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Yuan L, Chen B, Zhu K, Ren L, Yuan X. Development of Macromolecular Cryoprotectants for Cryopreservation of Cells. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400309. [PMID: 39012218 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Cryopreservation is a common way for long-term storage of therapeutical proteins, erythrocytes, and mammalian cells. For cryoprotection of these biosamples to keep their structural integrity and biological activities, it is essential to incorporate highly efficient cryoprotectants. Currently, permeable small molecular cryoprotectants such as glycerol and dimethyl sulfoxide dominate in cryostorage applications, but they are harmful to cells and human health. As acting in the extracellular space, membrane-impermeable macromolecular cryoprotectants, which exert remarkable membrane stabilization against cryo-injury and are easily removed post-thaw, are promising candidates with biocompatibility and feasibility. Water-soluble hydroxyl-containing polymers such as poly(vinyl alcohol) and polyol-based polymers are potent ice recrystallization inhibitors, while polyampholytes, polyzwitterions, and bio-inspired (glyco)polypeptides can significantly increase post-thaw recovery with reduced membrane damages. In this review, the synthetic macromolecular cryoprotectants are systematically summarized based on their synthesis routes, practical utilities, and cryoprotective mechanisms. It provides a valuable insight in development of highly efficient macromolecular cryoprotectants with valid ice recrystallization inhibition activity for highly efficient and safe cryopreservation of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Binlin Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Kongying Zhu
- Analysis and Measurement Center, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Lixia Ren
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
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2
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Guerreiro BM, Concórdio-Reis P, Pericão H, Martins F, Moppert X, Guézennec J, Lima JC, Silva JC, Freitas F. Elevated fucose content enhances the cryoprotective performance of anionic polysaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129577. [PMID: 38246459 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Biological cryopreservation often involves using a cryoprotective agent (CPA) to mitigate lethal physical stressors cells endure during freezing and thawing, but effective CPA concentrations are cytotoxic. Hence, natural polysaccharides have been studied as biocompatible alternatives. Here, a subset of 26 natural polysaccharides of various chemical composition was probed for their potential in enhancing the metabolic post-thaw viability (PTV) of cryopreserved Vero cells. The best performing cryoprotective polysaccharides contained significant fucose amounts, resulting in average PTV 2.8-fold (up to 3.1-fold) compared to 0.8-fold and 2.2-fold for all non-cryoprotective and cryoprotective polysaccharides, respectively, outperforming the optimized commercial CryoStor™ CS5 formulation (2.6-fold). Stoichiometrically, a balance between fucose (18-35.7 mol%), uronic acids (UA) (13.5-26 mol%) and high molecular weight (MW > 1 MDa) generated optimal PTV. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that fucose enhances cell survival by a charge-independent, MW-scaling mechanism (PC1), drastically different from the charge-dominated ice growth disruption of UA (PC2). Its neutral nature and unique properties distinguishable from other neutral monomers suggest fucose may play a passive role in conformational adaptability of polysaccharide to ice growth inhibition, or an active role in cell membrane stabilization through binding. Ultimately, fucose-rich anionic polysaccharides may indulge in polymer-ice and polymer-cell interactions that actively disrupt ice and minimize lethal volumetric fluctuations due to a balanced hydrophobic-hydrophilic character. Our research showed the critical role neutral fucose plays in enhancing cellular cryopreservation outcomes, disputing previous assumptions of polyanionicity being the sole governing predictor of cryoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno M Guerreiro
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Patrícia Concórdio-Reis
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Helena Pericão
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Filipa Martins
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Xavier Moppert
- Pacific Biotech SAS, BP 140 289, 98 701 Arue, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - Jean Guézennec
- AiMB (Advices in Marine Biotechnology), 17 Rue d'Ouessant, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - João C Lima
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Jorge C Silva
- CENIMAT/I3N, Department of Physics, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Filomena Freitas
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal.
