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Li T, Liu J, Guo M, Bin FC, Duan Q, Dong XZ, Jin F, Fujita K, Zheng ML. Femtosecond Laser Maskless Optical Projection Lithography of Cartilage PCM Inspired 3D Protein Matrix to Chondrocyte Phenotype. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2400849. [PMID: 38687974 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202400849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogels containing chondrocytes have exhibited excellent potential in regenerating hyaline cartilage. However, chondrocytes are vulnerable to dedifferentiation during in vitro culture, leading to fibrosis and mechanical degradation of newly formed cartilage. It is proposed to modulate cartilage formation via the developed chondrocyte pericellular matrix (PCM) -like scaffolds for the first time, in which the S, M, and L-sized scaffolds are fabricated by femtosecond laser maskless optical projection lithography (FL-MOPL) of bovine serum albumin-glyceryl methacrylate hydrogel. Chondrocytes on the M PCM-like scaffold can maintain round morphology and synthesize extracellular matrix (ECM) to induce regeneration of hyaline cartilage microtissues by geometrical restriction. A series of M PCM-like scaffolds is fabricated with different stiffness and those with a high Young's modulus are more effective in maintaining the chondrocyte phenotype. The proposed PCM-like scaffolds are effective in modulating cartilage formation influenced by pore size, depth, and stiffness, which will pave the way for a better understanding of the geometric cues of mechanotransduction interactions in regulating cell fate and open up new avenues for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Li
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29, Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technologies, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yanqihu Campus, Beijing, 101407, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29, Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Min Guo
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29, Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technologies, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yanqihu Campus, Beijing, 101407, China
| | - Fan-Chun Bin
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29, Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technologies, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yanqihu Campus, Beijing, 101407, China
| | - Qi Duan
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29, Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technologies, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yanqihu Campus, Beijing, 101407, China
| | - Xian-Zi Dong
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29, Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Feng Jin
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29, Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Katsumasa Fujita
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, 2-1Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mei-Ling Zheng
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29, Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing, 100190, China
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Li T, Liu J, Bin FC, Duan Q, Wu XY, Dong XZ, Zheng ML. Multipatterned Chondrocytes' Scaffolds by FL-MOPL with a BSA-GMA Hydrogel to Regulate Chondrocytes' Morphology. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:2594-2603. [PMID: 38523342 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Repairing articular cartilage damage is challenging due to its low regenerative capacity. In vitro, cartilage regeneration is a potential strategy for the functional reconstruction of cartilage defects. A hydrogel is an advanced material for mimicking the extracellular matrix (ECM) due to its hydrophilicity and biocompatibility, which is known as an ideal scaffold for cartilage regeneration. However, chondrocyte culture in vitro tends to dedifferentiate, leading to fibrosis and reduced mechanical properties of the newly formed cartilage tissue. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the mechanism of modulating the chondrocytes' morphology. In this study, we synthesize photo-cross-linkable bovine serum albumin-glycidyl methacrylate (BSA-GMA) with 65% methacrylation. The scaffolds are found to be suitable for chondrocyte growth, which are fabricated by homemade femtosecond laser maskless optical projection lithography (FL-MOPL). The large-area chondrocyte scaffolds have holes with interior angles of triangle (T), quadrilateral (Q), pentagon (P), hexagonal (H), and round (R). The FL-MOPL polymerization mechanism, swelling, degradation, and biocompatibility of the BSA-GMA hydrogel have been investigated. Furthermore, cytoskeleton and nucleus staining reveals that the R-scaffold with larger interior angle is more effective in maintaining chondrocyte morphology and preventing dedifferentiation. The scaffold's ability to maintain the chondrocytes' morphology improves as its shape matches that of the chondrocytes. These results suggest that the BSA-GMA scaffold is a suitable candidate for preventing chondrocyte differentiation and supporting cartilage tissue repair and regeneration. The proposed method for chondrocyte in vitro culture by developing biocompatible materials and flexible fabrication techniques would broaden the potential application of chondrocyte transplants as a viable treatment for cartilage-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Li
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.29 Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing 100190, PR China
- School of Future Technologies University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yanqihu Campus, Beijing 101407, PR China
| | - Jie Liu
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.29 Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Fan-Chun Bin
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.29 Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing 100190, PR China
- School of Future Technologies University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yanqihu Campus, Beijing 101407, PR China
| | - Qi Duan
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.29 Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing 100190, PR China
