1
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Wang Y, Li X, Meng H, Tao R, Qian J, Fu C, Luo J, Xie J, Fu Y. Acoustofluidic Diversity Achieved by Multiple Modes of Acoustic Waves Generated on Piezoelectric-Film-Coated Aluminum Sheets. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 39143893 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c06480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Excitation of multiple acoustic wave modes on a single chip is beneficial to implement diversified acoustofluidic functions. Conventional acoustic wave devices made of bulk LiNbO3 substrates generally generate few acoustic wave modes once the crystal-cut and electrode pattern are defined, limiting the realization of acoustofluidic diversity. In this paper, we demonstrated diversity of acoustofluidic behaviors using multiple modes of acoustic waves generated on piezoelectric-thin-film-coated aluminum sheets. Multiple acoustic wave modes were excited by varying the ratios between IDT pitch/wavelength and substrate thickness. Through systematic investigation of fluidic actuation behaviors and performances using these acoustic wave modes, we demonstrated fluidic actuation diversities using various acoustic wave modes and showed that the Rayleigh mode, pseudo-Rayleigh mode, and A0 mode of Lamb wave generally have better fluidic actuation performance than those of Sezawa mode and higher-order modes of Lamb wave, providing guidance for high-performance acoustofluidic actuation platform design. Additionally, we demonstrated diversified particle patterning functions, either on two sides of acoustic wave device or on a glass sheet by coupling acoustic waves into the glass using the gel. The pattern formation mechanisms were investigated through finite element simulations of acoustic pressure fields under different experimental configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Xianbin Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Hui Meng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Ran Tao
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Thin Films and Applications, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jingui Qian
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Chen Fu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Thin Films and Applications, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jingting Luo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Thin Films and Applications, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jin Xie
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yongqing Fu
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
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2
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Li W, Yao Z, Ma T, Ye Z, He K, Wang L, Wang H, Fu Y, Xu X. Acoustofluidic precise manipulation: Recent advances in applications for micro/nano bioparticles. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 332:103276. [PMID: 39146580 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Acoustofluidic technologies that integrate acoustic waves and microfluidic chips have been widely used in bioparticle manipulation. As a representative technology, acoustic tweezers have attracted significant attention due to their simple manufacturing, contact-free operation, and low energy consumption. Recently, acoustic tweezers have enabled the efficient and smart manipulation of biotargets with sizes covering millimeters (such as zebrafish) and nanometers (such as DNA). In addition to acoustic tweezers, other related acoustofluidic chips including acoustic separating, mixing, enriching, and transporting chips, have also emerged to be powerful platforms to manipulate micro/nano bioparticles (cells in blood, extracellular vesicles, liposomes, and so on). Accordingly, some interesting applications were also developed, such as smart sensing. In this review, we firstly introduce the principles of acoustic tweezers and various related technologies. Second, we compare and summarize recent applications of acoustofluidics in bioparticle manipulation and sensing. Finally, we outlook the future development direction from the perspectives such as device design and interdisciplinary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanglu Li
- College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhihao Yao
- Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; Lab of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Tongtong Ma
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zihong Ye
- College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Kaiyu He
- Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Liu Wang
- Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Yingchun Fu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xiahong Xu
- Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China.
