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Park EY, Maehata S, Khoris IM, Achadu OJ. Signal-amplified surface-enhanced Raman scattering using core/shell satellite nanoparticles for norovirus detection. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:560. [PMID: 39180589 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06600-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
The development of an innovative approach is explored to amplify the signal of a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based detection system using a novel nanotag: Au@Ag NPs covered by satellite AuNPs and conjugated by 4-mercaptbenzoic acid (4-MBA) as a Raman tag (Au@Ag-MBA-AuNPs). The Au@Ag-MBA-AuNPs nanotags showed strong SERS activities with an enhancement factor in the 108 order of magnitude. This indicates the formation of many hot spots due to the combination of core-shell nanoparticles and satellite AuNPs on the surface of Au@Ag-MBA NPs. The newly fabricated nanotags were employed in a small-sized Palmtop Raman spectrometer. A concentration-dependent increase in SERS intensity was observed in the norovirus-like particle (NoV-LP) concentration range 10 fg/mL to 100 pg/mL with a detection limit of 0.76 fg/mL. Even in the severe interfering matrices, this detection method's coefficient of variation was less than 10%. This detection system was approximately 107 times more sensitive than commercially available ELISA kits. Norovirus in clinical samples was detected over a wide concentration range of 1.0 × 101 - 1.0 × 106 RNA copy number/mL with a detection limit of 7.8 RNA copy number/mL, indicating sensitivity comparable to real-time PCR. These results suggest that this detection system is stable in a complex matrix and has the potential for detecting norovirus in clinical samples with a small Palmtop Raman spectrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enoch Y Park
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya Suruga-Ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya Suruga-Ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya Suruga-Ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.
| | - Syuei Maehata
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya Suruga-Ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Indra Memdi Khoris
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya Suruga-Ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
- National Institute Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Ojodomo J Achadu
- School of Health and Life Sciences, & National Horizon Centre, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BA, UK
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2
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Qu F, Shu J, Wang S, Haghighatbin MA, Cui H. Chemiluminescent Nanogels as Intensive and Stable Signal Probes for Fast Immunoassay of SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein. Anal Chem 2022; 94:17073-17080. [PMID: 36448939 PMCID: PMC9718083 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
It is highly desired to exploit good nanomaterials as nanocarriers for immobilizing chemiluminescence (CL) reagents, catalysts and antibodies to develop signal probes with intensive and stable CL properties for immunoassays. In this work, N-(4-aminobutyl)-N-ethylisoluminol (ABEI) and Co2+ bifunctionalized polymethylacrylic acid nanogels (PMAANGs-ABEI/Co2+) were synthesized via a facile strategy by utilizing carboxyl group-rich PMAANGs as nanocarriers to immobilize ABEI and Co2+. The obtained PMAANGs-ABEI/Co2+ showed extraordinary CL performance. The CL intensity is 2 orders of magnitude higher than that of previously reported ABEI and Cu2+-cysteine complex bifunctionalized gold nanoparticles with high CL efficiency. This was attributed to the excellent catalytic ability of Co2+ and polymethylacrylic acid nanogels, as well as the improved CL catalytic efficiency from a decreased spatial distance between ABEI and the catalyst. The as-prepared nanogels also possess abundant surface reaction sites and good CL stability. On this basis, a sandwich immunoassay for the nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV-2 (N protein) was developed by using magnetic bead connected primary antibody as a capture probe and PMAANGs-ABEI/Co2+ connected secondary antibody as a signal probe. The linear range of the proposed method for N protein detection was 3.16-316 ng/mL, and its detection limit was 2.19 ng/mL (S/N = 3). Moreover, the developed immunoassay was performed with a short incubation time of 5 min, which greatly reduced the detection time for N protein. By using corresponding antibodies, the developed strategy might be applied to detect other biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fajin Qu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry,
University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei,
Anhui230026, P. R. China
| | - Jiangnan Shu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry,
University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei,
Anhui230026, P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry,
University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei,
Anhui230026, P. R. China
| | - Mohammad A. Haghighatbin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry,
University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei,
Anhui230026, P. R. China
| | - Hua Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry,
University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei,
Anhui230026, P. R. China
