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López Melendez C, Monreal Romero HA, Carreño-Gallardo C, Martinez Mata G, Pacheco Santiesteban R, Pérez Piñon T, Pérez Piñon D, López Aguilar HA, Estrada Macias ME, Chacón-Nava JG. Formation of Olive-like TiO 2 Nanospheres in a Polymeric Mesh by Sol-Gel Method. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1875. [PMID: 39000730 PMCID: PMC11244030 DOI: 10.3390/polym16131875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Olive-like TiO2 (titanium dioxide), nanospheres compounds were synthesized. Polysaccharide (1-3 linked β-D galactapyranose and 1.4-linked 3.6 anyhdro-α-L-galactopyranose and titanium isopropoxide (IV) was used as a precursor in its formation. The powder sample was evaluated by scanning tunneling microscope, X-ray diffraction pattern, power spectral density, fast Fourier transform, differential thermal analysis, continuous wavelet transform, and isotropy texture analysis. The results demonstrate that these nanospheres can successfully be synthesized in a solution using a polysaccharide network by means of the sol-gel method. The synthesized olive-like TiO2 nanospheres have diameters ranging from 50 nm to 500 nm. The synthesis parameters, such as temperature, time, and concentration of the polysaccharide, were controlled in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia López Melendez
- Department of Engineering and Materials, La Salle University, Avenue Lómas de Majalca 1120, Chihuahua CP 31625, Chih., Mexico
| | - Humberto Alejandro Monreal Romero
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Chihuahua (UACH), Avenue University, Chihuahua CP 31000, Chih., Mexico
| | - Caleb Carreño-Gallardo
- Advanced Materials Research Center, S.C. (CIMAV) and National Nanotechnology Laboratory, Avenue M. Cervantes 120, Industrial Complex Chihuahua, Chihuahua CP 31136, Chih., Mexico
| | - Guillermo Martinez Mata
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Chihuahua (UACH), Avenue University, Chihuahua CP 31000, Chih., Mexico
| | - Rosaura Pacheco Santiesteban
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Chihuahua (UACH), Avenue University, Chihuahua CP 31000, Chih., Mexico
| | - Teresa Pérez Piñon
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Chihuahua (UACH), Avenue University, Chihuahua CP 31000, Chih., Mexico
| | - Dagoberto Pérez Piñon
- Department of Polymers and Biomaterials, University of Chihuahua (UACH), University Circuit Campus II, Chihuahua CP 31000, Chih., Mexico
| | - Héctor Alfredo López Aguilar
- Department of Engineering and Materials, La Salle University, Avenue Lómas de Majalca 1120, Chihuahua CP 31625, Chih., Mexico
| | - Marvin Elco Estrada Macias
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Chihuahua (UACH), Avenue University, Chihuahua CP 31000, Chih., Mexico
| | - José Guadalupe Chacón-Nava
- Advanced Materials Research Center, S.C. (CIMAV) and National Nanotechnology Laboratory, Avenue M. Cervantes 120, Industrial Complex Chihuahua, Chihuahua CP 31136, Chih., Mexico
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Yurdabak Karaca G, Bulbul YE, Oksuz AU. Gold-hyaluranic acid micromotors and cold atmospheric plasma for enhanced drug delivery and therapeutic applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127075. [PMID: 37769768 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Micro/nanomotors have emerged as promising platforms for various applications, including drug delivery and controlled release. These tiny machines, built from nanoscale materials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, metal nanoparticles, or nanowires, can convert different forms of energy into mechanical motion. In the field of medicine, nanomotors offer potential for targeted drug delivery and diagnostic applications, revolutionizing areas such as cancer treatment and lab-on-a-chip devices. One prominent material used in drug delivery is hyaluronic acid (HA), known for its biocompatibility and non-immunogenicity. HA-based drug delivery systems have shown promise in improving the efficacy and reducing the toxicity of chemotherapeutic agents like doxorubicin (DOX). Additionally, micro/nanomotors controlled by external stimuli enable precise drug delivery to specific areas of the body. Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) has also emerged as a promising technology for drug delivery, utilizing low-temperature plasma to enhance drug release and bioavailability. CAP offers advantages such as localized delivery and compatibility with various drug types. However, further research is needed to optimize CAP drug delivery systems and understand their mechanisms. In this study, gold-hyaluronic acid (Au-HA) micromotors were synthesized for the first time, utilizing acoustic force for self-motion. The release profile of DOX, a widely used anticancer drug, was investigated in pH-dependent conditions, and the effect of CAP on drug release from the micromotors was examined. Following exposure to the CAP jet for 1 min, the micromotors released approximately 29 μg mL-1 of DOX into the PBS (pH 5), which is significantly higher than the 17 μg mL-1 released without CAP. The research aims to minimize side effects, increase drug loading and release efficiency, and highlight the potential of HA-based micromotors in cancer therapy. This study contributes to the advancement of micro-motor technology and provides insights into the utilization of pH and cold plasma technology for enhancing drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gozde Yurdabak Karaca
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Isparta Health Services Vocational School, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260 Isparta, Turkey.