- School of Future Technologies University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yanqihu Campus, Beijing 101407, PR China
| | - Xin-Yi Wu
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.29 Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing 100190, PR China
- School of Future Technologies University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yanqihu Campus, Beijing 101407, PR China
| | - Xian-Zi Dong
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.29 Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Mei-Ling Zheng
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.29 Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing 100190, PR China
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Cui J, Liu L, Chen B, Hu J, Song M, Dai H, Wang X, Geng H. A comprehensive review on the inherent and enhanced antifouling mechanisms of hydrogels and their applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:130994. [PMID: 38518950 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Biofouling remains a persistent challenge within the domains of biomedicine, tissue engineering, marine industry, and membrane separation processes. Multifunctional hydrogels have garnered substantial attention due to their complex three-dimensional architecture, hydrophilicity, biocompatibility, and flexibility. These hydrogels have shown notable advances across various engineering disciplines. The antifouling efficacy of hydrogels typically covers a range of strategies to mitigate or inhibit the adhesion of particulate matter, biological entities, or extraneous pollutants onto their external or internal surfaces. This review provides a comprehensive review of the antifouling properties and applications of hydrogels. We first focus on elucidating the fundamental principles for the inherent resistance of hydrogels to fouling. This is followed by a comprehensive investigation of the methods employed to enhance the antifouling properties enabled by the hydrogels' composition, network structure, conductivity, photothermal properties, release of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and incorporation of silicon and fluorine compounds. Additionally, we explore the emerging prospects of antifouling hydrogels to alleviate the severe challenges posed by surface contamination, membrane separation and wound dressings. The inclusion of detailed mechanistic insights and the judicious selection of antifouling hydrogels are geared toward identifying extant gaps that must be bridged to meet practical requisites while concurrently addressing long-term antifouling applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junting Cui
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Lan Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Beiyue Chen
- Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, College of Electronics Engineering, Nanjing 211171, China
| | - Jiayi Hu
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518075, China.
| | - Mengyao Song
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518075, China.
| | - Hongliang Dai
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212000, China.
| | - Xingang Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212000, China.
| | - Hongya Geng
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518075, China.
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Sivun D, Murtezi E, Karimian T, Hurab K, Marefat M, Klimareva E, Naderer C, Buchroithner B, Klar TA, Gvindzhiliia G, Horner A, Jacak J. Multiphoton lithography with protein photoresists. Mater Today Bio 2024; 25:100994. [PMID: 38384793 PMCID: PMC10879783 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.100994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, 2D/3D direct laser writing has attracted increased attention due to its broad applications ranging from biomedical engineering to aerospace. 3D nanolithography of water-soluble protein-based scaffolds have been envisioned to provide a variety of tunable properties. In this paper, we present a functional protein-based photoresist with tunable mechanical properties that is suitable for multiphoton lithography (MPL). Through the use of methacrylated streptavidin or methacrylated bovine serum albumin in combination with polyethylene glycol diacrylate or methacrylated hyaluronic acid as crosslinkers and a vitamin-based photoinitiator, we were able to write two- and three-dimensional structures as small as 200 nm/600 nm lateral/axial features, respectively. We also demonstrated that Young's modulus can be tuned by the photoresist composition, and we were able to achieve values as low as 40 kPa. Furthermore, we showed that Young's modulus can be recovered after drying and rehydration (i.e. shelf time determination). The retained biological functionality of the streptavidin scaffolds was demonstrated using fluorescently labelled biotins. Using single-molecule fluorescence microscopy, we estimated the density of streptavidin in the written features (1.8 ± 0.2 × 105 streptavidins per 1.00 ± 0.05 μm³ of feature volume). Finally, we showed applicability of our 2D scaffold as a support for a fluorescence absorbance immuno-assay (FLISA), and as a delivery platform of extracellular vesicles to HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Sivun
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Eljesa Murtezi
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Tina Karimian
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Kurt Hurab
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Maryam Marefat
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Elena Klimareva
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Christoph Naderer
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Boris Buchroithner
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Thomas A. Klar
- Institute of Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Georgii Gvindzhiliia
- Institute of Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Andreas Horner
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Gruberstraße 40, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Jaroslaw Jacak
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020, Linz, Austria
