Investigation of a Biomass Hydrogel Electrolyte Naturally Stabilizing Cathodes for Zinc-Ion Batteries

A New High-Performance Porous Carbon-Coated Mn3O4/Na2CO3 Cathode for Suppressing Mn2+Dissolution in Aqueous Zinc Ion Batteries

Manganous-manganic oxide (Mn3O4), akin to other manganese-based oxides, faces several critical challenges such as substantial capacity fading and limited rate performance due to its inferior electrical conductivity, in addition to the inevitable dissociation of Mn2+. To address these issues, we introduce for the first time a novel carbon-coated Mn3O4/Na2CO3 (Mn3O4/Na2CO3/C) composite material. Comprehensive characterizations indicate that Na2CO3 effectively curtails Mn2+dissolution, enhances carbon encapsulation throughout charging/discharging cycles, and exposes additional active sites on the Mn3O4/Na2CO3/C composite. Electrochemical assessments confirm that the Mn3O4/Na2CO3/C-2 cathode exhibits exceptional electrochemical performance, outperforming other cathodes in the ZnSO4 system. Moreover, the Mn3O4/Na2CO3/C-2 cathode delivers a high specific capacity of ~550 mAh gM-1 at 0.1 A g-1 and maintains a significant capacity of ~230 mAh g-1 after 360 cycles at 1.0 A g-1 within the 2.0 M ZnSO4+0.2 M MnSO4 electrolyte system, demonstrating its potential as a high-performance cathode material for aqueous zinc-ion batteries.

An ionically cross-linked composite hydrogel electrolyte based on natural biomacromolecules for sustainable zinc-ion batteries

Zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) are regarded as promising power sources for flexible and biocompatible devices due to their good sustainability and high intrinsic safety. However, their applications have been hindered by the issues of uncontrolled Zn dendrite growth and severe water-induced side reactions in conventional liquid electrolytes. Herein, an ionically cross-linked composite hydrogel electrolyte based on natural biomacromolecules, including iota-carrageenan and sodium alginate, is designed to promote highly efficient and reversible Zn plating/stripping. The abundant functional groups of macromolecules effectively suppress the reactivity of water molecules and facilitate uniform Zn deposition. Moreover, the composite hydrogel electrolyte exhibits a high ionic conductivity of 5.89 × 10-2 S cm-1 and a Zn2+ transference number of 0.58. Consequently, the Zn‖Zn symmetric cell with the composite hydrogel electrolyte shows a stable cycle life of more than 500 h. Meanwhile, the Zn‖NH4V4O10 coin cell with the composite hydrogel electrolyte retains a high specific capacity of approximately 200 mA h g-1 after 600 cycles at 2 A g-1. The Zn‖NVO pouch cell based on the composite hydrogel electrolyte also shows a high specific capacity of 246.1 mA h g-1 at 0.5 A g-1 and retains 70.7% of its initial capacity after 150 cycles. The pouch cell performs well at different bending angles and exhibits a capacity retention rate of 98% after returning to its initial state from 180° folding. This work aims to construct high-performance hydrogel electrolytes using low-cost natural materials, which may provide a solution for the application of ZIBs in flexible biocompatible devices.

Hydrogel Electrolyte Enabled High-Performance Flexible Aqueous Zinc Ion Energy Storage Systems toward Wearable Electronics

To cater to the swift advance of flexible wearable electronics, there is growing demand for flexible energy storage system (ESS). Aqueous zinc ion energy storage systems (AZIESSs), characterizing safety and low cost, are competitive candidates for flexible energy storage. Hydrogels, as quasi-solid substances, are the appropriate and burgeoning electrolytes that enable high-performance flexible AZIESSs. However, challenges still remain in designing suitable and comprehensive hydrogel electrolyte, which provides flexible AZIESSs with high reversibility and versatility. Hence, the application of hydrogel electrolyte-based AZIESSs in wearable electronics is restricted. A thorough review is required for hydrogel electrolyte design to pave the way for high-performance flexible AZIESSs. This review delves into the engineering of desirable hydrogel electrolytes for flexible AZIESSs from the perspective of electrolyte designers. Detailed descriptions of hydrogel electrolytes in basic characteristics, Zn anode, and cathode stabilization effects as well as their functional properties are provided. Moreover, the application of hydrogel electrolyte-based flexible AZIESSs in wearable electronics is discussed, expecting to accelerate their strides toward lives. Finally, the corresponding challenges and future development trends are also presented, with the hope of inspiring readers.

