1
|
Luo B, Lu H, Zhong Y, Zhu K, Wang Y. Carbon Nanotube-Doped 3D-Printed Silicone Electrode for Manufacturing Multilayer Porous Plasticized Polyvinyl Chloride Gel Artificial Muscles. Gels 2024; 10:416. [PMID: 39057440 PMCID: PMC11275437 DOI: 10.3390/gels10070416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) gel has large deformation under an applied external electrical field and high driving stability in air and is a candidate artificial muscle material for manufacturing a flexible actuator. A porous PVC gel actuator consists of a mesh positive pole, a planar negative pole, and a PVC gel core layer. The current casting method is only suitable for manufacturing simple 2D structures, and it is difficult to produce multilayer porous structures. This study investigated the feasibility of a 3D-printed carbon nanotube-doped silicone electrode for manufacturing multilayer porous PVC gel artificial muscle. Carbon nanotube-doped silicone (CNT-PDMS) composite inks were developed for printing electrode layers of PVC gel artificial muscles. The parameters for the printing plane and mesh electrodes were explored theoretically and experimentally. We produced a CNT-PDMS electrode and PVC gel via integrated printing to manufacture multilayer porous PVC artificial muscle and verified its good performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Luo
- School of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China;
- School of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang 422000, China; (H.L.); (K.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China;
| | - Hanjing Lu
- School of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang 422000, China; (H.L.); (K.Z.)
| | - Yiding Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China;
| | - Kejun Zhu
- School of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang 422000, China; (H.L.); (K.Z.)
| | - Yanjie Wang
- School of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li Z, Liu C, Sheng M, Wang M, Chen H, Li B, Xia P. Broadening Bandwidth in a Semi-Active Vibration Absorption System Utilizing Stacked Polyvinyl Chloride Gel Actuators. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:649. [PMID: 38793222 PMCID: PMC11123236 DOI: 10.3390/mi15050649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) gel is a new soft and smart material, whose potential in electroactive variable stiffness can be used for vibration control in soft robotic systems. In this paper, a new semi-active vibration absorber is developed by stacking PVC gel actuator units. The absorption bandwidth of a single PVC gel absorber covers the range of three natural frequencies (76.5 Hz, 95 Hz, 124 Hz) of a rectangular steel plate in vibration attenuation. The maximum reduction percentage in acceleration amplitude is 63%. With stacked PVC gel actuator units, the absorption bandwidth can be shifted and obviously broadened.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoyuan Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China (H.C.)
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Centre for Advanced Robotics (ARQ), Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Meiping Sheng
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Minqing Wang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Hualing Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China (H.C.)
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Bo Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China (H.C.)
| | - Peng Xia
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Putri KNA, Intasanta V, Hoven VP. Current significance and future perspective of 3D-printed bio-based polymers for applications in energy conversion and storage system. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25873. [PMID: 38390075 PMCID: PMC10881347 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing global population has led to a surge in energy demand and the production of environmentally harmful products, highlighting the urgent need for renewable and clean energy sources. In this context, sustainable and eco-friendly energy production strategies have been explored to mitigate the adverse effects of fossil fuel consumption to the environment. Additionally, efficient energy storage devices with a long lifespan are also crucial. Tailoring the components of energy conversion and storage devices can improve overall performance. Three-dimensional (3D) printing provides the flexibility to create and optimize geometrical structure in order to obtain preferable features to elevate energy conversion yield and storage capacitance. It also serves the potential for rapid and cost-efficient manufacturing. Besides that, bio-based polymers with potential mechanical and rheological properties have been exploited as material feedstocks for 3D printing. The use of these polymers promoted carbon neutrality and environmentally benign processes. In this perspective, this review provides an overview of various 3D printing techniques and processing parameters for bio-based polymers applicable for energy-relevant applications. It also explores the advances and current significance on the integration of 3D-printed bio-based polymers in several energy conversion and storage components from the recently published studies. Finally, the future perspective is elaborated for the development of bio-based polymers via 3D printing techniques as powerful tools for clean energy supplies towards the sustainable development goals (SDGs) with respect to environmental protection and green energy conversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khoiria Nur Atika Putri
- Program in Petrochemistry and Polymer Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Varol Intasanta
- Nanohybrids and Coating Research Group, National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Voravee P Hoven