- AUVA Research Center, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Donaueschingenstraße 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria
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Sun Y, Wu B, Liu X, Liu L, Zhou S, Feng Y. Near-Infrared Light-Excited Quinolinium-Carbazole Small Molecule as Two-Photon Fluorescence Nucleic Acid Probe. Molecules 2024; 29:1080. [PMID: 38474592 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This article reports three new two-photon absorption (TPA) materials that are quinolinium-carbazole derivates. They are 3-(N-methyl-4-ethylquinolinium iodide)-9-ethylcarbazole (M4), 3-(N-methyl-4-ethylquinolinium iodide)-9-ethylcarbazole (H2), and 3-(N-methyl-4-ethylquinolinium iodide)-9-ethylcarbazole (H4). Their TPA cross-sections are 491, 515, and 512 GM, respectively. Under the excitation of near-infrared light, their fluorescence emission is about 650 nm. The compounds can stain nucleic acid DNA with the same level of nuclear localization as Hoechst 33342. Under continuous irradiation with a near-infrared laser, the three new compounds showed less fluorescence decay than DAPI, and the average fluorescence decay rates were 0.016%/s, 0.020%/s, and 0.023%/s. They are expected to become new two-photon fluorescent probes of nucleic acid DNA because of their excellent performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China
| | - Bi Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China
| | - Lixin Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Pharmacotoxicological Evaluation, Jiamusi 154007, China
| | - Shujing Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Pharmacotoxicological Evaluation, Jiamusi 154007, China
| | - Yanru Feng
- College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Pharmacotoxicological Evaluation, Jiamusi 154007, China
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Guo M, Liu XY, Li T, Duan Q, Dong XZ, Liu J, Jin F, Zheng ML. Cross-Scale Topography Achieved by MOPL with Positive Photoresist to Regulate the Cell Behavior. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2303572. [PMID: 37592111 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Cross-scale micro-nano structures play an important role in semiconductors, MEMS, chemistry, and cell biology. Positive photoresist is widely used in lithography due to the advantages of high resolution and environmental friendliness. However, cross-scale micro-nano structures of positive photoresist are difficult to flexibly pattern, and the feature resolution is limited by the optical diffraction. Here, cross-scale patterned micro-nano structures are achieved using the positive photoresist based on the femtosecond laser maskless optical projection lithography (MOPL) technique. The dependence between exposure dose and groove width is comprehensively analyzed, and a feature size of 112 nm is obtained at 110 µW. Furthermore, large-area topography considering cell size is efficiently fabricated by the MOPL technique, which enables the regulation of cell behavior. The proposed protocol of achieving cross-scale structures with the exact size by MOPL of positive photoresist would provide new avenues for potential applications in nanoelectronics and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Guo
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29, Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yanqihu Campus, Beijing, 101407, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Yang Liu
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29, Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yanqihu Campus, Beijing, 101407, P. R. China
| | - Teng Li
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29, Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yanqihu Campus, Beijing, 101407, P. R. China
| | - Qi Duan
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29, Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yanqihu Campus, Beijing, 101407, P. R. China
| | - Xian-Zi Dong
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29, Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29, Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Feng Jin
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29, Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Mei-Ling Zheng
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29, Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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Zhou MX, Jin F, Wang JY, Dong XZ, Liu J, Zheng ML. Dynamic Color-Switching of Hydrogel Micropillar Array under Ethanol Vapor for Optical Encryption. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2304384. [PMID: 37480176 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Responsive structural colors from artificially engineered micro/nanostructures are critical to the development of anti-counterfeiting, optical encryption, and intelligent display. Herein, the responsive structural color of hydrogel micropillar array is demonstrated under the external stimulus of ethanol vapor. Micropillar arrays with full color are fabricated via femtosecond laser direct writing by controlling the height and diameter of the micropillars according to the FDTD simulation. Color-switching of the micropillar arrays is achieved in <1 s due to the formation of liquid film among micropillars. More importantly, the structural color blueshift of the micropillar arrays is sensitive to the micropillar diameter, instead of the micropillar height. The micropillar array with a diameter of 772 nm takes 400 ms to complete blueshift under ethanol vapor, while that with a diameter of 522 nm blueshifts at 2400 ms. Microscale patterns are realized by employing the size-dependent color-switching of designed micropillar arrays under ethanol vapor. Moreover, Morse code and directional blueshift of structural colors are realized in the micropillar arrays. The advantages of controllable color-switching of the hydrogel micropillar array would be prospective in the areas of optical encryption, dynamic display, and anti-counterfeiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xia Zhou
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29, Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yanqihu Campus, Beijing, 101407, P. R. China
| | - Feng Jin
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29, Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Yu Wang