Exploiting High-Voltage Stability of Dual-Ion Aqueous Electrolyte Reinforced by Incorporation of Fiberglass into Zwitterionic Hydrogel Electrolyte

Rechargeable zinc aqueous batteries are key alternatives for replacing toxic, flammable, and expensive lithium-ion batteries in grid energy storage systems. However, these systems possess critical weaknesses, including the short electrochemical stability window of water and intrinsic fast zinc dendrite growth. Hydrogel electrolytes provide a possible solution, especially cross-linked zwitterionic polymers that possess strong water retention ability and high ionic conductivity. Herein, an in situ prepared fiberglass-incorporated dual-ion zwitterionic hydrogel electrolyte with an ionic conductivity of 24.32 mS cm-1 , electrochemical stability window up to 2.56 V, and high thermal stability is presented. By incorporating this hydrogel electrolyte of zinc and lithium triflate salts, a zinc//LiMn0.6 Fe0.4 PO4 pouch cell delivers a reversible capacity of 130 mAh g-1 in the range of 1.0-2.2 V at 0.1C, and the test at 2C provides an initial capacity of 82.4 mAh g-1 with 71.8% capacity retention after 1000 cycles with a coulombic efficiency of 97%. Additionally, the pouch cell is fire resistant and remains safe after cutting and piercing.

Bio-Inspired Polyanionic Electrolytes for Highly Stable Zinc-Ion Batteries

For zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs), the non-uniform Zn plating/stripping results in a high polarization and low Coulombic efficiency (CE), hindering the large-scale application of ZIBs. Here, inspired by biomass seaweed plants, an anionic polyelectrolyte alginate acid (SA) was used to initiate the in situ formation of the high-performance solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on the Zn anode. Attribute to the anionic groups of -COO- , the affinity of Zn2+ ions to alginate acid induces a well-aligned accelerating channel for uniform plating. This SEI regulates the desolvation structure of Zn2+ and facilitates the formation of compact Zn (002) crystal planes. Even under high depth of discharge conditions (DOD), the SA-coated Zn anode still maintains a stable Zn stripping/plating behavior with a low potential difference (0.114 V). According to the classical nucleation theory, the nucleation energy for SA-coated Zn is 97 % less than that of bare Zn, resulting in a faster nucleation rate. The Zn||Cu cell assembled with the SA-coated electrode exhibits an outstanding average CE of 99.8 % over 1,400 cycles. The design is successfully demonstrated in pouch cells, where the SA-coated Zn exhibits capacity retention of 96.9 % compared to 59.1 % for bare Zn anode, even under the high cathode mass loading (>10 mg/cm2 ).

Recent progress in structural modification of polymer gel electrolytes for use in solid-state zinc-ion batteries

Zinc-ion batteries are one of the promising energy storage devices, which have the advantages of environmental friendliness, high safety and low price and are expected to be used in large-scale battery application fields. However, four prominent water-induced adverse reactions, including zinc dendrite formation, zinc corrosion, passivation and the hydrogen evolution reaction in aqueous systems, seriously shorten the cycling life of zinc-ion batteries and greatly hinder their development. Based on this, polymer gel electrolytes have been developed to alleviate these issues due to their unique network structure, which can reduce water activity and suppress water-induced side reactions. Based on the challenges of polymer gel electrolytes, this review systematically summarizes the latest research progress in the use of additives in them and explores new perspectives in response to the existing problems with polymer electrolytes. In order to expand the performance of polymer gel electrolytes in zinc-ion batteries, a range of different types of additives are added via physical/chemical crosslinking, such as organic or inorganic substances, natural plants, etc. In addition, different types of additives and polymerization crosslinking from different angles essentially improve the ionic conductivity of the gel electrolyte, inhibit the growth of zinc dendrites, and reduce hydrogen evolution and oxygen-absorbed corrosion. After these modifications of polymer gel electrolytes, a more stable and superior electrochemical performance of zinc-ion batteries can be obtained, which provides some strategies for solid-state zinc-ion batteries.