| | - Y Emre Bulbul
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260 Isparta, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Uygun Oksuz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260 Isparta, Turkey
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Jiang H, He X, Yang M, Hu C. Visible Light-Driven Micromotors in Fuel-Free Environment with Promoted Ion Tolerance. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1827. [PMID: 37368257 DOI: 10.3390/nano13121827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Light-driven electrophoretic micromotors have gained significant attention recently for applications in drug delivery, targeted therapy, biosensing, and environmental remediation. Micromotors that possess good biocompatibility and the ability to adapt to complex external environments are particularly attractive. In this study, we have fabricated visible light-driven micromotors that could swim in an environment with relatively high salinity. To achieve this, we first tuned the energy bandgap of rutile TiO2 that was hydrothermally synthesized, enabling it to generate photogenerated electron-hole pairs under visible light rather than solely under UV. Next, platinum nanoparticles and polyaniline were decorated onto the surface of TiO2 microspheres to facilitate the micromotors swimming in ion-rich environments. Our micromotors exhibited electrophoretic swimming in NaCl solutions with concentrations as high as 0.1 M, achieving a velocity of 0.47 μm/s without the need for additional chemical fuels. The micromotors' propulsion was generated solely by splitting water under visible light illumination, therefore offering several advantages over traditional micromotors, such as biocompatibility and the ability to operate in environments with high ionic strength. These results demonstrated high biocompatibility of photophoretic micromotors and high potential for practical applications in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaide Jiang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaoli He
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chengzhi Hu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Human-Augmentation and Rehabilitation Robotics in Universities, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Zheng C, Song X, Gan Q, Lin J. High-efficiency removal of organic pollutants by visible-light-driven tubular heterogeneous micromotors through a photocatalytic Fenton process. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 630:121-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Arun J, Nachiappan S, Rangarajan G, Alagappan RP, Gopinath KP, Lichtfouse E. Synthesis and application of titanium dioxide photocatalysis for energy, decontamination and viral disinfection: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2023; 21:339-362. [PMID: 36060494 PMCID: PMC9419126 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-022-01503-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Global pollution is calling for advanced methods to remove contaminants from water and wastewater, such as TiO2-assisted photocatalysis. The environmental applications of titanium dioxide have started after the initial TiO2 application for water splitting by Fujishima and Honda in 1972. TiO2 is now used for self-cleaning surfaces, air and water purification systems, microbial inactivation and selective organic conversion. The synthesis of titanium dioxide nanomaterials with high photocatalytic activity is actually a major challenge. Here we review titanium dioxide photocatalysis with focus on mechanims, synthesis, and applications. Synthetic methods include sol-gel, sonochemical, microwave, oxidation, deposition, hydro/solvothermal, and biological techniques. Applications comprise the production of energy, petroleum recovery, and the removal of microplastics, pharmaceuticals, metals, dyes, pesticides, and of viruses such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayaseelan Arun
- Centre for Waste Management-International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Jeppiaar Nagar (OMR), Tamil Nadu, Chennai, 6030119 India
| | - S. Nachiappan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Salalah, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Goutham Rangarajan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, M5S3E5 Canada
| | - Ram Prasath Alagappan
- Department of Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - K. P. Gopinath
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam (OMR), Tamil Nadu, Chennai, 603110 India
| | - Eric Lichtfouse
- European Centre for Research and Education in Geosciences (CEREGE), Aix Marseille University, 13007 Marseille, France
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6
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Fan X, Hu Q, Zhang X, Sun L, Yang Z. Solitary and Collective Motion Behaviors of TiO2 Microrobots under the Coupling of Multiple Light Fields. MICROMACHINES 2022; 14:89. [PMID: 36677151 PMCID: PMC9862000 DOI: 10.3390/mi14010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Due to their fascinating solitary and collective behavior, photochemical microrobots have attracted extensive attention from researchers and have obtained a series of outstanding research progress in recent years. However, due to the limitation of using a single light source, the realization of reconfigurable and controllable motion behaviors of the photochemical microrobot is still facing a series of challenges. To release these restrictions, we reported a multi-light-field-coupling-based method for driving the photochemical microrobot or its swarm in a regulatable manner. Here, we first designed a control system for coupling multiple light sources to realize the programmable application of four light sources in different directions. Then a TiO2-based photochemical microrobot was prepared, with its surface electric field distribution under different lighting conditions estimated by modeling-based simulation, where the feasibility of regulating the microrobot's motion behavior via the proposed setup was verified. Furthermore, our experimental results show that under the action of the compound light fields, we can not only robustly control the motion behavior of a single TiO2 microrobot but also reconfigure its collective behaviors. For example, we realized the free switching of the single TiO2 microrobots' movement direction, and the controllable diffusion, aggregation, the locomotion and merging of TiO2 microrobot swarms. Our discovery would provide potential means to realize the leap-forward control and application of photochemical microrobots from individuals to swarms, as well as the creation of active materials and intelligent synthetic systems.