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29, Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xian-Zi Dong
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29, Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29, Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Mei-Ling Zheng
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29, Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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Weidinger B, Yang G, von Coelln N, Nirschl H, Wacker I, Tegeder P, Schröder RR, Blasco E. 3D Printing Hierarchically Nano-Ordered Structures. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2302756. [PMID: 37532671 PMCID: PMC10558687 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Natural materials are composed of a limited number of molecular building blocks and their exceptional properties are governed by their hierarchical structure. However, this level of precision is unattainable with current state-of-the-art materials for 3D printing. Herein, new self-assembled printable materials based on block copolymers (BCPs) enabling precise control of the nanostructure in 3D are presented. In particular, well-defined BCPs consisting of poly(styrene) (PS) and a polymethacrylate-based copolymer decorated with printable units are selected as suitable self-assembled materials and synthesized using controlled radical polymerization. The synthesized library of BCPs are utilized as printable formulations for the fabrication of complex 3D microstructures using two-photon laser printing. By fine-tuning the BCP composition and solvent in the formulations, the fabrication of precise 3D nano-ordered structures is demonstrated for the first time. A key point of this work is the achievement of controlled nano-order within the entire 3D structures. Thus, imaging of the cross-sections of the 3D printed samples is performed, enabling the visualization also from the inside. The presented versatile approach is expected to create new avenues for the precise design of functional polymer materials suitable for high-resolution 3D printing exhibiting tailor-made nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Weidinger
- Insitute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced MaterialsUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 22569120HeidelbergGermany
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Guohui Yang
- Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)76131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Nadine von Coelln
- Physikalisch‐Chemisches InstitutUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 25369120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Hermann Nirschl
- Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)76131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Irene Wacker
- BioQuantUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 26769120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Petra Tegeder
- Physikalisch‐Chemisches InstitutUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 25369120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Rasmus R. Schröder
- BioQuantUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 26769120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Eva Blasco
- Insitute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced MaterialsUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 22569120HeidelbergGermany
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
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Wang JY, Jin F, Dong XZ, Liu J, Zhou MX, Li T, Zheng ML. Dual-Stimuli Cooperative Responsive Hydrogel Microactuators Via Two-Photon Lithography. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2303166. [PMID: 37264716 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
With the development of bionics as well as materials science, intelligent soft actuators have shown promising applications in many fields such as soft robotics, sensing, and remote manipulation. Microfabrication technologies have enabled the reduction of the size of responsive soft actuators to the micron level. However, it is still challenging to construct microscale actuators capable of responding to different external stimuli in complex and diverse conditions. Here, this work demonstrates a dual-stimuli cooperative responsive hydrogel microactuator by asymmetric fabrication via femtosecond laser direct writing. The dual response of the hydrogel microstructure is achieved by employing responsive hydrogel with functional monomer 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate. Raman spectra of the hydrogel microstructures suggest that the pH and temperature response of the hydrogel is generated by the changes in tertiary amine groups and hydrogen bonds, respectively. The asymmetric hydrogel microstructures show opposite bending direction when being heated to high temperature or exposed to acid solution, and can independently accomplish the grasp of polystyrene microspheres. Moreover, this work depicts the cooperative response of the hydrogel microactuator to pH and temperature at the same time. The dual-stimuli cooperative responsive hydrogel microactuators will provide a strategy for designing and fabricating controllable microscale actuators with promising applications in microrobotics and microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Yu Wang
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29, Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yanqihu Campus, Beijing, 101407, P. R. China
| | - Feng Jin
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29, Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xian-Zi Dong
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29, Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29, Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Xia Zhou
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29, Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yanqihu Campus, Beijing, 101407, P. R. China
| | - Teng Li
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29, Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yanqihu Campus, Beijing, 101407, P. R. China
| | - Mei-Ling Zheng
