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Guerrero I, Viñas C, Teixidor F, Romero I. Unveiling Non-Covalent Interactions in Novel Cooperative Photoredox Systems for Efficient Alkene Oxidation in Water. Molecules 2024; 29:2378. [PMID: 38792238 PMCID: PMC11123843 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
A new cooperative photoredox catalytic system, [RuII(trpy)(bpy)(H2O)][3,3'-Co(8,9,12-Cl3-1,2-C2B9H8)2]2, 5, has been synthesized and fully characterized for the first time. In this system, the photoredox catalyst [3,3'-Co(8,9,12-Cl3-1,2-C2B9H8)2]-[Cl6-1]-, a metallacarborane, and the oxidation catalyst [RuII(trpy)(bpy)(H2O)]2+, 2 are linked by non-covalent interactions. This compound, along with the one previously synthesized by us, [RuII(trpy)(bpy)(H2O)][(3,3'-Co(1,2-C2B9H11)2]2, 4, are the only examples of cooperative molecular photocatalysts in which the catalyst and photosensitizer are not linked by covalent bonds. Both cooperative systems have proven to be efficient photocatalysts for the oxidation of alkenes in water through Proton Coupled Electron Transfer processes (PCETs). Using 0.05 mol% of catalyst 4, total conversion values were achieved after 15 min with moderate selectivity for the corresponding epoxides, which decreases with reaction time, along with the TON values. However, with 0.005 mol% of catalyst, the conversion values are lower, but the selectivity and TON values are higher. This occurs simultaneously with an increase in the amount of the corresponding diol for most of the substrates studied. Photocatalyst 4 acts as a photocatalyst in both the epoxidation of alkenes and their hydroxylation in aqueous medium. The hybrid system 5 shows generally higher conversion values at low loads compared to those obtained with 4 for most of the substrates studied. However, the selectivity values for the corresponding epoxides are lower even after 15 min of reaction. This is likely due to the enhanced oxidizing capacity of CoIV in catalyst 5, resulting from the presence of more electron-withdrawing substituents on the metallacarborane platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Guerrero
- Institut de Ciencia de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (I.G.); (C.V.)
| | - Clara Viñas
- Institut de Ciencia de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (I.G.); (C.V.)
| | - Francesc Teixidor
- Institut de Ciencia de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (I.G.); (C.V.)
| | - Isabel Romero
- Departament de Química and Serveis Tècnics de Recerca, Universitat de Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Campmany, 69, E-17003 Girona, Spain
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Affès S, Stamatelou AM, Fontrodona X, Kabadou A, Viñas C, Teixidor F, Romero I. Enhancing Photoredox Catalysis in Aqueous Environments: Ruthenium Aqua Complex Derivatization of Graphene Oxide and Graphite Rods for Efficient Visible-Light-Driven Hybrid Catalysts. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:507-519. [PMID: 38114421 PMCID: PMC10788860 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c13156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
A ruthenium aqua photoredox catalyst has been successfully heterogeneneized on graphene oxide (GO@trans-fac-3) and graphite rods (GR@trans-fac-3) for the first time and have proven to be sustainable and easily reusable systems for the photooxidation of alcohols in water, in mild and green conditions. We report here the synthesis and total characterization of two Ru(II)-polypyridyl complexes, the chlorido trans-fac-[RuCl(bpea-pyrene)(bpy)](PF6) (trans-fac-2) and the aqua trans-fac-[Ru(bpea-pyrene)(bpy)OH2](PF6)2 (trans-fac-3), both containing the N-tridentate, 1-[bis(pyridine-2-ylmethyl)amino]methylpyrene (bpea-pyrene), and 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) ligands. In both complexes, only a single isomer, the trans-fac, has been detected in solution and in the solid state. The aqua complex trans-fac-3 displays bielectronic redox processes in water, assigned to the Ru(IV/II) couple. The trans-fac-3 complex has been heterogenized on different types of supports, (i) on graphene oxide (GO) through π-stacking interactions between the pyrene group of the bpea-pyrene ligand and the GO and (ii) both on glassy carbon electrodes (GC) and on graphite rods (GR) through oxidative electropolymerization of the pyrene group, which yield stable heterogeneous photoredox catalysts. GO@trans-fac-3- and GR/poly trans-fac-3-modified electrodes were fully characterized by spectroscopic and electrochemical methods. Trans-fac-3 and GO@trans-fac-3 photocatalysts (without a photosensitizer) showed good catalytic efficiency in the photooxidation of alcohols in water under mild conditions and using visible light. Both photocatalysts display high selectivity values (>99%) even for primary alcohols in accordance with the presence of two-electron transfer processes (2e-/2H+). GO@trans-fac-3 keeps intact its homogeneous catalytic properties but shows an enhancement in yields. GO@trans-fac-3 can be easily recycled by filtration and reused for up to five runs without any significant loss of catalytic activity. Graphite rods (GR@trans-fac-3) were also evaluated as heterogeneous photoredox catalysts showing high turnover numbers (TON) and selectivity values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syrine Affès
- Departament
de Química and Serveis Tècnics de Recerca, Universitat de Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Campmany, 69, Girona E-17003, Spain
- Laboratoire
des Sciences des Matériaux et d’Environnement, Faculté
des Sciences, Université de Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisie
| | - Akrivi-Maria Stamatelou
- Departament
de Química and Serveis Tècnics de Recerca, Universitat de Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Campmany, 69, Girona E-17003, Spain