Natural Pyranosyl Materials: Potential Applications in Solid-State Batteries

Solid-state batteries have become one of the hottest research areas today, due to the use of solid-state electrolytes enabling the high safety and energy density. Because of the interaction with electrolyte salts and the abundant ion transport sites, natural polysaccharide polymers with rich functional groups such as -OH, -OR or -COO^- etc. have been applied in solid-state electrolytes and have the merits of possibly high ionic conductivity and sustainability. This review summarizes the recent progress of natural polysaccharides and derivatives for polymer electrolytes, which will stimulate further interest in the application of polysaccharides for solid-state batteries.

Application of Biomass Materials in Zinc-Ion Batteries

Currently, aqueous zinc-ion batteries, with large reserves of zinc metal and maturity of production, are a promising alternative to sustainable energy storage. Nevertheless, aqueous solution has poor frost resistance and is prone to side reactions. In addition, zinc dendrites also limit the performance of zinc-ion batteries. Biomass, with complex molecular structure and abundant functional groups, makes it have great application prospects. In this review, the research progress of biomass and its derived materials used in zinc-ion batteries are reviewed. The different regulation strategies and characteristics of biomass used in zinc-ion battery electrodes, electrolyte separators and binders are demonstrated. The regulation mechanism is analyzed. At the end, the development prospect and challenges of biomass in energy materials application are proposed.

Influence of Water on Gel Electrolytes for Zinc-Ion Batteries

Gel electrolytes are being intensively explored for aqueous rechargeable zinc-ion batteries, especially towards high performance and multi-functionalities. Water plays a central role on the fundamental properties, interface reaction/interaction, and performance of the gel-type zinc electrolyte. In this review, the influence of water on the physiochemical properties of gel electrolytes is focused on. The correlation between water activity and the fundamental properties of zinc electrolytes is presented. Current approaches and challenges in manipulating water activity and the consequent influence on the electrochemical stability, transport, and interface kinetics of gel electrolytes are summarized. An outlook on approaches to tuning and investigating water activity is provided to shed light on the design of advanced gel electrolytes.

Cathode-Electrolyte Interface Modification by Binder Engineering for High-Performance Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries

A stable cathode-electrolyte interface (CEI) is crucial for aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs), but it is less investigated. Commercial binder poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) is widely used without scrutinizing its suitability and cathode-electrolyte interface (CEI) in AZIBs. A water-soluble binder is developed that facilitated the in situ formation of a CEI protecting layer tuning the interfacial morphology. By combining a polysaccharide sodium alginate (SA) with a hydrophobic polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), the surface morphology, and charge storage kinetics can be confined from diffusion-dominated to capacitance-controlled processes. The underpinning mechanism investigates experimentally in both kinetic and thermodynamic perspectives demonstrate that the COO- from SA acts as an anionic polyelectrolyte facilitating the adsorption of Zn2+ ; meanwhile fluoride atoms on PTFE backbone provide hydrophobicity to break desolvation penalty. The hybrid binder is beneficial in providing a higher areal flux of Zn2+ at the CEI, where the Zn-Birnessite MnO2 battery with the hybrid binder exhibits an average specific capacity 45.6% higher than that with conventional PVDF binders; moreover, a reduced interface activation energy attained fosters a superior rate capability and a capacity retention of 99.1% in 1000 cycles. The hybrid binder also reduces the cost compared to the PVDF/NMP, which is a universal strategy to modify interface morphology.

High performance rechargeable aqueous zinc-iodine batteries via a double iodine species fixation strategy with mesoporous carbon and modified separator

With the increasing requirement for high capacity energy storage systems, a large amount of recent work has focused on the development of zinc-iodine batteries (ZIBs) on account of high energy density, fast redox kinetics, and excellent reversibility. Nevertheless, low electron conductivity, the shuttle effect, and highly soluble iodine species (I2, I-, and I3-) have impeded their widespread application. In this study, metal organic framework-5 (MOF-5)-derived mesoporous carbon (MPC) loaded iodine (MPC/I2) cathode and the single-sided ketjen black modified cotton fiber (KB@CF) separator are designed to solve the problems mentioned above. That is, the double fixation strategy using MPC and KB@CF separators for iodine species suppresses the shuttle effect. Therefore, the ZIBs constructed with the MPC/I2 cathode and the KB@CF separator can exhibit excellent electrochemical performance. At the current density of 0.1 A g-1, a high discharge specific capacity of 137 mAh g-1 is still available after 300 cycles. Meanwhile, it exhibits a low capacity decay rate at long cycling (0.030% per cycle over 2000 cycles).

