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Zhao Y, Sun Q, Zhou X, Duan Z, Zhang C, Xu GR, Ju D, Wang L. Scalable Synthesis of Ir Cluster Anchored on Porous Hollow Carbon Nanobowls for Enhancing pH-Universal Hydrogen Evolution. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2305343. [PMID: 37635101 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Design high-loading with superior activity and high atomic efficiency has consistently been a new frontier of heterogeneous catalysis while challenging in synthetic technology. In this work, a universal solid-state strategy is proposed for large scalable production of high-loading Ir clusters on porous hollow carbon nanobowls (Ir CSs/PHCNBs). The strong electronic interaction between metallic Ir cluster and C on PHCNBs leads to electron redistribution, which significantly improves the electron transfer rate on the interface. The obtained Ir CSs/PHCNBs only require overpotentials of 35, 34, and 37 mV for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) with stable outputting of 10 mA cm-2 under acidic, alkaline, and neutral conditions, respectively, which exceeds the state-of-the-art HER electrocatalysts. Meanwhile, the Tafel slopes of Ir CSs/PHCNBs for the HER process are 23.07, 48.76, and 28.95 mV dec-1 , greatly lower than that of PHCNBs (152.73, 227.96, and 140.29 mV dec-1 ) and commercial Pt/C (20%) (36.33, 66.10, and 36.61 mV dec-1 ). These results provide a new strategy for the universal synthesis of clusters catalysts and insight into understanding the interface effects between clusters and carbon substrate, facilitating the industrial application of hydrogen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxiu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry of Life Science, Taishan Scholar Advantage and Characteristic Discipline Team of Eco Chemical Process and Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Qiyan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry of Life Science, Taishan Scholar Advantage and Characteristic Discipline Team of Eco Chemical Process and Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Xinyuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry of Life Science, Taishan Scholar Advantage and Characteristic Discipline Team of Eco Chemical Process and Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyao Duan
- Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry of Life Science, Taishan Scholar Advantage and Characteristic Discipline Team of Eco Chemical Process and Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Chuanfang Zhang
- Shandong Weima Equipment Science & Technology Co. Ltd, Dongying, 257000, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Rui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry of Life Science, Taishan Scholar Advantage and Characteristic Discipline Team of Eco Chemical Process and Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Dianxing Ju
- Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry of Life Science, Taishan Scholar Advantage and Characteristic Discipline Team of Eco Chemical Process and Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry of Life Science, Taishan Scholar Advantage and Characteristic Discipline Team of Eco Chemical Process and Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
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Wang T, Zhao S, Ji Z, Hao L, Umer S, Liu J, Hu W. Fe-Ni Diatomic Sites Coupled with Pt Clusters to Boost Methanol Electrooxidation via Free Radical Relaying. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202300411. [PMID: 37186222 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Pt-based catalysts for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) are still confronted with the challenge of over-oxidation of Pt and poisoning effect of intermediates; therefore, a spatial relay strategy was adopted to overcome these issues. Herein, Pt clusters were creatively fixed on the N-doped carbon matrix with rich Fe-Ni diatoms, which can provide independent reaction sites for methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) and enhance the catalytic activity due to the electronic regulation effect between Pt cluster and atomic-level metal sites. The optimized Pt/FeNi-NC catalyst shows MOR electrocatalytic activity of 2.816 A mgPt -1 , 2.6 times that of Pt/C (1.115 A mgPt -1 ). Experiments combined with DFT study reveal that Fe-Ni diatoms and Pt clusters take charge of hydroxyl radical (⋅OH) generation and methanol activation, respectively. The free radical relaying of ⋅OH could prevent the over-oxidation of Pt. Meanwhile, ⋅OH from Fe-Ni sites accelerates the elimination of intermediates, thus improving the durability of catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronics Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Shenghao Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronics Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Zhijiao Ji
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronics Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Lu Hao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronics Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Sundus Umer
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronics Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Jia Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronics Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Yulin University, Yulin, 719000, Shanxi Province, P. R. China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronics Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
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Yang Y, Yang QN, Yang YB, Guo PF, Feng WX, Jia Y, Wang K, Wang WT, He ZH, Liu ZT. Enhancing Water Oxidation of Ru Single Atoms via Oxygen-Coordination Bonding with NiFe Layered Double Hydroxide. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Qian-Nan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Yi-Bin Yang
