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Jiang J, Wang X, Guo H. Enhanced Interfacial Charge Transfer/Separation By LSPR-Induced Defective Semiconductor Toward High Co 2 RR Performance. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301280. [PMID: 37066783 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Solar-driven reduction of CO2 emissions into high-value-added carbonaceous compounds has been recognized as a sustainable energy conversion way. The high-efficiency charge separation and effective activation are the critical issues in the process. The local plasma effect of metal and the vacancy of semiconductors in the metal-semiconductor heterostructure can solve this issue extensively. Herein, an oxygen vacancy photocatalyst containing uniform Ag nanoparticles (Ag-20@Nb2 O5- x ) is designed, which exhibits an excellent reduction performance and the CO yield can reach 59.13 µmol g-1 with high selectivity. The carrier migration is accelerated and the activation of CO2 is facilitated by the local surface plasmon effect and oxygen vacancy. Moreover, the photocatalytic CO2 reduction mechanism is revealed based on the density functional theory and in situ technology in detail. This work provides an in-depth understanding of the design of more ingenious metal-semiconductor photocatalysts to achieve more efficient charge transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Jiang
- International Joint Research Center for Advanced Energy Materials of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Carbon Neutrality and Green Low-carbon Technologies School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- International Joint Research Center for Advanced Energy Materials of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Carbon Neutrality and Green Low-carbon Technologies School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Hong Guo
- International Joint Research Center for Advanced Energy Materials of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Carbon Neutrality and Green Low-carbon Technologies School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
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2
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Ma X, Li D, Jin H, Zeng X, Qi J, Yang Z, You F, Yuan F. Urchin-like band-matched Fe 2O 3@In 2S 3 hybrid as an efficient photocatalyst for CO 2 reduction. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 648:1025-1033. [PMID: 37343489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.06.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Herein, an urchin-like Fe2O3@In2S3 hybrid composite is designed and synthesized using a facile process. The composite efficiently harvests light in both the ultraviolet and visible regions, and the unique hierarchical structure provides several advantages for photocatalytic applications: (i) a suitable band-matching structure and broadband-light absorbing capacity enable the reduction of CO2 into hydrocarbon, (ii) the extensive network of interfacial contact between nano-sized Fe2O3 and In2S3 significantly increases the separation of charge carriers and enhances the utilization of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, and (iii) an abundance of surface oxygen vacancies provide numerous active sites for CO2 molecule adsorption. The optimized Fe2O3@In2S3 composite generated CO from the photocatalytic reduction of CO2 at a rate of 42.83 μmol·g-1·h-1, and no signs of deactivation were observed during continued testing for 32 h under 300 W Xe lamp irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Multi-phase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Danyang Li
- College of Textile and Clothing, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, PR China
| | - Huacheng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Multi-phase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Xi Zeng
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, PR China
| | - Jian Qi
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China.
| | - Zongxian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Multi-phase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Feifei You
- College of Textile and Clothing, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, PR China.
| | - Fangli Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Multi-phase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China.
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3
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Integrating Au@TiOx and Co sites in a tandem photocatalyst for efficient C-C coupling synthesis of ethane. J CO2 UTIL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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4
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Khan J, Sun Y, Han L. A Comprehensive Review on Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Carbon Dioxide Photoreduction. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2201013. [PMID: 36336653 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by natural photosynthesis, harnessing the wide range of natural solar energy and utilizing appropriate semiconductor-based catalysts to convert carbon dioxide into beneficial energy species, for example, CO, CH4 , HCOOH, and CH3 COH have been shown to be a sustainable and more environmentally friendly approach. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3 N4 ) has been regarded as a highly effective photocatalyst for the CO2 reduction reaction, owing to its cost-effectiveness, high thermal and chemical stability, visible light absorption capability, and low toxicity. However, weaker electrical conductivity, fast recombination rate, smaller visible light absorption window, and reduced surface area make this catalytic material unsuitable for commercial photocatalytic applications. Therefore, certain procedures, including elemental doping, structural modulation, functional group adjustment of g-C3 N4 , the addition of metal complex motif, and others, may be used to improve its photocatalytic activity towards effective CO2 reduction. This review has investigated the scientific community's perspectives on synthetic pathways and material optimization approaches used to increase the selectivity and efficiency of the g-C3 N4 -based hybrid structures, as well as their benefits and drawbacks on photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Finally, the review concludes a comparative discussion and presents a promising picture of the future scope of the improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javid Khan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan Joint International Laboratory of Adv. Mater. and Technology for Clean Energy, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Yanyan Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Lei Han
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan Joint International Laboratory of Adv. Mater. and Technology for Clean Energy, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
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5
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Li J, Gao G, Liu Y, Li Y, Liu Z. Highly-interspersed biomass-derived carbon quantum dots onto floral CoAl-LDH for significantly enhanced CO2 photoreduction into CO and CH4. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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6
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Zhang Y, Liu J, Kang YS, Zhang XL. Silver based photocatalysts in emerging applications. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:11909-11922. [PMID: 35959864 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr02665a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The infinite availability of solar energy grants the potential of fulfilling the energy demands and environmental sustainability requirements with more feasible and reliant renewable energy forms through photocatalysis. In the past decade, the intensive plasmonic effect, suitable work function, superior electrical conductivity and physiochemical properties have made Ag-based photocatalysts attractive components for emerging applications. The local surface plasmon resonance effect (LSPR) provides extra hot-carriers to participate in the photocatalytic process, and Schottky/Ohmic contacts would facilitate charge transfer. Here, recent studies focused on Ag-based photocatalysts for emerging applications are reviewed. Notably, the mechanisms of LSPR, the Schottky barrier and ohmic contacts are introduced together with urgent issues in CO2 reduction, antibacterial application, H2 generation, and environmental hazard removal. Additionally, some perspectives and directions on more comprehensive designs on material system, band alignment and functionalization are given to further the exploration in this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, P.R. China.
