1
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Wang Z, You L, Pandit V, Chaudhary J, Lee WJ, Mei J. Transparent Electrochromic Polymers with High Optical Contrast and Contrast Ratio. JACS AU 2024; 4:2291-2299. [PMID: 38938807 PMCID: PMC11200217 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Colored-to-transmissive electrochromic polymers, known for their wide selection of colors and solution processability, have gained great attraction in thin film electrochromic devices that have entered the market. However, their adoption in the real world is limited due to their limited optical transparency and contrast. This study introduces a new molecular design strategy to overcome these issues. This strategy involves using meta-conjugated linkers (MCLs) and aromatic moieties along polymer backbones, which enable transparent-to-colored electrochromic switching. The MCL interrupts charge delocalization, increasing the band gap in the neutral state and ensuring transparency in the visible region. This innovative approach achieves nearly 100% transmittance in the neutral state and a high absorption in the oxidized state, overcoming residue absorption issues in conventional electrochromic polymers. Simultaneously, the MCL and aromatic moieties enable low oxidation potential, facilitating stable transparent-to-color switching. Polymers developed using this approach exhibit wide color tunability, optical contrast exceeding 93%, and cycling stability over 5000 cycles with less than 3% contrast decay. Our research represents a major advancement in overcoming existing challenges, enabling polymer-based electrochromic devices for visual comfort and energy conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vaidehi Pandit
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jagrity Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Won-June Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jianguo Mei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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2
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Lv X, Liu C, Shao M, Li J, Xia M, Cui J, Dong J, Ouyang M, Zhang C. Full color control and patterned display device from cyan/magenta/yellow water-dispersed electrochromic polymer nanoparticles systems. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:365201. [PMID: 38710176 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad47cd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Electrochromic polymers (ECPs) have great application potential in flexible displays, and there is an increasing expectation of using green methods to form ECP films. Herein, we propose a modified microemulsion method to prepare cyan/magenta/yellow (C/M/Y) water-dispersed electrochromic polymer nanoparticles (WDEN) systems. Three polymer films (WDECP-C/M/Y) maintain similar electrochemical properties compared to their corresponding organic solvent-based polymer films. It is intriguing that WDECP-C/M/Y exhibit better electrochromic properties in terms of higher cycling stability (97.24%, 95.05%, and 52.84%, respectively) and faster switching time (0.94 s, 1.09 s, and 1.34 s for coloring time, respectively) due to the introduction of nanoparticles. In addition, it can achieve various desired colors by blending the C/M/Y WDEN systems in different ratios. The calculated chromaticity coordinates of the blending polymer films show close values to the experimental observation, and the calculated ΔE*abvalues range from 2.6 to 10.3, which may provide theoretical guidance for precisely color control. Finally, large-scale and patterned devices were assembled, which can achieve colored-to-colorless reversible electrochromism at a low driving voltage of 0-1.5 V. This work puts forward a universal and environmentally sustainable strategy to prepare WDEN systems, demonstrating their wide range of applications in display devices and electronic tags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Lv
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingfa Shao
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Li
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Minao Xia
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiankun Cui
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Juncheng Dong
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Mi Ouyang
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- International Sci. & Tech. Cooperation Base of Energy Materials and Application, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
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3
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Navya PV, Ganesan K, Neyts EC, Sampath S. Heterocycle- and Amine-Free Electrochromic and Electrofluorochromic Molecules for Energy-Saving See-Through Smart Windows and Displays. Chemistry 2024:e202401647. [PMID: 38747442 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Electrochromic (EC) smart windows are an elegant alternative to dusty curtains, blinds, and traditional dimming devices. The EC energy storage smart windows and displays received remarkable attention in the optoelectronic industry as they hold promise for high energy efficiency, low power consumption, reversibility, and swift response to stimuli. However, achieving these properties remains challenging. Moreover, most EC molecules do not exhibit electrofluorochromism, which is highly essential for smart displays because its EC property can modulate the solar heat entering the building, and its electrofluorochromic (EFC) aspects can create lighting during the night. In this work, a structure-property relationship is utilized to develop new electrochromes that can store the injected charge, and these molecules indeed exhibit electrofluorochromism. The compounds are synthesized from tetrabenzofluorene with two aromatic acceptor units, and avoids the use of widely studied heterocycles and amine derivatives. The electrochromes switches from yellow to dark hue in solution, solid, and gel state. The compounds display exceptional electrochemical stability and reversibility in 1000 cycles and capacity retention of 93-100 % in 300 charging-discharging cycles. The proof-of-concept device fabrication of the self-dimming EC smart window presented here demonstrates that it can furnish visual comfort, modulate transmitted light and glare, and reduce energy usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panichiyil V Navya
- Soft Functional Hybrid Materials Lab, Department of Materials Science, School of Technology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, 610005, India
| | - Krithika Ganesan
- MOSAIC Research Group, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium
| | - Erik C Neyts
- MOSAIC Research Group, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium
| | - Srinivasan Sampath
- Soft Functional Hybrid Materials Lab, Department of Materials Science, School of Technology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, 610005, India
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4
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Durbin M, Balzer AH, Reynolds JR, Ratcliff EL, Stingelin N, Österholm AM. Role of Side-Chain Free Volume on the Electrochemical Behavior of Poly(propylenedioxythiophenes). CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2024; 36:2634-2641. [PMID: 38558922 PMCID: PMC10976628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c02122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Mixed ionic/electronic conducting polymers are versatile systems for, e.g., energy storage, heat management (exploiting electrochromism), and biosensing, all of which require electrochemical doping, i.e., the electrochemical oxidation or reduction of their macromolecular backbones. Electrochemical doping is achieved via electro-injection of charges (i.e., electronic carriers), stabilized via migration of counterions from a supporting electrolyte. Since the choice of the polymer side-chain functionalization influences electrolyte and/or ion sorption and desorption, it in turn affects redox properties, and, thus, electrochemically induced mixed conduction. However, our understanding of how side-chain versus backbone design can increase ion flow while retaining high electronic transport remains limited. Hence, heuristic design approaches have typically been followed. Herein, we consider the redox and swelling behavior of three poly(propylenedioxythiophene) derivatives, P(ProDOT)s, substituted with different side-chain motifs, and demonstrate that passive swelling is controlled by the surface polarity of P(ProDOT) films. In contrast, active swelling under operando conditions (i.e., under an applied bias) is dictated by the local side-chain free volume on the length scale of a monomer unit. Such insights deliver important design criteria toward durable soft electrochemical systems for diverse energy and biosensing platforms and new understanding into electrochemical conditioning ("break-in") in many conducting polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlow
M. Durbin
- School
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Alex H. Balzer
- School
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - John R. Reynolds
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Erin L. Ratcliff
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0012, United States
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- School
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Anna M. Österholm
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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5
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Komaba K, Kimura S, Kumai R, Goto H. Optically Electroactive Polymer Synthesized in a Liquid Crystal with Cyclosporin A─Circularly Polarized Electron Spin Resonance. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:2000-2009. [PMID: 38377516 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c07375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Cyclosporine A (CsA), a naturally derived biomaterial and physiologically active substance, is commonly used as an immunosuppressant. In this study, CsA was revealed to function as a chiral inducer of cholesteric liquid crystals (CLCs) with a high helical twisting power. CsA induced helical structures in 4-cyano-4'-pentylbiphenyl, a synthetic liquid crystal (LC) used for general purposes. Electrochemical polymerization in CLC with CsA was also performed. The polymer prepared in CLC showed electro-optical activity via chiral induction by CsA. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements indicated that the polymer film prepared in the CLC formed in the manner of LC molecular arrangement through molecular form imprinting from the LC order, although the polymer exhibited no liquid crystallinity. The polymer showed structural color and laser light oscillation diffraction derived from its periodic structure. The anisotropy of the circularly polarized electron spin resonance signals for the resulting polymer with respect to the magnetic field was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoka Komaba