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Liu T, Xie L, Price CAH, Liu J, He Q, Kong B. Controlled propulsion of micro/nanomotors: operational mechanisms, motion manipulation and potential biomedical applications. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:10083-10119. [PMID: 36416191 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00432a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by natural mobile microorganisms, researchers have developed micro/nanomotors (MNMs) that can autonomously move by transducing different kinds of energies into kinetic energy. The rapid development of MNMs has created tremendous opportunities for biomedical fields including diagnostics, therapeutics, and theranostics. Although the great progress has been made in MNM research, at a fundamental level, the accepted propulsion mechanisms are still a controversial matter. In practical applications such as precision nanomedicine, the precise control of the motion, including the speed and directionality, of MNMs is also important, which makes advanced motion manipulation desirable. Very recently, diverse MNMs with different propulsion strategies, morphologies, sizes, porosities and chemical structures have been fabricated and applied for various uses. Herein, we thoroughly summarize the physical principles behind propulsion strategies, as well as the recent advances in motion manipulation methods and relevant biomedical applications of these MNMs. The current challenges in MNM research are also discussed. We hope this review can provide a bird's eye overview of the MNM research and inspire researchers to create novel and more powerful MNMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China. .,DICP-Surrey Joint Centre for Future Materials, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Lei Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Cameron-Alexander Hurd Price
- DICP-Surrey Joint Centre for Future Materials, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Jian Liu
- DICP-Surrey Joint Centre for Future Materials, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK. .,State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010021, PR China
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China.
| | - Biao Kong
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China. .,Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, China
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Wang J, Dong Y, Ma P, Wang Y, Zhang F, Cai B, Chen P, Liu BF. Intelligent Micro-/Nanorobots for Cancer Theragnostic. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2201051. [PMID: 35385160 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most intractable diseases owing to its high mortality rate and lack of effective diagnostic and treatment tools. Advancements in micro-/nanorobot (MNR)-assisted sensing, imaging, and therapeutics offer unprecedented opportunities to develop MNR-based cancer theragnostic platforms. Unlike ordinary nanoparticles, which exhibit Brownian motion in biofluids, MNRs overcome viscous resistance in an ultralow Reynolds number (Re << 1) environment by effective self-propulsion. This unique locomotion property has motivated the advanced design and functionalization of MNRs as a basis for next-generation cancer-therapy platforms, which offer the potential for precise distribution and improved permeation of therapeutic agents. Enhanced barrier penetration, imaging-guided operation, and biosensing are additionally studied to enable the promising cancer-related applications of MNRs. Herein, the recent advances in MNR-based cancer therapy are comprehensively addresses, including actuation engines, diagnostics, medical imaging, and targeted drug delivery; promising research opportunities that can have a profound impact on cancer therapy over the next decade is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Yue Dong
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Peng Ma
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Fangyu Zhang
- Department of Nano Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Bocheng Cai
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Peng Chen
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Bi-Feng Liu
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
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Li J, He X, Jiang H, Xing Y, Fu B, Hu C. Enhanced and Robust Directional Propulsion of Light-Activated Janus Micromotors by Magnetic Spinning and the Magnus Effect. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:36027-36037. [PMID: 35916408 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c08464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Advances in the versatile design and synthesis of nanomaterials have imparted diverse functionalities to Janus micromotors as autonomous vehicles. However, a significant challenge remains in maneuvering Janus micromotors by following desired trajectories for on-demand motility and intelligent control due to the inherent rotational Brownian motion. Here, we present the enhanced and robust directional propulsion of light-activated Fe3O4@TiO2/Pt Janus micromotors by magnetic spinning and the Magnus effect. Once exposed to a low-intensity rotating magnetic field, the micromotors become physically actuated, and their rotational Brownian diffusion is quenched by the magnetic rotation. Photocatalytic propulsion can be triggered by unidirectional irradiation based on a self-electrophoretic mechanism. Thus, a transverse Magnus force can be generated due to the rotational motion and ballistic motion (photocatalytic propulsion) of the micromotors. Both the self-electrophoretic propulsion and the Magnus force are periodically changed due to the magnetic rotation, which results in an overall directed motion moving toward a trajectory with a deflection angle from the direction of incident light with enhanced speed, maneuverability, and steering robustness. Our study illustrates the admirable directional motion capabilities of light-driven Janus micromotors based on magnetic spinning and the Magnus effect, which unfolds a new paradigm for addressing the limitations of directionality control in the current asymmetric micromotors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjie Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaoli He