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3
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Jhariat P, U AK, Warrier A, Sunda AP, Das S, Sarfudeen S, Dhavale VM, Panda T. Hydroxide Ion Conduction through Viologen-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks (vCOFs): An Approach toward the Advancement. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38684055 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c03736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Alkaline fuel cells rely on the movement of hydroxide anions (OH-) for their operation, yet these anions face challenges in efficient conduction due to their limited diffusion coefficient and substantial mass compared to proton (H+) transport. Within the covalent organic framework structure, ordered channels offer a promising solution for the OH- ion transport. Herein, we synthesized a cationic covalent organic framework (vTAPA) via the solvothermal-assisted Zincke reaction. vTAPA showcases excellent stability in harsh basic solution (12 M) and a wide range of pH. This framework facilitates OH- conduction through its one-dimensional network through the anion exchange process. We employed various tertiary ammonium salts (tetramethyl, tetraethyl, and tetrabutyl ammonium hydroxide) to exchange trapped anionic chloride ions inside the vTAPA structure with OH- ions. The density functional theory (DFT) study exhibited that the anion exchange process is very favorable, as the vTAPA framework offers preferable interaction sites for OH- ions. The impact of steric hindrance from these tertiary ammonium salts on the OH- conduction performance was extensively investigated. Butyl@vTAPA exhibited a high OH- ion conductivity of 1.05 × 10-4 S cm-1 at 90 °C under 98% relative humidity (RH). Our uniquely designed cationic covalent organic frameworks (COF) created a platform for a preferential transport network of hydroxide ions, and this is the first report of directly used COFs for hydroxide ion conduction without any vigorous postsynthetic modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pampa Jhariat
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anil Kumar U
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute-Madras Unit, CSIR Madras Complex, Taramani, Chennai 600113, Tamil Nadu, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Arjun Warrier
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anurag Prakash Sunda
- Department of Chemistry, J. C. Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA, Faridabad 121006, Haryana, India
| | - Subhadip Das
- Department of Chemistry, Chaudhary Ranbir Singh University, Jind 126102, Haryana, India
| | - Shafeeq Sarfudeen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vishal M Dhavale
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute-Madras Unit, CSIR Madras Complex, Taramani, Chennai 600113, Tamil Nadu, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Tamas Panda
- Centre for Clean Environment, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
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4
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Wang Y, Qian J. Femtosecond Laser Micromachining of the Mask for Acoustofluidic Device Preparation. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:7838-7844. [PMID: 36873004 PMCID: PMC9979341 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Surface acoustic wave (SAW)-based acoustofluidic devices have shown broad applications in microfluidic actuation and particle/cell manipulation. Conventional SAW acoustofluidic device fabrication generally includes photolithography and lift-off processes and thus requires accessing cleanroom facilities and expensive lithography equipment. In this paper, we report a femtosecond laser direct writing mask method for acoustofluidic device preparation. By micromachining of steel foil to form the mask and direct evaporation of metal on the piezoelectric substrate using the mask, the interdigital transducer (IDT) electrodes of the SAW device are generated. The minimum spatial periodicity of the IDT finger is about 200 μm, and the preparation for LiNbO3 and ZnO thin films and flexible PVDF SAW devices is verified. Meanwhile, we have demonstrated various microfluidic functions, including streaming, concentration, pumping, jumping, jetting, nebulization, and particle alignment using the fabricated acoustofluidic (ZnO/Al plate, LiNbO3) devices. Compared to the traditional manufacturing process, the proposed method omits spin coating, drying, lithography, developing, and lift-off processes and thus has advantages of simple, convenient, low cost, and environment friendliness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Hangzhou City
University, Hangzhou 310015, China
- The
State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jingui Qian
- Anhui
Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument,
School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
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5
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Yang D, Haworth L, Agrawal P, Tao R, McHale G, Torun H, Martin J, Luo J, Hou X, Fu Y. Dynamic Mitigation Mechanisms of Rime Icing with Propagating Surface Acoustic Waves. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:11314-11323. [PMID: 36070605 PMCID: PMC9494940 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ice accretion on economically valuable and strategically important surfaces poses significant challenges. Current anti-/de-icing techniques often have critical issues regarding their efficiency, convenience, long-term stability, or sustainability. As an emerging ice mitigation strategy, the thin-film surface acoustic wave (SAW) has great potentials due to its high energy efficiency and effective integration on structural surfaces. However, anti-/de-icing processes activated by SAWs involve complex interfacial evolution and phase changes, and it is crucial to understand the nature of dynamic solid-liquid-vapor phase changes and ice nucleation, growth, and melting events under SAW agitation. In this study, we systematically investigated the accretion and removal of porous rime ice from structural surfaces activated by SAWs. We found that icing and de-icing processes are strongly linked with the dynamical interfacial phase and structure changes of rime ice under SAW activation and the acousto-thermally induced localized heating that facilitate the melting of ice crystals. Subsequently, interactions of SAWs with the formed thin water layer at the ice/structure interface result in significant streaming effects that lead to further damage and melting of ice, liquid pumping, jetting, or nebulization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyu Yang
- Faculty
of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Luke Haworth
- Faculty
of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria
University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K.
