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Ma R, Mu Q, Xi Y, Liu G, Liu C. Nanotechnology for tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease. Mater Today Bio 2024; 27:101145. [PMID: 39070098 PMCID: PMC11283088 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.101145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Tau protein aggregation is a defining characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD), leading to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles that disrupt neural communication and ultimately result in cognitive decline. Nanotechnology presents novel strategies for both diagnosing and treating Alzheimer's disease. Nanotechnology. It has become a revolutionary tool in the fight against Alzheimer's disease, particularly in addressing the pathological accumulation of tau protein. This review explores the relationship between tau-related neurophysiology and the utilization of nanotechnology for AD treatment, focusing on the application of nanomaterials to regulate tau phosphorylation, hinder tau aggregation and propagation, stabilize microtubules, eliminate pathological tau and emphasize the potential of nanotechnology in developing personalized therapies and monitoring treatment responses in AD patients. This review combines tau-related neurophysiology with nanotechnology to provide new insights for further understanding and treating Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Stress Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Qianwen Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Stress Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yue Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Stress Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stress Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
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2
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Xu L, Wu X, Zhao S, Hu H, Wang S, Zhang Y, Chen J, Zhang X, Zhao Y, Ma R, Huang F, Shi L. Harnessing Nanochaperone-Mediated Autophagy for Selective Clearance of Pathogenic Tau Protein in Alzheimer's Disease. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2313869. [PMID: 38688523 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Accumulation of pathological tau is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which correlates more closely with cognitive impairment than does the amyloid-β (Aβ) burden. Autophagy is a powerful process for the clearance of toxic proteins including aberrant tau. However, compromised autophagy is demonstrated in neurodegeneration including AD, and current autophagy inducers remain enormously challenging due to inability of restoring autophagy pathway and lack of targeting specificity. Here, pathogenic tau-specific autophagy based on customized nanochaperone is developed for AD treatment. In this strategy, the nanochaperone can selectively bind to pathogenic tau and maintain tau homeostasis, thereby ensuring microtubule stability which is important for autophagy pathway. Meanwhile, the bound pathogenic tau can be sequestered in autophagosomes by in situ autophagy activation of nanochaperone. Consequently, autophagosomes wrapping with pathogenic tau are able to be trafficked along the stabilized microtubule to achieve successful fusion with lysosomes, resulting in the enhancement of autophagic flux and pathologic tau clearance. After treatment with this nanochaperone-mediated autophagy strategy, the tau burden, neuron damages, and cognitive deficits of AD mice are significantly alleviated in the brain. Therefore, this work represents a promising candidate for AD-targeted therapy and provides new insights into future design of anti-neurodegeneration drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Shuyue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Haodong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Silei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yongxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Jiajing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Xiaochen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Rujiang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Fan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, P.R. China
| | - Linqi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300090, P. R. China
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Jain U, Johari S, Srivastava P. Current Insights of Nanocarrier-Mediated Gene Therapeutics to Treat Potential Impairment of Amyloid Beta Protein and Tau Protein in Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:1969-1989. [PMID: 37831361 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03671-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), is the major type of dementia and most progressive, irreversible widespread neurodegenerative disorder affecting the elderly worldwide. The prime hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are beta-amyloid plaques (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). In spite of recent advances and developments in targeting the hallmarks of AD, symptomatic medications that promise neuroprotective activity against AD are currently unable to treat degenerating brain clinically or therapeutically and show little efficacy. The extensive progress of AD therapies over time has resulted in the advent of disease-modifying medications with the potential to alleviate AD. However, due to the presence of a defensive connection between the vascular system and the neural tissues known as the blood-brain barrier (BBB), directing these medications to the site of action in the degenerating brain is the key problem. BBB acts as a highly selective semipermeable membrane that prevents any type of foreign substance from entering the microenvironment of neurons. To overcome this limitation, the revolutionary approach of nanoparticle(NP)/nanocarrier-mediated drug delivery system has marked the era with its unique property to cross, avoid, or disrupt the defensive BBB efficiently and release the modified drug at the target site of action. After comprehensive data mining, this review focuses on the detailed understanding of different types of nanoparticle(NP)/nanocarrier-mediated drug delivery system like liposomes, micelles, gold nanoparticles(NP), polymeric NPs, etc. which have promising potential in carrying the desired drug(cargo) to the location in the degenerated brain thus mitigating the Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unnati Jain