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huaide Jiang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yi Xing
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Bi Fu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chengzhi Hu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Human-Augmentation and Rehabilitation Robotics in Universities, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Song X, Tao Y, Liu J, Lin J, Dai P, Wang Q, Li W, Chen W, Zheng C. Photocatalytic-induced bubble-propelled isotropic g-C 3N 4-coated carbon microsphere micromotors for dynamic removal of organic pollutants. RSC Adv 2022; 12:13116-13126. [PMID: 35497017 PMCID: PMC9053031 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01577c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An isotropic bubble-propelled graphitic carbon nitride coated carbon microsphere (g-C3N4@CMS) micromotor that displays efficient self-propulsion powered by visible light irradiation and offers effective dynamic removal of organic pollutants for environmental applications is described. Its morphology, structure, and composition were systematically characterized, confirming the successful coating of g-C3N4 on the CMS surface and a core-shell structure. The photocatalytic-induced bubble propulsion of g-C3N4@CMS micromotors essentially stems from the asymmetrical photocatalytic redox reactions of g-C3N4 on the symmetrical surface of micromotors under visible light illumination. The stacking effect of g-C3N4 on the CMS surface results in a microporous structure that provides a highly reactive photocatalytic layer, which also leads to effective bubble evolution and propulsion at remarkable speeds of over 167.97 μm s-1 under 250 mW cm-2 visible light in the presence of 30% H2O2 fuel. The velocity can be easily and effectively adjusted by H2O2 fuel and the intensity of visible light. Furthermore, the motion state can be reversibly and wirelessly controlled by "switching on/off" light. Such coupling of the high photocatalytic activity of the porous g-C3N4 shell with the rapid movement of these light-driven micromotors, along with the corresponding fluid dynamics and mixing, result in greatly accelerated organic pollutant degradation. The adsorption kinetics have also been investigated and shown to follow pseudo-second-order kinetics. The strategy proposed here would inspire the designing of light-driven symmetrical micromotors because of the low cost, single component, and simple structure as well as facile and large-scale fabrication, which make them suitable for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Song
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian University of Technology 3 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou 350108 PR China
| | - Yulian Tao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian University of Technology 3 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou 350108 PR China
| | - Jialiang Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian University of Technology 3 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou 350108 PR China
| | - Jian Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian University of Technology 3 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou 350108 PR China
| | - Pingqiang Dai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian University of Technology 3 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou 350108 PR China
| | - Qianting Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian University of Technology 3 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou 350108 PR China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian University of Technology 3 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou 350108 PR China .,Institute of Materials Surface Technology, Fujian University of Technology 3 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou 350108 PR China
| | - Wenzhe Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian University of Technology 3 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou 350108 PR China
| | - Chan Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian University of Technology 3 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou 350108 PR China .,Institute of Materials Surface Technology, Fujian University of Technology 3 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou 350108 PR China
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Gao C, Feng Y, Wilson DA, Tu Y, Peng F. Micro-Nano Motors with Taxis Behavior: Principles, Designs, and Biomedical Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2106263. [PMID: 35032145 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202106263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As a novel mobile nanodevice, micro-nano motors (MNMs) can convert the energy of the surrounding environment into mechanical motion. With this unique ability, they promise revolutionary potential in bio-applications including precise drug delivery, bio-sensing, and noninvasive surgery. Yet for practically reaching the target and fulfilling these tasks in dynamically changing bio-environment, environment adaptivity beyond propulsion is important yet challenging. MNMs with taxis behavior/autonomous target-seeking ability offer a desirable solution. These motors can adaptively move to the target location and complete the task. Thanks to the persistent efforts of researchers, tactic MNMs have shown automatic navigation to target under various energy fields, not only in static environments, but also in shear rheological conditions that simulate blood flow. Therefore, tactic motors with self-targeting capability lay a concrete foundation for targeted drug delivery, cell transplantation, and thrombus ablation. This review systematically presents the moving principle, design, and biological applications of tactic MNMs under different energy fields. Through in-depth analysis of state-of-art progress, the obstacles of the field and possible solutions are discussed. With the continuous innovation and breakthroughs of multi-disciplinary researchers, MNMs with taxis behavior are expected to provide a revolutionary solution for cancer and other major diseases in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Ye Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Daniela A Wilson