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Zhu JQ, Wu H, Li ZL, Xu XF, Xing H, Wang MD, Jia HD, Liang L, Li C, Sun LY, Wang YG, Shen F, Huang DS, Yang T. Responsive Hydrogels Based on Triggered Click Reactions for Liver Cancer. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2201651. [PMID: 35583434 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Globally, liver cancer, which is one of the major cancers worldwide, has attracted the growing attention of technological researchers for its high mortality and limited treatment options. Hydrogels are soft 3D network materials containing a large number of hydrophilic monomers. By adding moieties such as nitrobenzyl groups to the network structure of a cross-linked nanocomposite hydrogel, the click reaction improves drug-release efficiency in vivo, which improves the survival rate and prolongs the survival time of liver cancer patients. The application of a nanocomposite hydrogel drug delivery system can not only enrich the drug concentration at the tumor site for a long time but also effectively prevents the distant metastasis of residual tumor cells. At present, a large number of researches have been working toward the construction of responsive nanocomposite hydrogel drug delivery systems, but there are few comprehensive articles to systematically summarize these discoveries. Here, this systematic review summarizes the synthesis methods and related applications of nanocomposite responsive hydrogels with actions to external or internal physiological stimuli. With different physical or chemical stimuli, the structural unit rearrangement and the controlled release of drugs can be used for responsive drug delivery in different states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qi Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Han Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Zhen-Li Li
- The Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xin-Fei Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Hao Xing
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Ming-Da Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Hang-Dong Jia
- The Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Lei Liang
- The Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Li-Yang Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Yu-Guang Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Feng Shen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Tian Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, 200438, China
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Guselnikova O, Lim H, Kim HJ, Kim SH, Gorbunova A, Eguchi M, Postnikov P, Nakanishi T, Asahi T, Na J, Yamauchi Y. New Trends in Nanoarchitectured SERS Substrates: Nanospaces, 2D Materials, and Organic Heterostructures. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2107182. [PMID: 35570326 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews recent fabrication methods for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates with a focus on advanced nanoarchitecture based on noble metals with special nanospaces (round tips, gaps, and porous spaces), nanolayered 2D materials, including hybridization with metallic nanostructures (NSs), and the contemporary repertoire of nanoarchitecturing with organic molecules. The use of SERS for multidisciplinary applications has been extensively investigated because the considerably enhanced signal intensity enables the detection of a very small number of molecules with molecular fingerprints. Nanoarchitecture strategies for the design of new NSs play a vital role in developing SERS substrates. In this review, recent achievements with respect to the special morphology of metallic NSs are discussed, and future directions are outlined for the development of available NSs with reproducible preparation and well-controlled nanoarchitecture. Nanolayered 2D materials are proposed for SERS applications as an alternative to the noble metals. The modern solutions to existing limitations for their applications are described together with the state-of-the-art in bio/environmental SERS sensing using 2D materials-based composites. To complement the existing toolbox of plasmonic inorganic NSs, hybridization with organic molecules is proposed to improve the stability of NSs and selectivity of SERS sensing by hybridizing with small or large organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Guselnikova
- JST-ERATO Yamauchi Materials Space Tectonics Project, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, 634050, Russian Federation
| | - Hyunsoo Lim
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- New & Renewable Energy Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute (KETI), 25, Saenari-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13509, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jong Kim
- Surface Technology Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hyun Kim
- New & Renewable Energy Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute (KETI), 25, Saenari-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13509, Republic of Korea
| | - Alina Gorbunova
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, 634050, Russian Federation
| | - Miharu Eguchi
- JST-ERATO Yamauchi Materials Space Tectonics Project, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Pavel Postnikov
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, 634050, Russian Federation
| | - Takuya Nakanishi
- Kagami Memorial Research Institute for Materials Science and Technology, Waseda University, 2-8-26 Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 169-0051, Japan
| | - Toru Asahi
- Kagami Memorial Research Institute for Materials Science and Technology, Waseda University, 2-8-26 Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 169-0051, Japan
| | - Jongbeom Na
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Research and Development (R&D) Division, Green Energy Institute, Mokpo, Jeollanamdo, 58656, Republic of Korea
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- JST-ERATO Yamauchi Materials Space Tectonics Project, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Kagami Memorial Research Institute for Materials Science and Technology, Waseda University, 2-8-26 Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 169-0051, Japan
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5
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Alzate D, Lopez-Osorio MC, Cortes-Mancera F, Navas MC, Orozco J. Detection of hepatitis E virus genotype 3 in wastewater by an electrochemical genosensor. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1221:340121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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6