- School of Biosciences, Institute of Management Studies Ghaziabad (University Courses Campus), Adhyatmik Nagar, NH09, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Surabhi Johari
- School of Biosciences, Institute of Management Studies Ghaziabad (University Courses Campus), Adhyatmik Nagar, NH09, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Priyanka Srivastava
- School of Biosciences, Institute of Management Studies Ghaziabad (University Courses Campus), Adhyatmik Nagar, NH09, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Lu B, Wei L, Shi G, Du J. Nanotherapeutics for Alleviating Anesthesia-Associated Complications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308241. [PMID: 38342603 PMCID: PMC11022745 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Current management of anesthesia-associated complications falls short in terms of both efficacy and safety. Nanomaterials with versatile properties and unique nano-bio interactions hold substantial promise as therapeutics for addressing these complications. This review conducts a thorough examination of the existing nanotherapeutics and highlights the strategies for developing prospective nanomedicines to mitigate anesthetics-related toxicity. Initially, general, regional, and local anesthesia along with the commonly used anesthetics and related prevalent side effects are introduced. Furthermore, employing nanotechnology to prevent and alleviate the complications of anesthetics is systematically demonstrated from three aspects, that is, developing 1) safe nano-formulization for anesthetics; 2) nano-antidotes to sequester overdosed anesthetics and alter their pharmacokinetics; 3) nanomedicines with pharmacodynamic activities to treat anesthetics toxicity. Finally, the prospects and challenges facing the clinical translation of nanotherapeutics for anesthesia-related complications are discussed. This work provides a comprehensive roadmap for developing effective nanotherapeutics to prevent and mitigate anesthesia-associated toxicity, which can potentially revolutionize the management of anesthesia complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Lu
- Department of AnesthesiologyThird Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityShanxi Bethune HospitalShanxi Academy of Medical SciencesTongji Shanxi HospitalTaiyuan030032China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical UniversityMinistry of EducationTaiyuanShanxi Province030001China
| | - Ling Wei
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital Center Surgery DepartmentShanxi Academy of Medical SciencesTongji Shanxi HospitalThird Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuan030032China
| | - Gaoxiang Shi
- Department of AnesthesiologyThird Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityShanxi Bethune HospitalShanxi Academy of Medical SciencesTongji Shanxi HospitalTaiyuan030032China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical UniversityMinistry of EducationTaiyuanShanxi Province030001China
- Department of Medical ImagingShanxi Key Laboratory of Intelligent Imaging and NanomedicineFirst Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanShanxi Province030001China
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Panghal A, Flora SJS. Nanotechnology in the diagnostic and therapy for Alzheimer's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2024; 1868:130559. [PMID: 38191034 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2024.130559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder primarily characterized by β-amyloid plaque, intraneuronal tangles, significant neuronal loss and cognitive deficit. Treatment in the early stages of the disease is crucial for preventing or perhaps reversing the neurodegeneration in the AD cases. However, none of the current diagnostic procedures are capable of early diagnosis of AD. Further, the available treatments merely provide symptomatic alleviation in AD and do not address the underlying illness. Therefore, there is no permanent cure for AD currently. Better therapeutic outcomes need the optimum drug concentration in the central nervous system (CNS) by traversing blood-brain-barrier (BBB). Nanotechnology offers enormous promise to transform the treatment and diagnostics of neurodegenerative diseases. Nanotechnology based diagnostic tools, drug delivery systems and theragnostic are capable of highly sensitive molecular detection, effective drug targeting and their combination. Significant work has been done in this area over the last decade and prospective results have been obtained in AD therapy. This review explores the various applications of nanotechnology in addressing the varied facets of AD, ranging from early detection to therapeutic interventions. This review also looks at how nanotechnology can help with the development of disease-modifying medicines, such as the delivery of anti-amyloid, anti-tau, cholinesterase inhibitors, antioxidants and hormonal drugs. In conclusion, this paper discusses the role of nanotechnology in the early detection of AD, effective drug targeting to the CNS and theragnostic applications in the management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archna Panghal
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Panjab 160012, India
| | - S J S Flora
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Panjab 160012, India; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Era Medical University, Safarajganj, Lucknow 226003, U.P., India.