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, 6525 XZ, The Netherlands
| | - Yingfeng Tu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Fei Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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Kichatov B, Korshunov A, Sudakov V, Petrov O, Gubernov V, Korshunova E, Kolobov A, Kiverin A. Magnetic Nanomotors in Emulsions for Locomotion of Microdroplets. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:10976-10986. [PMID: 35179020 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c23910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The locomotion of droplets in emulsions is of practical significance for fields related to medicine and chemical engineering, which can be done with a magnetic field to move droplets containing magnetic materials. Here, we demonstrate a new method of droplet locomotion in the oil-in-water emulsion with the help of a nonuniform magnetic field in the case where magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are dispersed in the continuous phase of the emulsion. The paper analyses the motion of the droplets in a liquid film and in a capillary for various diameters of droplets, their number density, and viscosity of the continuous phase of the emulsion. It is established that the mechanism of droplet locomotion in the emulsion largely depends on the wettability of MNPs. Hydrophobic nanoparticles are adsorbed on the droplet surfaces, forming the agglomerates of MNPs with the droplets. Such agglomerates move at much higher velocities than passive droplets. Hydrophilic nanoparticles are not adsorbed at the surfaces of the droplets but form mobile magnetic clusters dispersed in the continuous phase of the emulsion. Mobile magnetic clusters set the surrounding liquid and droplets in motion. The results obtained in this paper can be used in drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Kichatov
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Korshunov
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Sudakov
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg Petrov
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences, 125412 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Gubernov
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Korshunova
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrei Kolobov
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Kiverin
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences, 125412 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow State Technical University by N.E. Bauman, 105005 Moscow, Russia
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Oral CM, Ussia M, Yavuz DK, Pumera M. Shape Engineering of TiO 2 Microrobots for "On-the-Fly" Optical Brake. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2106271. [PMID: 34921590 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202106271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid microrobots have recently attracted attention due to their ability to combine different energy sources and/or external stimuli for propulsion and performing desired tasks. Despite progresses in the past, on-demand speed modulation for hybrid microrobots has not been analyzed in detail. Herein, the influence of surface properties and crystallite size on the propulsion mechanism of Pt/TiO2 chemical/light-driven hybrid microrobots is investigated. The morphology of urchin-like Pt/TiO2 microrobots leads to "on-the-fly" optical brake behavior under UV irradiation. In contrast, smooth Pt/TiO2 microrobots demonstrate accelerated motion in the same conditions. The comparison between two types of microrobots also indicates the significance of a high surface area and a high crystallite size to increase their speed. The results demonstrate the profound impact of surface features for next-generation smart micro/nanorobots with on-demand reaction capability in dynamically changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cagatay M Oral
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Ussia
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
| | - Derya Kapusuz Yavuz
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Gaziantep University, Universite Blvd, Sehitkamil, Gaziantep, 27310, Turkey
| | - Martin Pumera
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
- Center for Nanorobotics and Machine Intelligence, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno, 61300, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea
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Ikram M, Hu F, Peng G, Basharat M, Jabeen N, Pan K, Gao Y. Light-Activated Fuel-Free Janus Metal Organic Framework Colloidal Motors for the Removal of Heavy Metal Ions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:51799-51806. [PMID: 34672198 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c16902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Light-powered fuel-free colloidal motors possess significant potential for practical applications ranging from nanomedicine to environmental remediation. However, current light-powered colloidal motors often require the incorporation of expensive metals or high concentrations of toxic chemical fuels, which is a severe limitation for their practical applications. Integrating highly ordered and porous materials with a large surface area into colloidal motors is a promising strategy for upsurging their self-propelled speed and adsorption, which will benefit many applications. Here, highly efficient, fuel-free, and light-activated metal organic framework (MOF)-3-trimethoxysilyl propyl methacrylate Janus colloidal motors with a hierarchical morphology are reported. These colloidal motors can be driven by UV or visible light, with a self-propelled speed tuned by the light intensity. The speed can be further enhanced by morphology optimization or by the addition of H2O2 as a fuel. The colloidal motors display a superior efficiency in removing heavy metal ions of Hg, which is up to ∼90% within 40 min from the contaminated water, attributed to their high surface area, hierarchical morphology, large number of active sites, and high mobility. This work not only offers a facile approach to incorporate a versatile MOF family into the design of fuel-free and light-powered Janus colloidal motors, but also demonstrates their potential for real-life applications such as environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ikram