- Chemical Pollution Control Chongqing Applied Technology Extension Center of Higher Vocational Colleges, Chongqing Industry Polytechnic College, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Peng-Fei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Wan-Xin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Yan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Kuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Wei-Tao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Zhen-Hong He
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Zhao-Tie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710021, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710119, China
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Recent Advances of Modified Ni (Co, Fe)-Based LDH 2D Materials for Water Splitting. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031475. [PMID: 36771139 PMCID: PMC9919971 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Water splitting technology is an efficient approach to produce hydrogen (H2) as an energy carrier, which can address the problems of environmental deterioration and energy shortage well, as well as establishment of a clean and sustainable hydrogen economy powered by renewable energy sources due to the green reaction of H2 with O2. The efficiency of H2 production by water splitting technology is intimately related with the reactions on the electrode. Nowadays, the efficient electrocatalysts in water splitting reactions are the precious metal-based materials, i.e., Pt/C, RuO2, and IrO2. Ni (Co, Fe)-based layered double hydroxides (LDH) two-dimensional (2D) materials are the typical non-precious metal-based materials in water splitting with their advantages including low cost, excellent electrocatalytic performance, and simple preparation methods. They exhibit great potential for the substitution of precious metal-based materials. This review summarizes the recent progress of Ni (Co, Fe)-based LDH 2D materials for water splitting, and mainly focuses on discussing and analyzing the different strategies for modifying LDH materials towards high electrocatalytic performance. We also discuss recent achievements, including their electronic structure, electrocatalytic performance, catalytic center, preparation process, and catalytic mechanism. Furthermore, the characterization progress in revealing the electronic structure and catalytic mechanism of LDH is highlighted in this review. Finally, we put forward some future perspectives relating to design and explore advanced LDH catalysts in water splitting.
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Wang S, Peng B, Lu J, Jie Y, Li X, Pan Y, Han Y, Cao R, Xu D, Jiao S. Recent Progress in Rechargeable Sodium Metal Batteries: A Review. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202380. [PMID: 36210331 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Sodium metal batteries (SMBs) have been widely studied owing to their relatively high energy density and abundant resources. However, they still need systematic improvement to fulfill the harsh operating conditions for their commercialization. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in SMBs in terms of sodium anode modification, electrolyte exploration, and cathode design. Firstly, we give an overview of the current challenges facing Na metal anodes and the corresponding solutions. Then, the traditional liquid electrolytes and the prospective solid electrolytes for SMBs are summarized. In addition, insertion- and conversion-type cathode materials are introduced. Finally, an outlook for the future of practical SMBs is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyang Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Bo Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, 243002, P. R. China
| | - Jian Lu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory on Power Battery Safety, Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS), Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yulin Jie
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xinpeng Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yuxue Pan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yehu Han
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Ruiguo Cao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Dongsheng Xu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Shuhong Jiao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
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Ding J, Yang H, Zhang S, Liu Q, Cao H, Luo J, Liu X. Advances in the Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Reaction by Metal Nanoclusters-based Materials. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2204524. [PMID: 36287086 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202204524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
With the development of renewable energy systems, clean hydrogen is burgeoning as an optimal alternative to fossil fuels, in which its application is promising to retarding the global energy and environmental crisis. The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), capable of producing high-purity hydrogen rapidly in electrocatalytic water splitting, has received much attention. Abundant research about HER has been done, focusing on advanced electrocatalyst design with high efficiency and robust stability. As potential HER catalysts, metal nanoclusters (MNCs) have been studied extensively. They are composed of several to a hundred metal atoms, with sizes being comparable to the Fermi wavelength of electrons, that is, < 2.0 nm. Different from metal atoms/nanoparticles, they exhibit unique catalytic properties due to their quantum size effect and low-coordination environment. In this review, the activity-enhancing approaches of MNCs applied in HER electrocatalysis are mainly summarized. Furthermore, recent progress in MNCs classified with different stabilization strategies, that is, the freestanding MNCs, MNCs with organic, metal and carbon supports, are introduced. Finally, the current challenges and deficiencies of these MNCs for HER are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyang Ding