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Cáceres C, Heusser B, Garnham A, Moczko E. The Major Hypotheses of Alzheimer's Disease: Related Nanotechnology-Based Approaches for Its Diagnosis and Treatment. Cells 2023; 12:2669. [PMID: 38067098 PMCID: PMC10705786 DOI: 10.3390/cells12232669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a well-known chronic neurodegenerative disorder that leads to the progressive death of brain cells, resulting in memory loss and the loss of other critical body functions. In March 2019, one of the major pharmaceutical companies and its partners announced that currently, there is no drug to cure AD, and all clinical trials of the new ones have been cancelled, leaving many people without hope. However, despite the clear message and startling reality, the research continued. Finally, in the last two years, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first-ever medications to treat Alzheimer's, aducanumab and lecanemab. Despite researchers' support of this decision, there are serious concerns about their effectiveness and safety. The validation of aducanumab by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services is still pending, and lecanemab was authorized without considering data from the phase III trials. Furthermore, numerous reports suggest that patients have died when undergoing extended treatment. While there is evidence that aducanumab and lecanemab may provide some relief to those suffering from AD, their impact remains a topic of ongoing research and debate within the medical community. The fact is that even though there are considerable efforts regarding pharmacological treatment, no definitive cure for AD has been found yet. Nevertheless, it is strongly believed that modern nanotechnology holds promising solutions and effective clinical strategies for the development of diagnostic tools and treatments for AD. This review summarizes the major hallmarks of AD, its etiological mechanisms, and challenges. It explores existing diagnostic and therapeutic methods and the potential of nanotechnology-based approaches for recognizing and monitoring patients at risk of irreversible neuronal degeneration. Overall, it provides a broad overview for those interested in the evolving areas of clinical neuroscience, AD, and related nanotechnology. With further research and development, nanotechnology-based approaches may offer new solutions and hope for millions of people affected by this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ewa Moczko
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Viña del Mar 2562307, Chile; (C.C.)
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Rajewski BH, Makwana KM, Angera IJ, Geremia DK, Zepeda AR, Hallinan GI, Vidal R, Ghetti B, Serrano AL, Del Valle JR. β-Bracelets: Macrocyclic Cross-β Epitope Mimics Based on a Tau Conformational Strain. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23131-23142. [PMID: 37844142 PMCID: PMC10823581 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
The aggregation of misfolded tau into neurotoxic fibrils is linked to the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related tauopathies. Disease-associated conformations of filamentous tau are characterized by hydrophobic interactions between side chains on unique and distant β-strand modules within each protomer. Here, we report the design and diversity-oriented synthesis of β-arch peptide macrocycles composed of the aggregation-prone PHF6 hexapeptide of tau and the cross-β module specific to the AD tau fold. Termed "β-bracelets", these proteomimetics assemble in a sequence- and macrocycle-dependent fashion, resulting in amyloid-like fibrils that feature in-register parallel β-sheet structure. Backbone N-amination of a selected β-bracelet affords soluble inhibitors of tau aggregation. We further demonstrate that the N-aminated macrocycles block the prion-like cellular seeding activity of recombinant tau as well as mature fibrils from AD patient extracts. These studies establish β-bracelets as a new class of cross-β epitope mimics and demonstrate their utility in the rational design of molecules targeting amyloid propagation and seeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H. Rajewski
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Kamlesh M. Makwana
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Isaac J. Angera
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Danielle K. Geremia
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Anna R. Zepeda
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Grace I. Hallinan
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202, United States
| | - Ruben Vidal
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202, United States
| | - Bernardino Ghetti
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202, United States
| | - Arnaldo L. Serrano
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Juan R. Del Valle