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29, Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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10
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Zhang L, Jiao Y, Yang H, Jia X, Li H, He C, Si W, Duan C. Supramolecular Host-Guest Strategy for the Accelerating Detection of Nitroreductase. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:21198-21209. [PMID: 37070853 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Identifying nitroreductase (NTR) with fluorescent techniques has become a research hotspot, due to its good sensitivity and selectivity toward the early-stage cancer diagnosis and monitoring. Herein, a host-guest reporter (NAQA⊂Zn-MPPB) is successfully achieved by encapsulating the NTR probe NAQA into a new NADH-functioned metal-organic cage Zn-MPPB, which makes the reporter for ultrafast detection of NTR within dozens of seconds in solution. The host-guest strategy fuses the Zn-MPPB and NAQA to form a pseudomolecule material, which changes the reaction process of NTR and NAQA from a double substrates mechanism to a single substrate one, and accelerates the reduction efficiency of NAQA. This advantage make the new host-guest reporter exhibit a linear relationship between emission changes and NTR concentration, and it shows better sensitively toward NTR than that of NAQA. Additionally, the positively charged water-soluble metal-organic cage can encapsulate NAQA in the cavity, promote it to dissolve in an aqueous environment, and facilitate their accumulation into tumor cells. As expected, such host-guest reporter displays a fast and high efficiently imaging capability toward NTR in tumor cells and tumor-bearing mice, and flow cytometry assay is conducted to corroborate the capability as well, implying the considerably potential of host-guest strategy for early tumor diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Yang
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianchao Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Si
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunying Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
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11
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Dumur F. Recent advances on water-soluble photoinitiators of polymerization. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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12
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Gao R, Ge Q, Cong H, Zhang Y, Zhao J. Preparation and Biomedical Applications of Cucurbit[n]uril-Based Supramolecular Hydrogels. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083566. [PMID: 37110800 PMCID: PMC10142449 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The cucurbit[n]uril supramolecular hydrogels are driven by weak intermolecular interactions, of which exhibit good stimuli responsiveness and excellent self-healing properties. According to the composition of the gelling factor, supramolecular hydrogels comprise Q[n]-cross-linked small molecules and Q[n]-cross-linked polymers. According to different driving forces, hydrogels are driven by the outer-surface interaction, the host-guest inclusion interaction, and the host-guest exclusion interaction. Host-guest interactions are widely used in the construction of self-healing hydrogels, which can spontaneously recover after being damaged, thereby prolonging their service life. The smart Q[n]s-based supramolecular hydrogel composed is a kind of adjustable and low-toxicity soft material. By designing the structure of the hydrogel or modifying the fluorescent properties, etc., it can be widely used in biomedicine. In this review, we mainly focus on the preparation of Q[n]-based hydrogels and their biomedical applications including cell encapsulation for biocatalysis, biosensors for high sensitivity, 3D printing for potential tissue engineering, drug release for sustained delivery, and interfacial adhesion for self-healing materials. In addition, we also presented the current challenges and prospects in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihan Gao
- Enterprise Technology Center of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Qingmei Ge
- Enterprise Technology Center of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Hang Cong
- Enterprise Technology Center of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yunqian Zhang
- Enterprise Technology Center of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jianglin Zhao
- Precision Medicine R&D Center, Zhuhai Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhuhai 519000, China
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13
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Wang RR, Zheng ML, Zhang WC, Liu J, Li T, Dong XZ, Jin F. Micropattern of Silver/Polyaniline Core-Shell Nanocomposite Achieved by Maskless Optical Projection Lithography. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:9823-9830. [PMID: 36473163 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
With the development of device miniaturization, a flexible and fast preparation method is in demand for achieving microstructures with desired patterns. We develop a novel photoreduction-polymerization method for preparing conductive metal-polymer patterns. Ag/polyaniline (PANI) nanocomposites have been successfully synthesized by maskless optical projection lithography (MOPL) technology, which is based on multiphoton absorption and the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect. The individualized design and synthesis of the nanocomposite patterns at the micro-nano scale are flexibly realized on a variety of substrates. The surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effect of Rhodamine 6G (R6G) is demonstrated on the microstructure of a square maze-shaped Ag/PANI nanocomposite. The electrical conductivity of the as-prepared nanocomposite is obtained. The preparation protocol proposed in this study opens up new avenues for the fabrication of micro-nano devices such as sensors and detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Rong Wang
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technologies, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yanqihu Campus, Beijing 101407, P. R. China
| | - Mei-Ling Zheng
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Cai Zhang