Comparative Review on the Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries (AZIBs) and Flexible Zinc-Ion Batteries (FZIBs)

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been considered an easily accessible battery technology because of their low weight, cheapness, etc. Unfortunately, they have significant drawbacks, such as flammability and scarcity of lithium. Since the components of zinc-ion batteries are nonflammable, nontoxic, and cheap, AZIBs could be a suitable replacement for LIBs. In this article, the advantages and drawbacks of AZIBs over other energy storage devices are briefly discussed. This review focused on the cathode materials and electrolytes for AZIBs. In addition, we discussed the approaches to improve the electrochemical performance of zinc batteries. Here, we also discussed the polymer gel electrolytes and the electrodes for flexible zinc-ion batteries (FZIBs). Moreover, we have outlined the importance of temperature and additives in a flexible zinc-ion battery. Finally, we have discussed anode materials for both AZIBs and FZIBs. This review has summarized the advantages and disadvantages of AZIBs and FZIBs for future applications in commercial battery technology.

Hydrogels Enable Future Smart Batteries

The growing trend of intelligent devices ranging from wearables and soft robots to artificial intelligence has set a high demand for smart batteries. Hydrogels provide opportunities for smart batteries to self-adjust their functions according to the operation conditions. Despite the progress in hydrogel-based smart batteries, a gap remains between the designable functions of diverse hydrogels and the expected performance of batteries. In this Perspective, we first briefly introduce the fundamentals of hydrogels, including formation, structure, and characteristics of the internal water and ions. Batteries that operate under unusual mechanical and temperature conditions enabled by hydrogels are highlighted. Challenges and opportunities for further development of hydrogels are outlined to propose future research in smart batteries toward all-climate power sources and intelligent wearables.

A shear-thickening colloidal electrolyte for aqueous zinc-ion batteries with resistance on impact

A conventional aqueous electrolyte is a crucial component of zinc-ion batteries providing an ion conductive medium. However, the monofunction of a liquid electrolyte cannot bear any external load. With regard to applications in electric vehicles and stationary energy storage devices, complicated battery packing materials are required to improve the mechanical properties, resulting in reduced energy or power densities from the perspective of the entire device. In this work, an electrolyte suspension combining both fluid-like and solid-like performances was developed for rechargeable zinc-ion batteries. Cornstarch water suspension is utilized in the electrolyte design forming a shear-thickening electrolyte with impact resistance ability. The formed electrolyte becomes rigid at a high shear rate. In other words, under a sudden impact, a battery with this shear-thickening electrolyte could offer additional load bearing avoiding short-circuiting and improving safety. Although an additional functionality, namely impact resistance, was added to the electrolyte, the as-prepared electrolyte still performs with comparable electrochemical performances for which it exhibits a superior ionic conductivity of 3.9 × 10^-3 S cm^-1 and Zn²⁺ transference number. This electrolyte even suppresses side-effects on the zinc anode, exhibiting a lower voltage gap in the symmetric cell compared to the aqueous electrolyte. The integrated full cell also delivered a specific capacity of 255 mA h g^-1 with commercial MnO₂ as the cathode at a current density of 0.1 A g^-1.

Lignocellulose hydrogels fabricated from corncob residues through a green solvent system

It is still a challenge to find an effective solvent system that can simultaneously dissolve the cellulose and lignin in biomass residues to fabricate lignocellulose hydrogels (LHs). Herein, corncob residues from furfural production were pretreated with alkaline peroxide to regulate the lignin content. The lignin/cellulose composites with various lignin content were then dissolved and regenerated by a green and facile ZnCl₂/CaCl₂ solvent system. The inorganic salt solvents were served as linkers and flexible LHs were obtained. Substrate material containing 10.75% lignin shows the best compressive stress (76.71 kPa). Inspired by its superior ionic conductivity, the hydrogels were assembled into a solid-state electrolyte for a zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitor. This research develops a feasible, simple, and low-cost route for lignin-containing hydrogel preparation and offers insights into the high-value application of agro-industrial lignocellulosic wastes.