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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Song N, Sun S, Chen K, Wang Y, Wang H, Meng J, Guo M, Zhang XD, Zhang R. Emerging nanotechnology for Alzheimer's disease: From detection to treatment. J Control Release 2023; 360:392-417. [PMID: 37414222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), one of the most common chronic neurodegenerative diseases, is characterized by memory impairment, synaptic dysfunction, and character mutations. The pathological features of AD are Aβ accumulation, tau protein enrichment, oxidative stress, and immune inflammation. Since the pathogenesis of AD is complicated and ambiguous, it is still challenging to achieve early detection and timely treatment of AD. Due to the unique physical, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties of nanoparticles (NPs), nanotechnology has shown great potential for detecting and treating AD. This review provides an overview of the latest developments in AD detection via nanotechnology based on NPs with electrochemical sensing, optical sensing, and imaging techniques. Meanwhile, we highlight the important advances in nanotechnology-based AD treatment through targeting disease biomarkers, stem-cell therapy and immunotherapy. Furthermore, we summarize the current challenges and present a promising prospect for nanotechnology-based AD diagnosis and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Song
- Department of Physics, School of Science, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Si Sun
- Department of Physics and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparing Technology, School of Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ke Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jian Meng
- The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Meili Guo
- Department of Physics, School of Science, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhang
- Department of Physics and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparing Technology, School of Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Ruiping Zhang
- The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China.
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Ren Q, Chen H, Chen Y, Song Z, Ouyang S, Lian S, Tao J, Song Y, Zhao P. Imine-Linked Covalent Organic Framework Modulates Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer's Disease. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:4947-4958. [PMID: 36651694 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c19839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress due to Cu2+-triggered aggregation of β-amyloid protein (Aβ) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) overexpression in the brain is an important hallmark of early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. The ideal modulator for improving the oxidative stress microenvironment in AD brains should take both Cu2+ and ROS into consideration, which has been rarely reported. Here, a combined therapeutic strategy was achieved by co-encapsulating superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in imine-linked covalent organic frameworks (COFs), which were modified with peptide KLVFF (T5). The nanocomposite SC@COF-T5 exhibited an oxidative stress eradicating ability through ROS elimination and Cu2+ chelation, combined with the inhibition of Aβ42 monomer aggregation and disaggregation of Aβ42 fibrils. In vivo experiments indicated that SC@COF-T5 with a high blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration efficiency was effective to reduce Aβ deposition, expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, ROS levels, and neurologic damage in AD model mice, consequently rescuing memory deficits of AD mice. This work not only confirms the feasibility and merits of the therapeutic strategy regarding multiple targets for treatment of early AD pathogenesis but also opens up a novel direction for imine-linked COFs in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfan Ren
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Huiting Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Yuying Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Zibin Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Sixue Ouyang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Shengsen Lian
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Function and Microcirculation and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Jia Tao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Ye Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Function and Microcirculation and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
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10
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Liu Y, Yi Y, Zhong C, Ma Z, Wang H, Dong X, Yu F, Li J, Chen Q, Lin C, Li X. Advanced bioactive nanomaterials for diagnosis and treatment of major chronic diseases. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1121429. [PMID: 36776741 PMCID: PMC9909026 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1121429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