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technologies, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yanqihu Campus, Beijing 101407, P. R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Teng Li
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technologies, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yanqihu Campus, Beijing 101407, P. R. China
| | - Xian-Zi Dong
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Feng Jin
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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14
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Wang TW, Dong XZ, Jin F, Zhao YY, Liu XY, Zheng ML, Duan XM. Consistent pattern printing of the gap structure in femtosecond laser DMD projection lithography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:36791-36801. [PMID: 36258601 DOI: 10.1364/oe.471315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Maskless lithography technologies have been developed and played an important role in the fabrication of functional micronano devices for microelectronics, biochips and photonics. Optical projection lithography based on digital micromirror device (DMD) is an efficient maskless lithography technology that can rapidly fabricate complex structures. The precise modulation of gap width by DMD maskless optical projection lithography (MOPL) using femtosecond laser becomes important for achieving micronano structures. Herein, we have investigated the relationship between the structure morphology and the light intensity distribution at the image plane by multi-slit diffraction model and Abbe imaging principle, and optimized the gap width more accurately by modulating exposure energy. The aperture diameter of the objective lens has a substantial effect on the pattern consistency. The continuously adjustable structural gap widths of 2144 nm, 2158 nm and 1703 nm corresponding to 6, 12, 24 pixels are obtained by varying the exposure energy in the home-built MOPL system. However, the ideal gap structure cannot be obtained only by adjusting the exposure energy when the gap width is small, such as 1 or 2 pixels. Furthermore, we have proposed an alternative way to achieve fine gap structures through the structural decomposition design and precise control of exposure energy in different regions without changing the MOPL optical system. This study would provide a promising protocol for fabricating gap microstructures with controllable configuration using MOPL technique.
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Zhang WC, Zheng ML, Liu J, Jin F, Dong XZ, Guo M, Li T. Modulation of Cell Behavior by 3D Biocompatible Hydrogel Microscaffolds with Precise Configuration. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2325. [PMID: 34578641 PMCID: PMC8469000 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) micronano structures have attracted much attention in tissue engineering since they can better simulate the microenvironment in vivo. Two-photon polymerization (TPP) technique provides a powerful tool for printing arbitrary 3D structures with high precision. Here, the desired 3D biocompatible hydrogel microscaffolds (3D microscaffold) with structure design referring to fibroblasts L929 have been fabricated by TPP technology, particularly considering the relative size of cell seed (cell suspension), spread cell, strut and strut spacing of scaffold. Modulation of the cell behavior has been studied by adjusting the porosity from 69.7% to 89.3%. The cell culture experiment results reveal that the obvious modulation of F-actin can be achieved by using the 3D microscaffold. Moreover, cells on 3D microscaffolds exhibit more lamellipodia than those on 2D substrates, and thus resulting in a more complicated 3D shape of single cell and increased cell surface. 3D distribution can be also achieved by employing the designed 3D microscaffold, which would effectively improve the efficiency of information exchange and material transfer. The proposed protocol enables us to better understand the cell behavior in vivo, which would provide high prospects for the further application in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Cai Zhang
- Laboratory of Organic Nano Photonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29, Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing 100190, China; (W.-C.Z.); (J.L.); (F.J.); (X.-Z.D.); (M.G.); (T.L.)
- School of Future Technologies, Yanqihu Campus, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101407, China
| | - Mei-Ling Zheng
- Laboratory of Organic Nano Photonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29, Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing 100190, China; (W.-C.Z.); (J.L.); (F.J.); (X.-Z.D.); (M.G.); (T.L.)
- School of Future Technologies, Yanqihu Campus, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101407, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Laboratory of Organic Nano Photonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29, Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing 100190, China; (W.-C.Z.); (J.L.); (F.J.); (X.-Z.D.); (M.G.); (T.L.)
| | - Feng Jin
- Laboratory of Organic Nano Photonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29, Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing 100190, China; (W.-C.Z.); (J.L.); (F.J.); (X.-Z.D.); (M.G.); (T.L.)
| | - Xian-Zi Dong
- Laboratory of Organic Nano Photonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29, Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing 100190, China; (W.-C.Z.); (J.L.); (F.J.); (X.-Z.D.); (M.G.); (T.L.)
| | - Min Guo
- Laboratory of Organic Nano Photonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29, Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing 100190, China; (W.-C.Z.); (J.L.); (F.J.); (X.-Z.D.); (M.G.); (T.L.)
- School of Future Technologies, Yanqihu Campus, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101407, China
| | - Teng Li
- Laboratory of Organic Nano Photonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29, Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing 100190, China; (W.-C.Z.); (J.L.); (F.J.); (X.-Z.D.); (M.G.); (T.L.)
- School of Future Technologies, Yanqihu Campus, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101407, China
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