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Feifan Hu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Guogan Peng
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Majid Basharat
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Nawishta Jabeen
- The University of Lahore, sub campus, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
| | - Ke Pan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongxiang Gao
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
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Kichatov B, Korshunov A, Sudakov V, Gubernov V, Golubkov A, Kiverin A. Superfast Active Droplets as Micromotors for Locomotion of Passive Droplets and Intensification of Mixing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:38877-38885. [PMID: 34351762 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c09912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Micromotors are fascinating objects that are able to move autonomously and perform various complex tasks related to drug delivery, chemical processes, and environmental remediation. Among the types of micromotors, droplet-based micromotors are characterized by a wide range of functional properties related to the capability of encapsulation and deformation and the possibility of using them as microreactors. Relevant problems of micromotor utilization in the chemical processes include intensification of mixing and locomotion of passive objects. In this paper, the technique for preparation of superfast active droplets, which can be used as micromotors for effective locomotion of passive droplets in the oil-in-water emulsion, is demonstrated. The possibility of passive droplet locomotion in the emulsion is determined by a relation between the diameters of active and passive droplets. If the diameter of active droplets is larger than the diameter of passive droplets, the agglomerates form spontaneously in the emulsion and move in a straight line. In the case of the opposite relation between diameters, the agglomerates consisting of active and passive droplets rotate intensively. This makes it impossible to move the passive droplets to a given distance. Such micromotors can achieve unprecedentedly high velocities of motion and can be used to intensify mixing on the microscales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Kichatov
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Korshunov
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Sudakov
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Vladimir Gubernov
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandr Golubkov
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Kiverin
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences, 125412 Moscow, Russia
- Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 105005 Moscow, Russia
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He X, Jiang H, Li J, Ma Y, Fu B, Hu C. Dipole-Moment Induced Phototaxis and Fuel-Free Propulsion of ZnO/Pt Janus Micromotors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2101388. [PMID: 34173337 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202101388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Light-driven micromotors have stimulated considerate interests due to their potentials in biomedicine, environmental remediation, or serving as the model system for non-equilibrium physics of active matter. Simultaneous control over the motion direction and speed of micro/nanomotors is crucial for their functionality but still difficult since Brownian motion always randomizes the orientations. Here, a highly efficient light-driven ZnO/Pt Janus micromotor capable of aligning itself to illumination direction and exhibiting negative phototaxis at high speeds (up to 32 µm s-1 ) without the addition of any chemical fuels is developed. A light-triggered self-built electric field parallel to the light illumination exists due to asymmetrical surface chemical reactions induced by the limited penetration depth of light along the illumination. The phototactic motion of the motor is achieved through electrophoretic rotation induced by the asymmetrical distribution of zeta potential on the two hemispheres of the Janus micromotor, into alignment with the electric field. Notably, similar phototactic propulsion is also achieved on TiO2 /Pt and CdS/Pt micromotors, which presents explicit proof of extending the mechanism of dipole-moment induced phototactic propulsion in other light-driven Janus micromotors. Finally, active transportation of yeast cells are achieved by the motor, proving its capability in performing complex tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli He
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Huaide Jiang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jianjie Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yanmei Ma
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Bi Fu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chengzhi Hu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Human-Augmentation and Rehabilitation Robotics in Universities, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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