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Young Soo Kang
- Environmental and Climate Technology, Korea Institute of Energy Technology (KENTECH), 200 Hyeoksin-ro, Naju City, Jeollanamdo 58330, Korea
| | - Xiao Li Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, P.R. China.
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7
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Wu W, Shi S, Zhang Z, Guo X, Sun L, Wei R, Zhang J, Gao L, Pan X, Xiao G. Monodisperse perovskite CoSn(OH)6 in-situ grown on NiCo hydroxide nanoflowers with strong interfacial bonds to boost broadband visible-light-driven photocatalytic CO2 reduction. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 619:407-418. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.03.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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Aggarwal M, Shetti NP, Basu S, Aminabhavi TM. Two-dimensional ultrathin metal-based nanosheets for photocatalytic CO 2 conversion to solar fuels. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 313:114916. [PMID: 35367674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Artificially simulated photosynthesis has created substantial curiosity as the majority of efforts in this arena have been aimed to upsurge solar fuel efficiencies for commercialization. The layered inorganic 2D nanosheets offer considerably higher tunability of their chemical surface, physicochemical properties and catalytic activity. Despites the intrinsic advantages of such metal-based materials viz., metal oxides, transition metal dichalcogenides, metal oxyhalides, metal organic frameworks, layered double hydroxide, MXene's, boron nitride, black phosphorous and perovskites, studies on such systems are limited for applications in photocatalytic CO2 reduction. The role of metal-based layers for CO2 conversion and new strategies such as surface modifications, defect generation and heterojunctions to optimize their functionalities are discussed in this review. Research prospects and technical challenges for future developments of layered 2D metal-based nanomaterials are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maansi Aggarwal
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, 147004, India
| | - Nagaraj P Shetti
- School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Hubballi, 580031, Karnataka, India.
| | - Soumen Basu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, 147004, India
| | - Tejraj M Aminabhavi
- School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Hubballi, 580031, Karnataka, India.
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He Y, Chen C, Liu Y, Yang Y, Li C, Shi Z, Han Y, Feng S. Quantitative Evaluation of Carrier Dynamics in Full-Spectrum Responsive Metallic ZnIn 2S 4 with Indium Vacancies for Boosting Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:4970-4978. [PMID: 35678583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The influence of defects on quantitative carrier dynamics is still unclear. Therefore, full-spectrum responsive metallic ZnIn2S4 (VIn-rich-ZIS) rich in indium vacancies and exhibiting high CO2 photoreduction efficiency was synthesized for the first time. The influence of the defects on the carrier dynamic parameters was studied quantitatively; the results showed that the minority carrier diffusion length (LD) is closely related to the catalytic performance. In situ infrared spectroscopy and theoretical calculations revealed that the presence of indium vacancies lowers the energy barrier for CO2 to CO conversion via the COOH* intermediate. Hence, the high rate of CO evolution reaches 298.0 μmol g-1 h-1, a nearly 28-fold enhancement over that with ZnIn2S4 (VIn-poor-ZIS), which is not rich in indium vacancies. This work fills the gaps between the catalytic performance of defective photocatalysts and their carrier dynamics and may offer valuable insight for understanding the mechanism of photocatalysis and designing more efficient defective photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Cailing Chen
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yuxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yilin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Han
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shouhua Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
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10
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Fabrication of cobaltous telluride and carbon composite as a promising carrier for boosting electro oxidation of ethylene glycol on palladium in alkaline medium. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 616:316-325. [PMID: 35219197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of highly active and earth-rich electrocatalysts remains a formidable challenge for the commercialization of fuel cells. Herein, a composite carrier composed of cobaltous telluride (CoTe) and carbon (C) has been designed for the first time to enhance the electrocatalytic performance of palladium (Pd) nanoparticles (NPs) for the electro-oxidation of ethylene glycol (EG). Remarkably, the mass activity for the as-prepared Pd/CoTe-C catalyst during the ethylene glycol oxidation reaction (EGOR) is found to reach up to 3917.3 mA mg-1, which is 2.2 times higher than that of Pd/Co-C (1785.0 mA mg-1) and 4.1 times greater than that of commercial Pd/C catalyst (962.4 mA mg-1), exceeding that obtained for most Pd-based electrocatalysts reported thus far. In particular, the Pd/CoTe-C catalyst shows better electrochemical stability toward the EGOR than the Pd/Co-C and commercial Pd/C catalysts. Thus, the Pd/CoTe-C electrocatalyst is expected to exhibit broad application prospects in the field of fuel cells.