- Center for Electron Microscopy and Tianjin Key Lab of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials & Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Display Materials and Photoelectric Devices (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Shusheng Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610106, China
| | - Huanqi Cao
- Key Laboratory of Display Materials and Photoelectric Devices (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Jun Luo
- Center for Electron Microscopy and Tianjin Key Lab of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials & Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Xijun Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Non-Ferrous Metals and Materials, and Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-Ferrous Metals and Featured Materials, School of Resource, Environments and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
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Wang N, Bo X, Zhou M. Single-Step and Room-Temperature Synthesis of Laser-Induced Pt/VC Nanocomposites as Effective Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution and Oxygen Evolution Reactions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:23332-23341. [PMID: 35537035 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c00747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The development of cost-effective Pt-based electrocatalysts is of great scientific and industrial significance for improving the electrocatalytic activity of hydrogen evolution (HER) and oxygen evolution (OER) reactions for overall water splitting. In this work, unlike traditional furnace pyrolysis, we report the rapid and single-step room-temperature synthesis of Pt/VC nanocomposites with a three-dimensional (3D) network porous structure by laser irradiation technology. The resultant Pt-based composite (Pt/VC-2.84) could be applied to HER under different pH conditions. In particular, the content of Pt in Pt/VC-2.84 is only 2.84 wt %, which is far lower than that in the advanced HER electrocatalyst with the Pt content of 20 wt % (commercial 20 wt % Pt/C). In addition, Pt/VC-2.84 exhibits a boosted higher OER activity and stability than RuO2 in an alkaline medium. Most importantly, electrocatalytic results reflect that Pt/VC-2.84 reveals superior activity and stability toward overall water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Analysis and Testing Center, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, Jilin, China
| | - Xiangjie Bo
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Analysis and Testing Center, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, Jilin, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, Jilin, China
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Analysis and Testing Center, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, Jilin, China
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Amorphous Ni-P-S@FeOOH/CC Catalyst for High Oxygen Evolution Activity: Preparation, Characterization and Modeling. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.117761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Dong Y, Fang Z, Yang W, Tang B, Liu Q. Integrated Bifunctional Electrodes Based on Amorphous Co-Ni-S Nanoflake Arrays with Atomic Dispersity of Active Sites for Overall Water Splitting. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:10277-10287. [PMID: 35166520 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c22092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of amorphous electrocatalysts without noble metals for cost-effective full water splitting is highly desired but remains a substantial challenge. In the present work, we report a facile strategy for exploring integrated bifunctional electrocatalysts based on amorphous cobalt/nickel sulfide nanoflake arrays self-supported on carbon cloth, by tailoring competitive coordination of metal ions between glucose and 2-aminoterephthalic acid. Ultrahigh dispersion of binary metal active sites with balanced atomic distribution enables the optimization of catalytic properties for both the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in an alkaline solution. The obtained catalyst exhibits remarkably enhanced OER and HER activities as compared with its oxide counterpart and analogues with different Co/Ni ratios. It requires overpotentials of 296 and 192 mV to deliver a current density of 10 mA cm-2 for the OER and HER, respectively; it retains 96.6 and 96.9% activity after 32 h of OER and 36 h of HER tests at 10 mA cm-2, respectively. As directly used an anode and a cathode in an alkaline electrolyzer, a low cell voltage of 1.60 V could endow a water splitting current of 10 mA cm-2, outperforming the benchmark RuO2 and Pt/C-based electrolyzer at 1.72 V@10 mA cm-2. The current synthetic strategy may provide more opportunities for the design and direct synthesis of amorphous catalysts for overall water splitting and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqian Dong
- Institute of New Carbon Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, P. R. China
- Institute of Micro/Nano Materials and Devices, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Fang
- Institute of Micro/Nano Materials and Devices, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
| | - Weiyou Yang
- Institute of Micro/Nano Materials and Devices, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
| | - Bin Tang
- Institute of New Carbon Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, P. R. China
| | - Qiao Liu
- Institute of Micro/Nano Materials and Devices, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
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