With the rapid innovation of nanoscience and technology, nanomaterials have also been deeply applied in the medical and health industry and become one of the innovative methods to treat many diseases. In recent years, bioactive nanomaterials have attracted extensive attention and have made some progress in the treatment of some major chronic diseases, such as nervous system diseases and various malignant tumors. Bioactive nanomaterials depend on their physical and chemical properties (crystal structure, surface charge, surface functional groups, morphology, and size, etc.) and direct produce biological activity and play to the role of the treatment of diseases, compared with the traditional nanometer pharmaceutical preparations, biological active nano materials don't exert effects through drug release, way more directly, also is expected to be more effective for the treatment of diseases. However, further studies are needed in the evaluation of biological effects, fate in vivo, structure-activity relationship and clinical transformation of bionanomaterials. Based on the latest research reports, this paper reviews the application of bioactive nanomaterials in the diagnosis and treatment of major chronic diseases and analyzes the technical challenges and key scientific issues faced by bioactive nanomaterials in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, to provide suggestions for the future development of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfei Liu
- Department of Urology, Longyan First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Longyan, China
| | - Yi Yi
- Department of Urology, Longyan First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Longyan, China,*Correspondence: Yi Yi,
| | - Chengqian Zhong
- Longyan First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Longyan, China
| | - Zecong Ma
- Department of Urology, Longyan First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Longyan, China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- Department of Urology, Longyan First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Longyan, China
| | - Xingmo Dong
- Department of Urology, Longyan First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Longyan, China
| | - Feng Yu
- Department of Urology, Longyan First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Longyan, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Urology, Longyan First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Longyan, China
| | - Qinqi Chen
- Department of Urology, Longyan First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Longyan, China
| | - Chaolu Lin
- Department of Urology, Longyan First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Longyan, China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Longyan First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Longyan, China
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Bazzari FH, Bazzari AH. BACE1 Inhibitors for Alzheimer's Disease: The Past, Present and Any Future? MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248823. [PMID: 36557955 PMCID: PMC9785888 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. The complexity of AD has hindered the development of either a cure or a disease-modifying therapy to halt the disease progression. Numerous hypotheses were presented in order to explain the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of AD. Introduced in 1992, the "Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis" had a huge impact on the field and inspired the rise of various drug candidates, especially amyloid-beta (Aβ)-directed drugs; including beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) inhibitors. Adopted by a number of pharmaceutical companies, the development of BACE1 inhibitors has gained momentum in the past decade with promising results from experimental and early clinical-phase studies. Nevertheless, nearly all BACE1 inhibitors failed in later phases of clinical trials, due to safety and/or efficacy issues, and others were discontinued early in favor of second-generation small-molecule candidates. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of all BACE1 inhibitors to ever reach clinical trials, and we discuss the challenges and different perspectives on whether BACE1 inhibitors are to be reconsidered or revitalized in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas H. Bazzari
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jerash University, Al-Urdon St., Jerash 26150, Jordan
- Correspondence:
| | - Amjad H. Bazzari
- Department of Basic Scientific Sciences, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan
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Karimi N, Bayram Çatak F, Arslan E, Saghazadeh A, Rezaei N. Tau immunotherapy in Alzheimer’s disease and progressive supranuclear palsy. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109445. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Lin J, Li H, Guo J, Xu Y, Li H, Yan J, Wang Y, Chen H, Yuan Z. Potential of fluorescent nanoprobe in diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2022; 17:1191-1211. [PMID: 36154269 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2022-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is well known for its insidious nature, slow progression and high incidence as a neurodegenerative disease. In the past, diagnosis of AD mainly depended on analysis of a patient's cognitive ability and behavior. Without a unified standard for analysis methods, this is prone to produce incorrect diagnoses. Currently, definitive diagnosis mainly relies on histopathological examination. Because of the advantages of precision, noninvasiveness, low toxicity and high spatiotemporal resolution, fluorescent nanoprobes are suitable for the early diagnosis of AD. This review summarizes the research progress of different kinds of fluorescent nanoprobes for AD diagnosis and therapy in recent years and provides an outlook on the development prospects of fluorescent nanoprobes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Hanhan Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jingxuan Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yue Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Haiyan Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zhenwei Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 210009, China
