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32845-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherently narrowband near-infrared organic photodetectors are highly desired for many applications, including biological imaging and surveillance. However, they suffer from a low photon-to-charge conversion efficiencies and utilize spectral narrowing techniques which strongly rely on the used material or on a nano-photonic device architecture. Here, we demonstrate a general and facile approach towards wavelength-selective near-infrared phtotodetection through intentionally n-doping 500-600 nm-thick nonfullerene blends. We show that an electron-donating amine-interlayer can induce n-doping, resulting in a localized electric field near the anode and selective collection of photo-generated carriers in this region. As only weakly absorbed photons reach this region, the devices have a narrowband response at wavelengths close to the absorption onset of the blends with a high spectral rejection ratio. These spectrally selective photodetectors exhibit zero-bias external quantum efficiencies of ~20-30% at wavelengths of 900-1100 nm, with a full-width-at-half-maximum of ≤50 nm, as well as detectivities of >1012 Jones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Liu
- Hasselt University, Agoralaan 1, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium. .,IMOMEC Division, IMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Stefan Zeiske
- Department of Physics, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Xueshi Jiang
- Hasselt University, Agoralaan 1, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,IMOMEC Division, IMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Derese Desta
- Hasselt University, Agoralaan 1, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,IMOMEC Division, IMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Sigurd Mertens
- Hasselt University, Agoralaan 1, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,IMOMEC Division, IMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Sam Gielen
- Hasselt University, Agoralaan 1, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,IMOMEC Division, IMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Rachith Shanivarasanthe
- Hasselt University, Agoralaan 1, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,IMOMEC Division, IMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Hans-Gerd Boyen
- Hasselt University, Agoralaan 1, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,IMOMEC Division, IMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ardalan Armin
- Department of Physics, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Koen Vandewal
- Hasselt University, Agoralaan 1, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium. .,IMOMEC Division, IMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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