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11
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Ou S, Zhou M, Chen W, Zhang Y, Liu Y. COF-5/CoAl-LDH Nanocomposite Heterojunction for Enhanced Visible-Light-Driven CO 2 Reduction. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202200184. [PMID: 35187792 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic conversion of CO2 into value-added chemical fuels is an attractive route to mitigate global warming and the energy crisis. Reasonable design of optical properties and electronic behavior of the photocatalyst are essential to improve their catalytic activity. Herein, the 1D/2D heterojunction by direct in-situ synthesis of the covalent organic framework (COF)-5 colloid on the surface of CoAl layered double hydroxide (LDH) was used as the prospective photocatalyst for CO2 reduction. COF-5/CoAl-LDH nanocomposite achieved 265.4 μmol g-1 of CO with 94.6 % selectivity over CH4 evolution in 5 h under visible light irradiation, which was 4.8 and 2.3 times higher than those of COF-5 colloid and CoAl-LDH, respectively. The enhanced catalytic activity was derived from the increased visible-light activity and the construction of type II-2 heterojunction, which greatly optimized visible light harvesting and accelerated the efficient separation of the photoinduced holes and electrons. This work paves the way for rational design of heterojunction catalysts in photocatalytic CO2 reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyong Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Wen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Yuyao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Yueli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
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12
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Zou R, Xie R, Peng Y, Guan W, Lin Y, Lu C. Ag-O-Co Interface Modulation-Amplified Luminol Cathodic Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence. Anal Chem 2022; 94:4813-4820. [PMID: 35274939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It remains a great challenge to develop effective strategies for improving the weak cathodic electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) of the luminol-dissolved O2 system. Interface modulation between metal and supports is an attractive strategy to improve oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity. Therefore, the design of electrocatalysts via interface modulation would provide new opportunities for the ECL amplification involving reactive oxygen species (ROSs). Herein, we have fabricated an Ag single-atom catalyst with an oxygen-bridged interface (Ag-O-Co) through the electrodeposition of Ag on a CoAl layered double hydroxide (LDH) modified indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode (Ags/LDH/ITO). Interestingly, it was found that the cathodic ECL intensity of the luminol-dissolved O2 system at the Ags/LDH/ITO electrode was extraordinarily enhanced in comparison with those at bare ITO and other Ag nanoparticle-based electrodes. The enhanced ECL performances of the Ags/LDH/ITO electrode were attributed to the increasing amounts of ROSs by electrocatalytic ORR in the Ag-O-Co interface. The electron redistribution of Ag and Co bimetallic sites could accelerate electron transfer, promote the adsorption of O2, and sufficiently activate O2 through a four-electron reaction pathway. Finally, the luminol cathodic ECL intensity was greatly improved. Our findings can provide inspiration for revealing the interface effects between metal and supports, and open up a new avenue to improve the luminol cathodic ECL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ruyu Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yage Peng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Weijiang Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yanjun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.,Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Bi ZX, Guo RT, Hu X, Wang J, Chen X, Pan WG. Research progress on photocatalytic reduction of CO 2 based on LDH materials. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:3367-3386. [PMID: 35187556 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr08235c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Converting CO2 to renewable fuels or valuable carbon compounds is an effective way to solve the global warming and energy crisis. Compared with other CO2 conversion methods, photocatalytic reduction of CO2 is more energy-saving, environmentally friendly, and has a broader application prospect. Layered double hydroxide (LDH) has attracted widespread attention as a two-dimensional material, composed of metal hydroxide layers, interlayer anions and water molecules. This review briefly introduces the basic theory of photocatalysis and the mechanism of CO2 reduction. The composition and properties of LDH are introduced. The research progress on LDH in the field of photocatalytic reduction of CO2 is elaborated from six aspects: directly as a catalyst, as a precursor for a catalyst, and by modification, intercalation, supporting with other materials and construction of a heterojunction. Finally, the development prospects of LDH are put forward. This review could provide an effective reference for the development of more efficient and reasonable photocatalysts based on LDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe-Xu Bi
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, China.
| | - Rui-Tang Guo
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Power Generation Environment Protection, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Hu
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, China.
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xin Chen
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wei-Guo Pan
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Power Generation Environment Protection, Shanghai, China
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