Synergistic Optimization Strategy Involving Sandwich-like MnO2@rGO and Laponite-Modified PAM for High-Performance Zinc-Ion Batteries and Zinc Dendrite Suppression

Optimization of the cathode structure and exploration of a novel electrolyte system are important approaches for achieving high-performance zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) and zinc dendrite suppression. Herein, a quasi-solid-state ZIB combining a sandwich-like MnO₂@rGO cathode, a laponite (Lap)-modified polyacrylamide (PAM) hydrogel electrolyte, and an electrodeposited zinc anode is designed and constructed by a synergistic optimization strategy. The MnO₂ composite prepared through the intercalation of rGO shows developed mesopores, providing accessible ion transport channels and exhibiting a high electrical conductivity. Thanks to the high dispersion of Lap nanoplates in the hydrogel and good charge-averaging effect, the Zn//PAM-5%Lap//Zn symmetrical battery exhibits a consistent low-voltage polarization of less than 60 mV within 2000 h without a short-circuit phenomenon or any over-potential rise, indicating a stable zinc peeling/plating process. The optimized quasi-solid-state ZIB delivers a high reversible capacity of 291 mA h g^-1 at a current density of 0.2 A g^-1 due to the synergistic effect of each component of ZIB. Even at a high rate of 2 A g^-1, it still maintains a high reversible capacity of 97 mA h g^-1 after 2000 cycles, indicating its excellent electrochemical performance. Furthermore, the assembled flexible battery performs excellently in terms of damage and bending resistance.

A Comprehensive Understanding of Interlayer Engineering in Layered Manganese and Vanadium Cathodes for Aqueous Zn-ion Batteries

Rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) hold a budding technology for large-scale stationary energy storage devices due to their inherent safety, cost-effectiveness, eco-friendly, and acceptable electrochemical performance. However, developing a cathode material with fast kinetics and durable structural stability for Zn 2+ intercalation is still an arduous challenge. Compared with other cathode materials, layered manganese/vanadium (Mn/V) oxides that feature merits of adjustable interlayer spacing and considerable specific capacity have attracted much interest in AZIBs. However, the intrinsic sluggish reaction kinetics, inferior electrical conductivity, and notorious dissolution of active materials still obstruct the realization of their full potentials. Interlayer engineering of pre-intercalation is regarded as an effective solution to overcome these problems. In this review, we start from the crystal structure and reaction mechanism of layered Mn/V oxide cathodes to critical issues and recent progress in interlayer engineering. Finally, some future perspectives are outlined for the development of high-performance AZIBs.

Hexagonal WO3/3D Porous Graphene as a Novel Zinc Intercalation Anode for Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries

Aqueous Zn-ion batteries (ZIBs) have acquired great attention because of their high safety and environmentally friendly properties. However, the uncontrollable Zn dendrites and the irreversibility of electrodes seriously affect their practical application. Herein, hexagonal WO₃/three-dimensional porous graphene (h-WO₃/3DG) is investigated as an intercalation anode for ZIBs. As a result, the h-WO₃/3DG//Zn half-battery shows excellent electrochemical performance with a high capacity of 115.6 mAh g^-1 at 0.1 A g^-1 and 89% capacity retention at 2.0 A g^-1 after 10 000 cycles. The reason could be that the crystalline structure of WO₃, which has hexagonal channels, with a diameter of 5.36 Å, much higher than the diameter of Zn²⁺ (0.73 Å), accelerating the insertion/extraction of Zn ions. A zinc metal-free full battery using h-WO₃/3DG as the anode and ZnMn₂O₄/carbon black (ZnMn₂O₄/CB) as the cathode is constructed, exhibiting an initial capacity of 66.8 mAh g^-1 at 0.1 A g^-1 corresponding to an energy density of 73.5 W h kg^-1 (based on the total mass of anode and cathode-active materials) and a capacity retention of 76.6% after 1000 cycles at 0.5 A g^-1. This work demonstrates the high potential of hexagonal WO₃ as an advanced intercalation anode material for Zn metal-free batteries and may inspire new ideas for the development of other intercalation anode hosts for ZIBs.