| | - Prashant Agrawal
- Faculty
of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria
University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K.
| | - Ran Tao
- Shenzhen
Key Laboratory of Advanced Thin Films and Applications, College of
Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Glen McHale
- School
of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, U.K.
| | - Hamdi Torun
- Faculty
of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria
University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K.
| | - James Martin
- Faculty
of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria
University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K.
| | - Jingting Luo
- Shenzhen
Key Laboratory of Advanced Thin Films and Applications, College of
Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xianghui Hou
- Faculty
of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - YongQing Fu
- Faculty
of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria
University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K.
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6
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Zhang Q, Wang Y, Li D, Xie J, Tao R, Luo J, Dai X, Torun H, Wu Q, Ng WP, Binns R, Fu Y. Flexible multifunctional platform based on piezoelectric acoustics for human-machine interaction and environmental perception. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2022; 8:99. [PMID: 36119378 PMCID: PMC9474866 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00402-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Flexible human-machine interfaces show broad prospects for next-generation flexible or wearable electronics compared with their currently available bulky and rigid counterparts. However, compared to their rigid counterparts, most reported flexible devices (e.g., flexible loudspeakers and microphones) show inferior performance, mainly due to the nature of their flexibility. Therefore, it is of great significance to improve their performance by developing and optimizing new materials, structures and design methodologies. In this paper, a flexible acoustic platform based on a zinc oxide (ZnO) thin film on an aluminum foil substrate is developed and optimized; this platform can be applied as a loudspeaker, a microphone, or an ambient sensor depending on the selection of its excitation frequencies. When used as a speaker, the proposed structure shows a high sound pressure level (SPL) of ~90 dB (with a standard deviation of ~3.6 dB), a low total harmonic distortion of ~1.41%, and a uniform directivity (with a standard deviation of ~4 dB). Its normalized SPL is higher than those of similar devices reported in the recent literature. When used as a microphone, the proposed device shows a precision of 98% for speech recognition, and the measured audio signals show a strong similarity to the original audio signals, demonstrating its equivalent performance compared to a rigid commercial microphone. As a flexible sensor, this device shows a high temperature coefficient of frequency of -289 ppm/K and good performance for respiratory monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST UK
| | - Yong Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, 310024 Hangzhou, China
| | - Dongsheng Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
| | - Jin Xie
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
| | - Ran Tao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Education Ministry and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingting Luo
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Education Ministry and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuewu Dai
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST UK
| | - Hamdi Torun
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST UK
| | - Qiang Wu
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST UK
| | - Wai Pang Ng
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST UK
| | - Richard Binns
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST UK
| | - YongQing Fu
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST UK
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7
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Vernon J, Canyelles-Pericas P, Torun H, Binns R, Ng WP, Wu Q, Fu YQ. Breath monitoring, sleep disorder detection, and tracking using thin-film acoustic waves and open-source electronics. NANOTECHNOLOGY AND PRECISION ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1063/10.0013471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Apnoea, a major sleep disorder, affects many adults and causes several issues, such as fatigue, high blood pressure, liver conditions, increased risk of type II diabetes, and heart problems. Therefore, advanced monitoring and diagnosing tools of apnoea disorders are needed to facilitate better treatment, with advantages such as accuracy, comfort of use, cost effectiveness, and embedded computation capabilities to recognise, store, process, and transmit time series data. In this work we present an adaptation of our apnoea-Pi open-source surface acoustic wave (SAW) platform (Apnoea-Pi) to monitor and recognise apnoea in patients. The platform is based on a thin-film SAW device using bimorph ZnO and Al structures, including those fabricated as Al foils or plates, to achieve breath tracking based on humidity and temperature changes. We applied open-source electronics and provided embedded computing characteristics for signal processing, data recognition, storage, and transmission of breath signals. We show that the thin-film SAW device out-performed standard and off-the-shelf capacitive electronic sensors in terms of their response and accuracy for human breath-tracking purposes. This in combination with embedded electronics makes a suitable platform for human breath monitoring and sleep disorder recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jethro Vernon