| | - Xavier Fontrodona
- Departament
de Química and Serveis Tècnics de Recerca, Universitat de Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Campmany, 69, Girona E-17003, Spain
| | - Ahlem Kabadou
- Laboratoire
des Sciences des Matériaux et d’Environnement, Faculté
des Sciences, Université de Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisie
| | - Clara Viñas
- Institut
de Ciencia de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra E-08193, Spain
| | - Francesc Teixidor
- Institut
de Ciencia de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra E-08193, Spain
| | - Isabel Romero
- Departament
de Química and Serveis Tècnics de Recerca, Universitat de Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Campmany, 69, Girona E-17003, Spain
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Kumar S, Kumar M, Bhalla V. Cobalt-Centered Supramolecular Nanoensemble for Regulated Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols and "One-Pot" Synthesis of Quinazolin-4(3 H)-ones. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:49246-49258. [PMID: 37844300 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
The supramolecular assemblies of the donor-acceptor (D-A) system Im-Tpy, having phenanthro[9,10-d]imidazole as the donor and terpyridyl group as the acceptor unit, have been developed, which serve as supramolecular host to stabilize Co(II) in its nanoform. The as-prepared supramolecular nanoensemble Im-Tpy@Co in DMSO:water (7:3) shows high thermal stability and photostability. Even in the case of solvent mismatch, i.e., on dilution with cosolvent THF/DMSO, insignificant changes were observed in the size/morphology of the nanoensemble. The as-prepared Im-Tpy@Co nanoensemble in low catalytic loading (0.1 mol % of Co) catalyzes the oxidation of a wide variety of alcohols to aromatic aldehydes/ketones using visible light radiations as the source of energy without the need of any additive at room temperature. In comparison to already reported systems, the Im-Tpy@Co nanoensemble exhibits high turnover numbers (TONs) and turnover frequencies (TOFs). The practical application of the catalytic system has also been demonstrated in the gram-scale synthesis of 4-chlorobenzaldehyde. The Im-Tpy@Co nanoensemble exhibits recyclability up to four catalytic cycles with insignificant leaching and morphological changes. The present study also demonstrates the catalytic activity of the Im-Tpy@Co nanoensemble in "one-pot" synthesis of quinazolin-4(3H)-ones from 2-aminobenzamide and primary alcohols with better efficiency in comparison to other transition-metal-based catalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Sponsored-Centre of Advance Studies-II, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Sponsored-Centre of Advance Studies-II, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Vandana Bhalla
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Sponsored-Centre of Advance Studies-II, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
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4
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Xavier JAM, Fuentes I, Nuez-Martínez M, Viñas C, Teixidor F. Single stop analysis of a protein surface using molecular probe electrochemistry. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:8422-8432. [PMID: 37563960 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb00816a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Visualization of a protein in its native form and environment without any interference has always been a challenging task. Contrary to the assumption that protein surfaces are smooth, they are in fact highly irregular with undulating surfaces. Hence, in this study, we have tackled this ambiguous nature of the 'surface' of a protein by considering the 'effective' protein surface (EPS) with respect to its interaction with the geometrically well-defined and structurally inert anionic molecule [3,3'-Co(1,2-C2B9H11)2]-, abbreviated as [o-COSAN]-, whose stability, propensity for amine residues, and self-assembling abilities are well reported. This study demonstrates the intricacies of protein surfaces exploiting simple electrochemical measurements using a 'small molecule' redox-active probe. This technique offers the advantage of not utilizing any harsh experimental conditions that could alter the native structure of the protein and hence the protein integrity is retained. Identification of the amino acid residues which are most involved in the interactions with [3,3'-Co(1,2-C2B9H11)2]- and how a protein's environment affects these interactions can help in gaining insights into how to modify proteins to optimize their interactions particularly in the fields of drug design and biotechnology. In this research, we have demonstrated that [3,3'-Co(1,2-C2B9H11)2]- anionic small molecules are excellent candidates for studying and visualizing protein surfaces in their natural environment and allow proteins to be classified according to the surface composition, which imparts their properties. [3,3'-Co(1,2-C2B9H11)2]- 'viewed' each protein surface differently and hence has the potential to act as a simple and easy to handle cantilever for measuring and picturing protein surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jewel Ann Maria Xavier
- Institut de Ciencia de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Isabel Fuentes
- Institut de Ciencia de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Miquel Nuez-Martínez
- Institut de Ciencia de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Clara Viñas
- Institut de Ciencia de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Francesc Teixidor
- Institut de Ciencia de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, Spain.