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Shojiro Kimura
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577 Japan
| | - Reiji Kumai
- Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Goto
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
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6
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Jia S, Xing Z, Wang Q, Wang S, Chen Z. Poly (Aryl Amino Ketone/Sulfones) with Obvious Electrochromic Effect Prepared by One-Step Low-Cost and Facile Synthesis. Molecules 2023; 28:5297. [PMID: 37513171 PMCID: PMC10386746 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
High-performance donor-acceptor (D-A) polymers, as an important class of electrochromic (EC) materials, have attracted extensive attention. In this paper, a series of novel poly (aryl amino ketone) (PAAK) and poly (aryl amino sulfone) (PAAS) type high-performance polymers (HPP) with electrochromism were prepared by a simple C-N coupling reaction and were coated on an indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate as EC films. All four polymers were prepared by a nucleophilic substitution reaction using commercially purchased amine monomers with difluoride sulfone/ketone using potassium carbonate as a catalyst. A series of tests were performed to compare and analyze the effects of the different electron-withdrawing abilities of sulfone and carbonyl groups, and the different conjugation lengths of these two TPA structures were connected to the EC properties of the polymer. The different phenyl or biphenyl of the two TPA structures mainly affected the oxidation potential of the polymer, while the sulfone group and the carbonyl group, with a different electron absorption ability, had a greater influence on the energy band and cyclic stability. The optical contrast of PAAS-BT at 850 nm was up to 58% and maintained 450 cycles, indicating that this series of materials had a broad application prospect waiting for further research. In addition to the performance, the raw materials used in this work could be directly and commercially purchased for a low price; the two aniline monomers were priced at about $0.43 /g and $0.15 /g, respectively. This method significantly reduces the cost and provides a new idea for subsequent large-scale production and practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songrui Jia
- Key of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance Polymer, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhen Xing
- Key of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance Polymer, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Qilin Wang
- Key of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance Polymer, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Shiwei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zheng Chen
- Key of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance Polymer, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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7
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Chen Q, Zhao J, Zheng J, Xu C. Antifreezing and self-healing organohydrogels regulated by ethylene glycol towards customizable electrochromic displays. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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8
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Wu W, Zeng H, Zhang W, Zhang W, Jiang H, Wu G, Li Z, Wang X, Huang Y, Lei Z. Aqueous in‐situ electrosynthesis and electrochromic performance of
PEDOT
:
PSS
/Reline film. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- School of Packaging and Materials Engineering Hunan University of Technology Zhuzhou Hunan China
| | - Hailan Zeng
- School of Packaging and Materials Engineering Hunan University of Technology Zhuzhou Hunan China
| | - Weiran Zhang
- School of Packaging and Materials Engineering Hunan University of Technology Zhuzhou Hunan China
| | - Weili Zhang
- School of Packaging and Materials Engineering Hunan University of Technology Zhuzhou Hunan China
| | - Haiyun Jiang
- School of Packaging and Materials Engineering Hunan University of Technology Zhuzhou Hunan China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Advanced Packaging Material and Technology Zhuzhou Hunan China
| | - Guohua Wu
- School of Packaging and Materials Engineering Hunan University of Technology Zhuzhou Hunan China
| | - Ziyu Li
- School of Packaging and Materials Engineering Hunan University of Technology Zhuzhou Hunan China
| | - Xiang Wang
- School of Packaging and Materials Engineering Hunan University of Technology Zhuzhou Hunan China
| | - Yiyang Huang
- Shenzhen Glareway Technology Co., Ltd Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - Zhiyong Lei
- Shenzhen Glareway Technology Co., Ltd Shenzhen Guangdong China
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Achieving the gray to transparent switching electrochromic properties based on the diketopyrrolopyrrole, 3,4-propylenedioxythiophene and thieno[3,2-b]thiophene units. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Fu W, Chen H, Yi X, Zhang R, Liu J. Electrochemical polymerization of D-A-D type monomers consisting of triphenylamine and benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dipyrazine units for multicolor electrochromism. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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