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Bonardd S, Díaz Díaz D, Leiva A, Saldías C. Chromophoric Dendrimer-Based Materials: An Overview of Holistic-Integrated Molecular Systems for Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) Phenomenon. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:4404. [PMID: 34960954 PMCID: PMC8705239 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendrimers (from the Greek dendros → tree; meros → part) are macromolecules with well-defined three-dimensional and tree-like structures. Remarkably, this hyperbranched architecture is one of the most ubiquitous, prolific, and recognizable natural patterns observed in nature. The rational design and the synthesis of highly functionalized architectures have been motivated by the need to mimic synthetic and natural-light-induced energy processes. Dendrimers offer an attractive material scaffold to generate innovative, technological, and functional materials because they provide a high amount of peripherally functional groups and void nanoreservoirs. Therefore, dendrimers emerge as excellent candidates since they can play a highly relevant role as unimolecular reactors at the nanoscale, acting as versatile and sophisticated entities. In particular, they can play a key role in the properties of light-energy harvesting and non-radiative energy transfer, allowing them to function as a whole unit. Remarkably, it is possible to promote the occurrence of the FRET phenomenon to concentrate the absorbed energy in photoactive centers. Finally, we think an in-depth understanding of this mechanism allows for diverse and prolific technological applications, such as imaging, biomedical therapy, and the conversion and storage of light energy, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Bonardd
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez S/N, La Laguna, 38206 Tenerife, Spain; (S.B.); (D.D.D.)
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, La Laguna, 38206 Tenerife, Spain
| | - David Díaz Díaz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez S/N, La Laguna, 38206 Tenerife, Spain; (S.B.); (D.D.D.)
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, La Laguna, 38206 Tenerife, Spain
- Institutfür Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Angel Leiva
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Macul, Santiago, CL 7820436, USA;
| | - César Saldías
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Macul, Santiago, CL 7820436, USA;
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Usui H, Kojima H, Domi Y, Sakaguchi H. Regeneration of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate by a Chlorophyll a-Coated TiO 2 Film Electrode. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:5975-5980. [PMID: 35006912 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A TiO2 electrode was coated with chlorophyll a to regenerate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), which can enhance the photovoltages of the electrodes for photoelectrochemical capacitors. The photovoltage of an uncoated TiO2 electrode was high during the first cycle but then steadily reduced owing to the oxidization of NADPH in the electrolyte during the photo-charge-discharge cycling. By contrast, a chlorophyll a-coated TiO2 electrode maintained high photovoltages for 100 cycles. Residual NADPH concentrations after 100 cycles increased from 73% to 90% because of the coating, demonstrating that NADPH was regenerated by photoexcited chlorophyll a similar to a photosynthetic reaction in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Usui
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, 4-101 minami, Koyama-cho, Tottori 680-8552, Japan.,Course of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Sustainability Science, Tottori University, 4-101 minami, Koyama-cho, Tottori 680-8552, Japan
| | - Haruka Kojima
- Center for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry, Tottori University, 4-101 minami, Koyama-cho, Tottori 680-8552, Japan.,Course of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Sustainability Science, Tottori University, 4-101 minami, Koyama-cho, Tottori 680-8552, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Domi
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, 4-101 minami, Koyama-cho, Tottori 680-8552, Japan.,Course of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Sustainability Science, Tottori University, 4-101 minami, Koyama-cho, Tottori 680-8552, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sakaguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, 4-101 minami, Koyama-cho, Tottori 680-8552, Japan.,Course of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Sustainability Science, Tottori University, 4-101 minami, Koyama-cho, Tottori 680-8552, Japan
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