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Materials and Biointerfaces, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li Y, Feng X, Zhu L, Zhang Z, Guo M, Li Z, Li Y, Hashimoto M. Modeling of Fiber-Constrained Planar PVC Gel Actuators. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13091483. [PMID: 37177027 PMCID: PMC10180175 DOI: 10.3390/nano13091483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, plasticized poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) gel has attracted increasing attention in soft robotics. However, there is scarce research on the deformation mechanism and modeling of PVC gel actuators. In this study, to investigate the deformation mechanism of fiber-constrained planar PVC gel actuators, we propose a complex nonlinear model based on traditional thermodynamic electroactive polymer (EAP) multi-field coupling theory. The proposed model can reveal the dielectric breakdown strength of PVC gels and predict the deformation of planar PVC gel actuators with varying levels of pre-stretching. The theoretical results were in good agreement with the experimental results, indicating the feasibility of the proposed model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Xuxin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Lixiang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Ziqian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Mingfei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Zhixin Li
- Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yanbiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Minoru Hashimoto
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda 386-8567, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang C, Liao E, Li C, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Lu A, Liu Y, Geng C. 3D Printed Silicones with Shape Morphing and Low-Temperature Ultraelasticity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:4549-4558. [PMID: 36642888 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c20392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
3D printed silicones have demonstrated great potential in diverse areas by combining the advantageous physiochemical properties of silicones with the unparalleled design freedom of additive manufacturing. However, their low-temperature performance, which is of particular importance for polar and space applications, has not been addressed. Herein, a 3D printed silicone foam with unprecedented low-temperature elasticity is presented, which is featured with extraordinary fatigue resistance, excellent shape recovery, and energy-absorbing capability down to a low temperature of -60 °C after extreme compression (an intensive load of over 66000 times its own weight). The foam is achieved by direct writing of a phenyl silicone-based pseudoplastic ink embedded with sodium chloride as sacrificial template. During the water immersion process to create pores in the printed filaments, a unique osmotic pressure-driven shape morphing strategy is also reported, which offers an attractive alternative to traditional 4D printed hydrogels in virtue of the favorable mechanical robustness of the silicone material. The underlying mechanisms for shape morphing and low-temperature elasticity are discussed in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Enze Liao
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Changlin Li
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Yaling Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang 621900, China
| | | | - Ai Lu
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang 621900, China
| | | | - Chengzhen Geng
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang 621900, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mijangos C, Calafel I, Santamaría A. Poly(vinyl chloride), a historical polymer still evolving. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
7
|
Zhang C, Jin B, Cao X, Chen Z, Miao W, Yang X, Luo Y, Li T, Xie T. Dielectric Polymer with Designable Large Motion under Low Electric Field. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2206393. [PMID: 36189869 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Dielectric elastomers (DEs) can demonstrate fast and large in-plane expansion/contraction due to electric field (e-field)-induced Maxwell stress. For robotic applications, it is often necessary that the in-plane actuation is converted into out-of-plane motions with mechanical frames. Despite their performance appeal, their high driving e-field (20-100 V µm-1 ) demands bulky power accessories and severely compromises their durability. Here, a dielectric polymer that can be programmed into diverse motions actuated under a low e-field (2-10 V µm-1 ) is reported. The material is a crystalline dynamic covalent network that can be reconfigured into arbitrary 3D geometries. This gives rise to a geometric effect that markedly amplifies the actuation, leading to designable large motions when the dielectric polymer is heated above its melting temperature to become a DE. Additionally, the crystallization transition enables dynamic multimodal motions and active deployability. These attributes result in unique design versatility for soft robots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Binjie Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Center for X-Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xunuo Cao
- Center for X-Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Zheqi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Wusha Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xuxu Yang
- Center for X-Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yingwu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Tiefeng Li