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5
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Cui F, Xi L, Wang D, Tan X, Li J, Li T. Functional magnetic nanoparticles combined with molecular dynamics technology to screen quorum sensing inhibitors from natural substances: Accuracy, efficiency and high throughput. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Chen M, Xu J, Zhao D, Sun F, Tian S, Tu D, Lu C, Yan H. Site-Selective Functionalization of Carboranes at the Electron-Rich Boron Vertex: Photocatalytic B-C Coupling via a Carboranyl Cage Radical. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205672. [PMID: 35670361 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Functionalization of carboranes in a vertex-specific manner is a perennial challenge. Here, we report a photocatalytic B-C coupling for the selective functionalization of carboranes at the boron site which is most distal to carbon. This reaction was achieved by the photo-induced decarboxylation of carborane carboxylic acids to generate boron vertex-centered carboranyl radicals. Theoretical calculations also demonstrate that the reaction more easily occurs at the boron site bearing higher electron density owing to the lower energy barrier for a single-electron transfer to generate a carboranyl radical. By using this strategy, a number of functionalized carboranes could be accessed through alkylation, alkenylation, and heteroarylation under mild conditions. Moreover, both a highly efficient blue emitter with a solid-state luminous efficiency of 42 % and a drug candidate for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) containing targeting and fluorine units were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jingkai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Deshi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Fangxiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Songlin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Deshuang Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Changsheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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7
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Russo C, Brunelli F, Tron GC, Giustiniano M. Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysis in Water. J Org Chem 2022; 88:6284-6293. [PMID: 35700388 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The use of water in organic synthesis draws attention to its green chemistry features and its unique ability to unveil unconventional reactivities. Herein, literature about the use of water as a reaction medium under visible-light photocatalytic conditions is summarized in order to highlight challenges and opportunities. Accordingly, this Synopsis has been divided into four different sections focused on (1) the unconventional role of water in photocatalytic reactions, (2) in-/on-water reactions, (3) water-soluble photocatalysts, and (4) photomicellar catalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Russo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesca Brunelli
- Department of Drug Science, University of Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Gian Cesare Tron
- Department of Drug Science, University of Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Giustiniano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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8
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Chen M, Xu J, Zhao D, Sun F, Tian S, Tu D, Lu C, Yan H. Site‐Selective Functionalization of Carboranes at Electron‐Rich Boron Vertex: Photocatalytic B‐C Coupling via a Carboranyl Cage Radical. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Chen
- Nanjing University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Jingkai Xu
- Nanjing University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Deshi Zhao
- Nanjing University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Fangxiang Sun
- Nanjing University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Songlin Tian
- Nanjing University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Deshuang Tu
- Nanjing University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Changsheng Lu
- Nanjing University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Hong Yan
- Nanjing University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 22 Hankou Rd. 210093 Nanjing CHINA
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9
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Teixidor F, Viñas C, Planas JG, Romero I, Núñez R. Advances in the catalytic and photocatalytic behavior of carborane derived metal complexes. ADVANCES IN CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.acat.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Clerich E, Affès S, Anticó E, Fontrodona X, Teixidor F, Romero I. Molecular and supported ruthenium complexes as photoredox oxidation catalysts in water. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi01504h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A molecular Ru-OH2 complex supported on rGO through non-covalent interactions performs as a photoredox oxidation catalyst in water, without an additional photosensitizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enric Clerich
- Departament de Química and Serveis Tècnics de Recerca, Universitat de Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Campmany, 69, E-17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Syrine Affès
- Departament de Química and Serveis Tècnics de Recerca, Universitat de Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Campmany, 69, E-17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Enriqueta Anticó