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Pep Canyelles-Pericas
- Department of Integrated Devices and Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede 7522 NB, The Netherlands
| | - Hamdi Torun
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Binns
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Wai Pang Ng
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Qiang Wu
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Yong-Qing Fu
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
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8
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Vernon J, Canyelles-Pericas P, Torun H, Dai X, Ng WP, Binns R, Busawon K, Fu YQ. Acousto-Pi: An Opto-Acoustofluidic System Using Surface Acoustic Waves Controlled With Open-Source Electronics for Integrated In-Field Diagnostics. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2022; 69:411-422. [PMID: 34524958 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2021.3113173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices are increasingly applied in life sciences, biology, and point-of-care applications due to their combined acoustofluidic sensing and actuating properties. Despite the advances in this field, there remain significant gaps in interfacing hardware and control strategies to facilitate system integration with high performance and low cost. In this work, we present a versatile and digitally controlled acoustofluidic platform by demonstrating key functions for biological assays such as droplet transportation and mixing using a closed-loop feedback control with image recognition. Moreover, we integrate optical detection by demonstrating in situ fluorescence sensing capabilities with a standard camera and digital filters, bypassing the need for expensive and complex optical setups. The Acousto-Pi setup is based on open-source Raspberry Pi hardware and 3-D printed housing, and the SAW devices are fabricated with piezoelectric thin films on a metallic substrate. The platform enables the control of droplet position and speed for sample processing (mixing and dilution of samples), as well as the control of temperature based on acousto-heating, offering embedded processing capability. It can be operated remotely while recording the measurements in cloud databases toward integrated in-field diagnostic applications such as disease outbreak control, mass healthcare screening, and food safety.
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9
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Zhang Q, Wang Y, Wang T, Li D, Xie J, Torun H, Fu Y. Piezoelectric Smart Patch Operated with Machine-Learning Algorithms for Effective Detection and Elimination of Condensation. ACS Sens 2021; 6:3072-3081. [PMID: 34406740 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Timely detection and elimination of surface condensation is crucial for diverse applications in agriculture, automotive, oil and gas industries, and respiratory monitoring. In this paper, a smart patch based on a ZnO/aluminum (∼5 μm/50 μm thick) flexible Lamb wave device has been proposed to detect, prevent, and eliminate condensation, which can be realized using both of its surfaces. The patch is operated using a machine-learning algorithm which consists of data preprocessing (feature selection and optimization) and model training by a random forest algorithm. It has been tested in six cases, and the results show good detection performance with average precision = 94.40% and average F1 score = 93.23%. The principle of accelerating evaporation is investigated to understand the elimination and prevention functions for surface condensation. Results show that both dielectric heating and acoustothermal effect have their contributions, whereas the former is found more dominant. Furthermore, the functional relationship between the evaporation rate and the input power is calibrated, showing a high linearity (R2 = 97.64%) with a slope of ∼3.6 × 10-5 1/(s·mW). With an input power of ∼0.6 W, the flexible device has been proven effective in the prevention of condensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
| | - Yong Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Tao Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Dongsheng Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jin Xie
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Hamdi Torun
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
| | - Yongqing Fu
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
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