- Center for X-Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Tao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang Z, Wang Y, Wang Q, Shang L. Smart Film Actuators for Biomedical Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2105116. [PMID: 35038215 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202105116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Taking inspiration from the extremely flexible motion abilities in natural organisms, soft actuators have emerged in the past few decades. Particularly, smart film actuators (SFAs) demonstrate unique superiority in easy fabrication, tailorable geometric configurations, and programmable 3D deformations. Thus, they are promising in many biomedical applications, such as soft robotics, tissue engineering, delivery system, and organ-on-a-chip. In this review, the latest achievements of SFAs applied in biomedical fields are summarized. The authors start by introducing the fabrication techniques of SFAs, then shift to the topology design of SFAs, followed by their material selections and distinct actuating mechanisms. After that, their biomedical applications are categorized in practical aspects. The challenges and prospects of this field are finally discussed. The authors believe that this review can boost the development of soft robotics, biomimetics, and human healthcare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuohao Zhang
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Qiao Wang
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Luoran Shang
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhan S, Guo AXY, Cao SC, Liu N. 3D Printing Soft Matters and Applications: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073790. [PMID: 35409150 PMCID: PMC8998766 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of nature created delicate structures and organisms. With the advancement of technology, especially the rise of additive manufacturing, bionics has gradually become a popular research field. Recently, researchers have concentrated on soft robotics, which can mimic the complex movements of animals by allowing continuous and often responsive local deformations. These properties give soft robots advantages in terms of integration and control with human tissue. The rise of additive manufacturing technologies and soft matters makes the fabrication of soft robots with complex functions such as bending, twisting, intricate 3D motion, grasping, and stretching possible. In this paper, the advantages and disadvantages of the additive manufacturing process, including fused deposition modeling, direct ink writing, inkjet printing, stereolithography, and selective laser sintering, are discussed. The applications of 3D printed soft matter in bionics, soft robotics, flexible electronics, and biomedical engineering are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhan
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (S.Z.); (A.X.Y.G.)
| | - Amy X. Y. Guo
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (S.Z.); (A.X.Y.G.)
| | - Shan Cecilia Cao
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (S.Z.); (A.X.Y.G.)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Correspondence: (S.C.C.); (N.L.)
| | - Na Liu
- School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Correspondence: (S.C.C.); (N.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Material Design for Enhancing Properties of 3D Printed Polymer Composites for Target Applications. TECHNOLOGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/technologies10020045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Polymer composites are becoming an important class of materials for a diversified range of industrial applications due to their unique characteristics and natural and synthetic reinforcements. Traditional methods of polymer composite fabrication require machining, manual labor, and increased costs. Therefore, 3D printing technologies have come to the forefront of scientific, industrial, and public attention for customized manufacturing of composite parts having a high degree of control over design, processing parameters, and time. However, poor interfacial adhesion between 3D printed layers can lead to material failure, and therefore, researchers are trying to improve material functionality and extend material lifetime with the addition of reinforcements and self-healing capability. This review provides insights on different materials used for 3D printing of polymer composites to enhance mechanical properties and improve service life of polymer materials. Moreover, 3D printing of flexible energy-storage devices (FESD), including batteries, supercapacitors, and soft robotics using soft materials (polymers), is discussed as well as the application of 3D printing as a platform for bioengineering and earth science applications by using a variety of polymer materials, all of which have great potential for improving future conditions for humanity and planet Earth.
Collapse
|
11
|
Fang Y, Fei W, Shen X, Guo J, Wang C. Magneto-sensitive photonic crystal ink for quick printing of smart devices with structural colors. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:2079-2087. [PMID: 34846485 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh00577d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report a facile strategy to combine magneto-responsive photonic crystal (MRPC) ink with 3D printing technology. The building blocks of MRPC are based on Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticle clusters (MNCs) with uniform and tunable size. The MNC dispersion is able to change its photonic band gap from red to blue as the external magnetic field strength is increased. The magneto-responsive photonic crystal ink can be readily obtained by taking advantage of an ethylene glycol (EG)-in-oil emulsion with a reinforced silicone rubber prepolymer as the outer phase. Using the well-designed formula, the MNC dispersion can be well-preserved inside the emulsion droplets of the ink, maintaining its original contactless magnetic field response. As a proof of concept, custom quick response code and butterfly patterns were successfully printed and showed vivid and tunable color as a function of the external magnetic field strength with good repeatability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiquan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|