- Departament de Química and Serveis Tècnics de Recerca, Universitat de Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Campmany, 69, E-17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Xavier Fontrodona
- Departament de Química and Serveis Tècnics de Recerca, Universitat de Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Campmany, 69, E-17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Francesc Teixidor
- Institut de Ciencia de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Isabel Romero
- Departament de Química and Serveis Tècnics de Recerca, Universitat de Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Campmany, 69, E-17003 Girona, Spain
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11
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Bernier NA, Teh J, Reichel D, Zahorsky-Reeves JL, Perez JM, Spokoyny AM. Ex Vivo and In Vivo Evaluation of Dodecaborate-Based Clusters Encapsulated in Ferumoxytol Nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:14500-14508. [PMID: 34843246 PMCID: PMC8761388 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Host-guest interactions represent a growing research area with recent work demonstrating the ability to chemically manipulate both host molecules as well as guest molecules to vary the type and strength of bonding. Much less is known about the interactions of the guest molecules and hybrid materials containing similar chemical features to typical macrocyclic hosts. This work uses in vitro and in vivo kinetic analyses to investigate the interaction of closo-dodecahydrododecaborate derivatives with ferumoxytol, an iron oxide nanoparticle with a carboxylated dextran coating. We find that several boron cluster derivatives can become encapsulated into ferumoxytol, and the lack of pH dependence in these interactions suggests that ion pairing, hydrophobic/hydrophilic interaction, and hydrogen bonding are not the driving force for encapsulation in this system. Biodistribution experiments in BALB/c mice show that this system is nontoxic at the reported dosage and demonstrate that encapsulation of dodecaborate-based clusters in ferumoxytol can alter the biodistribution of the guest molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Bernier
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - James Teh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Derek Reichel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Joanne L. Zahorsky-Reeves
- Division of Lab Animal Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - J. Manuel Perez
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Corresponding Author:,
| | - Alexander M. Spokoyny
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Corresponding Author:,
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Guerrero I, Viñas C, Fontrodona X, Romero I, Teixidor F. Aqueous Persistent Noncovalent Ion-Pair Cooperative Coupling in a Ruthenium Cobaltabis(dicarbollide) System as a Highly Efficient Photoredox Oxidation Catalyst. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:8898-8907. [PMID: 34096276 PMCID: PMC8485323 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An original cooperative photoredox catalytic system, [RuII(trpy)(bpy)(H2O)][3,3'-Co(1,2-C2B9H11)2]2 (C4; trpy = terpyridine and bpy = bipyridine), has been synthesized. In this system, the photoredox metallacarborane catalyst [3,3'-Co(1,2-C2B9H11)2]- ([1]-) and the oxidation catalyst [RuII(trpy)(bpy)(H2O)]2+ (C2') are linked by noncovalent interactions and not through covalent bonds. The noncovalent interactions to a large degree persist even after water dissolution. This represents a step ahead in cooperativity avoiding costly covalent bonding. Recrystallization of C4 in acetonitrile leads to the substitution of water by the acetonitrile ligand and the formation of complex [RuII(trpy)(bpy)(CH3CN)][3,3'-Co(1,2-C2B9H11)2]2 (C5), structurally characterized. A significant electronic coupling between C2' and [1]- was first sensed in electrochemical studies in water. The CoIV/III redox couple in water differed by 170 mV when [1]- had Na+ as a cation versus when the ruthenium complex was the cation. This cooperative system leads to an efficient catalyst for the photooxidation of alcohols in water, through a proton-coupled electron-transfer process. We have highlighted the capacity of C4 to perform as an excellent cooperative photoredox catalyst in the photooxidation of alcohols in water at room temperature under UV irradiation, using 0.005 mol % catalyst. A high turnover number (TON = 20000) has been observed. The hybrid system C4 displays a better catalytic performance than the separated mixtures of C2' and Na[1], with the same concentrations and ratios of Ru/Co, proving the history relevance of the photocatalyst. Cooperative systems with this type of interaction have not been described and represent a step forward in getting cooperativity avoiding costly covalent bonding. A possible mechanism has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Guerrero
- Institut de Ciencia de Materials de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Química and Serveis Tècnics de Recerca, Universitat de Girona, c/m Aurèlia Campmany 69, E-17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Clara Viñas
- Institut de Ciencia de Materials de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Xavier Fontrodona
- Departament de Química and Serveis Tècnics de Recerca, Universitat de Girona, c/m Aurèlia Campmany 69, E-17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Isabel Romero
- Departament de Química and Serveis Tècnics de Recerca, Universitat de Girona, c/m Aurèlia Campmany 69, E-17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Francesc Teixidor
- Institut de Ciencia de Materials de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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