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Sarkar S, Guha A, Sadhukhan R, Narayanan TN, Mondal J. Osmolytes as Cryoprotectants under Salt Stress. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:5639-5652. [PMID: 37697623 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Cryoprotecting agent (CPA)-guided preservation is essential for effective protection of cells from cryoinjuries. However, current cryoprotecting technologies practiced to cryopreserve cells for biomedical applications are met with extreme challenges due to the associated toxicity of CPAs. Because of these limitations of present CPAs, the quest for nontoxic alternatives for useful application in cell-based biomedicines has been attracting growing interest. Toward this end, here, we investigate naturally occurring osmolytes' scope as biocompatible cryoprotectants under cold stress conditions in high-saline medium. Via a combination of the simulation and experiment on charged silica nanostructures, we render first-hand evidence that a pair of archetypal osmolytes, glycine and betaine, would act as a cryoprotectant by restoring the indigenous intersurface electrostatic interaction, which had been a priori screened due to the cold effect under salt stress. While these osmolytes' individual modes of action are sensitive to subtle chemical variation, a uniform augmentation in the extent of osmolytic activity is observed with an increase in temperature to counter the proportionately enhanced salt screening. The trend as noted in inorganic nanostructures is found to be recurrent and robustly transferable in a charged protein interface. In hindsight, our observation justifies the sufficiency of the reduced requirement of osmolytes in cells during critical cold conditions and encourages their direct usage and biomimicry for cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Sarkar
- Center for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Anku Guha
- Center for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Rayantan Sadhukhan
- Center for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Tharangattu N Narayanan
- Center for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Jagannath Mondal
- Center for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad 500046, India
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Judge N, Georgiou PG, Bissoyi A, Ahmad A, Heise A, Gibson MI. High Molecular Weight Polyproline as a Potential Biosourced Ice Growth Inhibitor: Synthesis, Ice Recrystallization Inhibition, and Specific Ice Face Binding. Biomacromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Judge
- Department of Chemistry, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | - Akalabya Bissoyi
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL Coventry, U.K
| | - Ashfaq Ahmad
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL Coventry, U.K
| | - Andreas Heise
- Department of Chemistry, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CURAM), RCSI, Dublin 2, Ireland
- AMBER, The SFI Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre, RCSI, Dublin D02, Ireland
| | - Matthew I. Gibson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL Coventry, U.K
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL Coventry, U.K
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Matsumura K, Rajan R, Ahmed S. Bridging polymer chemistry and cryobiology. Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-022-00735-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPolymers, especially charged polymers, are the key to a sustainable future, as they have the capability to act as alternatives to plastics, reduce the impact of global warming, and offer solutions to global environmental pollution problems. Biomaterial polymers have proven to be incredibly effective in a multitude of applications, including clinical applications. In the fields of cryobiology and cryopreservation, polymers have emerged as credible alternatives to small molecules and other compounds, yielding excellent results. This review outlines the results of research in the areas of polymer chemistry and cryobiology, which have not been discussed together previously. Herein, we explain how recent polymer research has enabled the development of polymeric cryoprotectants with novel mechanisms and the development of novel methods for the intracellular delivery of substances, such as drugs, using a cryobiological technique called the freeze-concentration effect. Our findings indicate that interdisciplinary collaboration between cryobiologists and polymer chemists has led to exciting developments that will further cell biology and medical research.
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Abstract
Cryopreservation of cells and biologics underpins all biomedical research from routine sample storage to emerging cell-based therapies, as well as ensuring cell banks provide authenticated, stable and consistent cell products. This field began with the discovery and wide adoption of glycerol and dimethyl sulfoxide as cryoprotectants over 60 years ago, but these tools do not work for all cells and are not ideal for all workflows. In this Review, we highlight and critically review the approaches to discover, and apply, new chemical tools for cryopreservation. We summarize the key (and complex) damage pathways during cellular cryopreservation and how each can be addressed. Bio-inspired approaches, such as those based on extremophiles, are also discussed. We describe both small-molecule-based and macromolecular-based strategies, including ice binders, ice nucleators, ice nucleation inhibitors and emerging materials whose exact mechanism has yet to be understood. Finally, looking towards the future of the field, the application of bottom-up molecular modelling, library-based discovery approaches and materials science tools, which are set to transform cryopreservation strategies, are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew I. Gibson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Yao J, Shen L, Chen Z, Zhang B, Zhao G. Hydrogel Microencapsulation Enhances Cryopreservation of Red Blood Cells with Trehalose. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:2066-2075. [PMID: 35394755 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cryopreservation of red blood cells (RBCs) plays a vital role in preserving rare blood and serologic testing, which is essential for clinical transfusion medicine. The main difficulties of the current cryopreservation technique are the high glycerol concentration and the tedious deglycerolization procedure after thawing. In this study, we explored a microencapsulation method for cryopreservation. RBC-hydrogel microcapsules with a diameter of approximately 2.184 ± 0.061 mm were generated by an electrostatic spraying device. Then, 0.7 M trehalose was used as a cryoprotective agent (CPA), and microcapsules were adhered to a stainless steel grid for liquid nitrogen freezing. The results show that compared with the RBCs frozen by cryovials, the recovery of RBCs after microencapsulation is significantly improved, up to a maximum of more than 85%. Additionally, the washing process can be completed using only 0.9% NaCl. After washing, the RBCs maintained their morphology and adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) levels and met clinical transfusion standards. The microencapsulation method provides a promising, referenceable, and more practical strategy for future clinical transfusion medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Yao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Lingxiao Shen
- Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Zhongrong Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Research and Engineering Center of Biomedical Materials, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Research and Engineering Center of Biomedical Materials, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
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Piao Z, Patel M, Park JK, Jeong B. Poly(l-alanine- co-l-lysine)- g-Trehalose as a Biomimetic Cryoprotectant for Stem Cells. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:1995-2006. [PMID: 35412815 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Poly(l-alanine-co-l-lysine)-graft-trehalose (PAKT) was synthesized as a natural antifreezing glycopolypeptide (AFGP)-mimicking cryoprotectant for cryopreservation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). FTIR and circular dichroism spectra indicated that the content of the α-helical structure of PAK decreased after conjugation with trehalose. Two protocols were investigated in cryopreservation of MSCs to prove the significance of the intracellularly delivered PAKT. In protocol I, MSCs were cryopreserved at -196 °C for 7 days by a slow-cooling procedure in the presence of both PAKT and free trehalose. In protocol II, MSCs were preincubated at 37 °C in a PAKT solution, followed by cryopreservation at -196 °C in the presence of free trehalose for 7 days by the slow-cooling procedure. Polymer and trehalose concentrations were varied by 0.0-1.0 and 0.0-15.0 wt %, respectively. Cell recovery was significantly improved by protocol II with preincubation of the cells in the PAKT solution. The recovered cells from protocol II exhibited excellent proliferation and maintained multilineage potentials into osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic differentiation, similar to MSCs recovered from cryopreservation in the traditional 10% dimethyl sulfoxide system. Ice recrystallization inhibition (IRI) activity of the polymers/trehalose contributed to cell recovery; however, intracellularly delivered PEG-PAKT was the major contributor to the enhanced cell recovery in protocol II. Inhibitor studies suggested that macropinocytosis and caveolin-dependent endocytosis are the main mechanisms for the intracellular delivery of PEG-PAKT. 1H NMR and FTIR spectra suggested that the intracellular PEG-PAKTs interact with water and stabilize the cells during cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Piao
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Madhumita Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Jin Kyung Park
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Byeongmoon Jeong
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea
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Zheng B, Bai T, Tao X, Ling J. An Inspection into Multifarious Ways to Synthesize Poly(Amino Acid)s. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100453. [PMID: 34562289 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(α-amino acid)s (PAAs) attract growing attention due to their essential role in the application as biomaterials. To synthesize PAAs with desired structures and properties, scientists have developed various synthetic techniques with respective advantages. Here, different approaches to preparing PAAs are inspected. Basic features and recent progresses of these methods are summarized, including polymerizations of amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides (NCAs), amino acid N-thiocarboxyanhydrides (NTAs), and N-phenoxycarbonyl amino acids (NPCs), as well as other synthetic routes. NCA is the most classical monomer to prepare PAAs with high molecular weights (MWs). NTA polymerizations are promising alternative pathways to produce PAAs, which can tolerate nucleophiles including alcohols, mercaptans, carboxyl acids, and water. By various techniques including choosing appropriate solvents or using organic acids as promoters, NTAs polymerize to produce polypeptoids and polypeptides with narrow dispersities and designed MWs up to 55.0 and 57.0 kg mol-1 , respectively. NPC polymerizations are phosgene-free ways to synthesize polypeptides and polypeptoids. For the future prospects, detail investigations into polymerization mechanisms of NTA and NPC are expected. The synthesis of PAAs with designed topologies and assembly structures is another intriguing topic. The advantages and unsettled problems in various synthetic ways are discussed for readers to choose appropriate approaches for PAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botuo Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Science, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Tianwen Bai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xinfeng Tao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jun Ling
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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