Hierarchical K-Birnessite-MnO2 Carbon Framework for High-Energy-Density and Durable Aqueous Zinc-Ion Battery

MnO₂ -based material is one of the most promising cathode candidates of aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs), but its commercialization is hindered by the sluggish reaction kinetics and poor structural stability. Herein, a hierarchical framework consisting of core-shell structured carbon nanotubes@K-birnessite-MnO₂ enwrapped by graphene/carbon black bicomponent networks (CNT@KMO@GC) via a simple method for ZIBs is designed and developed. The hierarchical framework characterized with favorable K⁺ preintercalation, δ-phase, and vertically aligned nanoflake arrays of KMO and 3D electrically conductive network shows the enhanced electronic/ionic conductivity and improved wettability with electrolyte, resulting in the fast charge/mass transport and stable structural stability of CNT@KMO@GC. When used as cathode in ZIBs, CNT@KMO@GC exhibits exciting electrochemical performance with remarkable capacity (405.5 mAh g^-1 at 0.30 A g^-1 ), high rate performance (166.6 mAh g^-1 up to 10.0 A g^-1 ), and impressive cycling stability (almost no capacity decay after 2000 cycles and 77.3% retention after 10 000 cycles at 10.0 A g^-1 ). The energy storage mechanism of CNT@KMO@GC is clarified as H⁺ /Zn²⁺ coinsertion/extraction via electrochemical analysis and ex situ characterization. This study offers an innovative paradigm for the advance of ZIBs.

Zn Metal Anodes for Zn-Ion Batteries in Mild Aqueous Electrolytes: Challenges and Strategies

Over the past few years, rechargeable aqueous Zn-ion batteries have garnered significant interest as potential alternatives for lithium-ion batteries because of their low cost, high theoretical capacity, low redox potential, and environmentally friendliness. However, several constraints associated with Zn metal anodes, such as the growth of Zn dendrites, occurrence of side reactions, and hydrogen evolution during repeated stripping/plating processes result in poor cycling life and low Coulombic efficiency, which severely impede further advancements in this technology. Despite recent efforts and impressive breakthroughs, the origin of these fundamental obstacles remains unclear and no successful strategy that can address these issues has been developed yet to realize the practical applications of rechargeable aqueous Zn-ion batteries. In this review, we have discussed various issues associated with the use of Zn metal anodes in mildly acidic aqueous electrolytes. Various strategies, including the shielding of the Zn surface, regulating the Zn deposition behavior, creating a uniform electric field, and controlling the surface energy of Zn metal anodes to repress the growth of Zn dendrites and the occurrence of side reactions, proposed to overcome the limitations of Zn metal anodes have also been discussed. Finally, the future perspectives of Zn anodes and possible design strategies for developing highly stable Zn anodes in mildly acidic aqueous environments have been discussed.

Highly conductive locust bean gum bio-electrolyte for superior long-life quasi-solid-state zinc-ion batteries

Rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) are promising wearable electronic power sources. However, solid-state electrolytes with high ionic conductivities and long-term stabilities are still challenging to fabricate for high-performance ZIBs. Herein, locust bean gum (LBG) was used as a natural bio-polymer to prepare a free-standing quasi-solid-state ZnSO4/MnSO4 electrolyte. The as-obtained LBG electrolyte showed high ionic conductivity reaching 33.57 mS cm-1 at room temperature. This value is so far the highest among the reported quasi-solid-state electrolytes. Besides, the as-obtained LBG electrolyte displayed excellent long-term stability toward a Zn anode. The application of the optimized LBG electrolyte in Zn-MnO2 batteries achieved a high specific capacity reaching up to 339.4 mA h g-1 at 0.15 A g-1, a superior rate performance of 143.3 mA h g-1 at 6 A g-1, an excellent capacity retention of 100% over 3300 cycles and 93% over 4000 cycles combined with a wide working temperature range (0-40 °C) and good mechanical flexibility (capacity retention of 80.74% after 1000 bending cycles at a bending angle of 90°). In sum, the proposed ZIBs-based LBG electrolyte with high electrochemical performance looks promising for the future development of bio-compatible and environmentally friendly solid-state energy storage devices.