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Mashal Y, Abdelhady H, Iyer AK. Comparison of Tau and Amyloid-β Targeted Immunotherapy Nanoparticles for Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12071001. [PMID: 35883556 PMCID: PMC9313310 DOI: 10.3390/biom12071001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a rapidly growing global concern associated with the accumulation of amyloid-β plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles in the brain combined with a high acetylcholinesterase activity. AD diagnosis is usually made too late, when patients have an extensive neuronal death, and brain damage is irreversible. Several therapeutic targets have been defined mainly related to two hypotheses of AD: the tau hypothesis and the amyloid-β hypothesis. Here, we intend to investigate and to compare different therapeutic approaches for AD, mainly based on nanoparticles (NPs) targeted at the brain and at the pathological hallmarks of the disease. We analyzed preclinical trials that have successfully improved drug bioavailability in the brain by using targeted nanocarriers towards either tau, amyloid-β, or both. We then compared these trials to find out which protein is more efficient in therapeutic targeting. We found that the search for a cure was mostly based on the amyloid-β hypothesis, with Aβ dysplasia emerging as the most confirmed and convincing therapeutic target. Targeted NPs have proven useful to enhance both the bioavailability and the performance of therapies against AD in animal models. A better understanding of AD mechanisms will help the successful application of targeted NPs for combined therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Mashal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
- International Academy East, Troy, MI 48085, USA
| | - Hosam Abdelhady
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Sam Houston State University, Conroe, TX 77304, USA
- Correspondence: (H.A.); (A.K.I.); Tel.: +1-936-202-5221 (H.A.); +1-313-577-5875 (A.K.I.)
| | - Arun K. Iyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
- Correspondence: (H.A.); (A.K.I.); Tel.: +1-936-202-5221 (H.A.); +1-313-577-5875 (A.K.I.)
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Zhu L, Zhang MQ, Jing HR, Zhang XP, Xu LL, Ma RJ, Huang F, Shi LQ. Bioinspired Self-assembly Nanochaperone Inhibits Tau-Derived PHF6 Peptide Aggregation in Alzheimer’s Disease. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2799-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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16
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Elmaidomy AH, Abdelmohsen UR, Alsenani F, Aly HF, Eldin Shams SG, Younis EA, Ahmed KA, Sayed AM, Owis AI, Afifi N, El Amir D. The anti-Alzheimer potential of Tamarindus indica: an in vivo investigation supported by in vitro and in silico approaches. RSC Adv 2022; 12:11769-11785. [PMID: 35481086 PMCID: PMC9015909 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01340a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tamarindus indica Linn. (Tamarind, F. Fabaceae) is one of the most widely consumed fruits in the world. A crude extract and different fractions of T. indica (using n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol) were evaluated in vitro with respect to their DPPH scavenging and AchE inhibition activities. The results showed that the dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions showed the highest antioxidant activities, with 84.78 and 86.96% DPPH scavenging at 0.10 μg mL-1. The n-hexane, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate fractions inhibited AchE activity in a dose-dependent manner, and the n-hexane fraction showed the highest inhibition at 20 μg mL-1. The results were confirmed by using n-hexane, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate fractions in vivo to regress the neurodegenerative features of Alzheimer's dementia in an aluminum-intoxicated rat model. Phytochemical investigations of those three fractions afforded two new diphenyl ether derivative compounds 1-2, along with five known ones (3-7). The structures of the isolated compounds were confirmed via 1D and 2D NMR and HRESIMS analyses. The isolated compounds were subjected to extensive in silico-based investigations to putatively highlight the most probable compounds responsible for the anti-Alzheimer activity of T. indica. Inverse docking studies followed by molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) and binding free energy (ΔG) investigations suggested that both compounds 1 and 2 could be promising AchE inhibitors. The results presented in this study may provide potential dietary supplements for the management of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer H Elmaidomy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University Beni-Suef 62514 Egypt
| | - Usama Ramadan Abdelmohsen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University Minia 61519 Egypt
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University 7 Universities Zone New Minia 61111 Egypt
| | - Faisal Alsenani