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Achadu OJ, Nwaji N, Lee D, Lee J, Akinoglu EM, Giersig M, Park EY. 3D hierarchically porous magnetic molybdenum trioxide@gold nanospheres as a nanogap-enhanced Raman scattering biosensor for SARS-CoV-2. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:871-883. [PMID: 36131829 PMCID: PMC9419194 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00746g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The global pandemic of COVID-19 is an example of how quickly a disease-causing virus can take root and threaten our civilization. Nowadays, ultrasensitive and rapid detection of contagious pathogens is in high demand. Here, we present a novel hierarchically porous 3-dimensional magnetic molybdenum trioxide-polydopamine-gold functionalized nanosphere (3D mag-MoO3-PDA@Au NS) composed of plasmonic, semiconductor, and magnetic nanoparticles as a multifunctional nanosculptured hybrid. Based on the synthesized 3D mag-MoO3-PDA@Au NS, a universal "plug and play" biosensor for pathogens is proposed. Specifically, a magnetically-induced nanogap-enhanced Raman scattering (MINERS) detection platform was developed using the 3D nanostructure. Through a magnetic actuation process, the MINERS system overcomes Raman signal stability and reproducibility challenges for the ultrasensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein over a wide dynamic range up to a detection limit of 10-15 g mL-1. The proposed MINERS platform will facilitate the broader use of Raman spectroscopy as a powerful analytical detection tool in diverse fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ojodomo J Achadu
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8529 Japan +81-54-238-4887 +81-54-238-3306
- International Institute for Nanocomposites Manufacturing, WMG, University of Warwick CV4 7AL Coventry UK
| | - Njemuwa Nwaji
- International Academy of Optoelectronics at Zhaoqing, South China Normal University Liyuan Street 526238 Guangdong China
| | - Dongkyu Lee
- Dept. of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Chungnam National University 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34134 Korea
| | - Jaebeom Lee
- Dept. of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Chungnam National University 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34134 Korea
| | - Eser M Akinoglu
- International Academy of Optoelectronics at Zhaoqing, South China Normal University Liyuan Street 526238 Guangdong China
| | - Michael Giersig
- International Academy of Optoelectronics at Zhaoqing, South China Normal University Liyuan Street 526238 Guangdong China
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences 02-106 Warsaw Poland
| | - Enoch Y Park
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8529 Japan +81-54-238-4887 +81-54-238-3306
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8529 Japan
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Li J, Bai Y, Li F, Zhang Y, Xie Q, Zhang L, Hua L, Xiong Q, Shan Y, Bu Z, Shao G, Feng Z, Zhao D, Liu F. Rapid and ultra-sensitive detection of African swine fever virus antibody on site using QDM based-ASFV immunosensor (QAIS). Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1189:339187. [PMID: 34815032 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a swine viral disease that could cause highly contagious and extremely high mortality, causing huge economic losses to the pig industry. As there is currently no vaccine and effective treatment methods. Therefore, early monitoring is one of the most important solutions to prevent and control ASF. In this study, the dual QDM recombinant virus protein 30 and 54 (P30 and P54) probes and pre-incubation in vitro were proposed for the first time as QDM based-ASFV immunosensor (QAIS) for the ultra-sensitive quantitative detection of ASFV antibodies in serum. In the range from serum dilution of 1:1000 to 1:64000, it showed a good linear relationship (R2 = 0.9947), and its detection sensitivity was 1:64000 dilution. Compared with commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and colloidal gold immunochromatographic strip (CGICS), its detection sensitivity was improved by at least one order of magnitude and four orders of magnitude respectively. In addition, the whole ASFV antibody screening test can be completed in 25 min with simple operation. The performance and practicability of the established QAIS sensor have been verified by ASF-ELISA kit, and its coincidence rate was as high as 98.7% in 151 clinical samples. We firmly believe that the proposed QAIS sensor could potentially be applied to point-of-care testing (POCT) for quantitative ASFV antibody in pig farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety of Ministry of Education & Single Molecule Nanometry Laboratory (Sinmolab), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Yun Bai
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety of Ministry of Education & Single Molecule Nanometry Laboratory (Sinmolab), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Qingyun Xie
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Lizhong Hua
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Qiyan Xiong
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Yanke Shan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety of Ministry of Education & Single Molecule Nanometry Laboratory (Sinmolab), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Zhigao Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Guoqing Shao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Zhixin Feng
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Dongming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China.
| | - Fei Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety of Ministry of Education & Single Molecule Nanometry Laboratory (Sinmolab), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China.
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