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University Makkah 21955 Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan F Aly
- Therapeutic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre (NRC) El-Bouth St. P.O. 12622 Cairo Egypt
| | - Shams Gamal Eldin Shams
- Therapeutic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre (NRC) El-Bouth St. P.O. 12622 Cairo Egypt
| | - Eman A Younis
- Therapeutic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre (NRC) El-Bouth St. P.O. 12622 Cairo Egypt
| | - Kawkab A Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University Giza 12211 Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Sayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University Beni-Suef 62513 Egypt
| | - Asmaa I Owis
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University Beni-Suef 62514 Egypt
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University for Sustainable Development Cairo Egypt
| | - Naglaa Afifi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University Beni-Suef 62514 Egypt
| | - Dalia El Amir
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University Beni-Suef 62514 Egypt
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Xi Y, Chen Y, Jin Y, Han G, Song M, Song T, Shi Y, Tao L, Huang Z, Zhou J, Ding Y, Zhang H. Versatile nanomaterials for Alzheimer's disease: Pathogenesis inspired disease-modifying therapy. J Control Release 2022; 345:38-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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18
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Guo Y, Hu Z, Wang Z. Recent Advances in the Application Peptide and Peptoid in Diagnosis Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease in Blood. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:778955. [PMID: 35002620 PMCID: PMC8733658 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.778955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases with irreversible damage of the brain and a continuous pathophysiological process. Early detection and accurate diagnosis are essential for the early intervention of AD. Precise detection of blood biomarkers related to AD could provide a shortcut to identifying early-stage patients before symptoms. In recent years, targeting peptides or peptoids have been chosen as recognition elements in nano-sensors or fluorescence detection to increase the targeting specificity, while peptide-based probes were also developed considering their specific advantages. Peptide-based sensors and probes have been developed according to different strategies, such as natural receptors, high-throughput screening, or artificial design for AD detection. This review will briefly summarize the recent developments and trends of AD diagnosis platforms based on peptide and peptoid as recognition elements and provide insights into the application of peptide and peptoid with different sources and characteristics in the diagnosis of AD biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyuan Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zihua Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Zhao Y, Zhang Z, Pan Z, Liu Y. Advanced bioactive nanomaterials for biomedical applications. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2021; 1:20210089. [PMID: 37323697 PMCID: PMC10191050 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20210089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive materials are a kind of materials with unique bioactivities, which can change the cellular behaviors and elicit biological responses from living tissues. Bioactive materials came into the spotlight in the late 1960s when the researchers found that the materials such as bioglass could react with surrounding bone tissue for bone regeneration. In the following decades, advances in nanotechnology brought the new development opportunities to bioactive nanomaterials. Bioactive nanomaterials are not a simple miniaturization of macroscopic materials. They exhibit unique bioactivities due to their nanoscale size effect, high specific surface area, and precise nanostructure, which can significantly influence the interactions with biological systems. Nowadays, bioactive nanomaterials have represented an important and exciting area of research. Current and future applications ensure that bioactive nanomaterials have a high academic and clinical importance. This review summaries the recent advances in the field of bioactive nanomaterials, and evaluate the influence factors of bioactivities. Then, a range of bioactive nanomaterials and their potential biomedical applications are discussed. Furthermore, the limitations, challenges, and future opportunities of bioactive nanomaterials are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyFrontiers Science Center for New Organic MatterCollege of ChemistryNankai UniversityTianjinP. R. China
| | - Zhanzhan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyFrontiers Science Center for New Organic MatterCollege of ChemistryNankai UniversityTianjinP. R. China
| | - Zheng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyFrontiers Science Center for New Organic MatterCollege of ChemistryNankai UniversityTianjinP. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyFrontiers Science Center for New Organic MatterCollege of ChemistryNankai UniversityTianjinP. R. China
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