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Schick BW, Hou X, Vanoppen V, Uhl M, Kruck M, Berg EJ, Jacob T. Revealing the Structural Evolution of Electrode/Electrolyte Interphase Formation during Magnesium Plating and Stripping with operando EQCM-D. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301269. [PMID: 37848390 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Rechargeable magnesium batteries could provide future energy storage systems with high energy density. One remaining challenge is the development of electrolytes compatible with the negative Mg electrode, enabling uniform plating and stripping with high Coulombic efficiencies. Often improvements are hindered by a lack of fundamental understanding of processes occurring during cycling, as well as the existence and structure of a formed interphase layer at the electrode/electrolyte interface. Here, a magnesium model electrolyte based on magnesium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Mg(TFSI)2 ) and MgCl2 with a borohydride as additive, dissolved in dimethoxyethane (DME), was used to investigate the initial galvanostatic plating and stripping cycles operando using electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (EQCM-D). We show that side reactions lead to the formation of an interphase of irreversibly deposited Mg during the initial cycles. EQCM-D based hydrodynamic spectroscopy reveals the growth of a porous layer during Mg stripping. After the first cycles, the interphase layer is in a dynamic equilibrium between the formation of the layer and its dissolution, resulting in a stable thickness upon further cycling. This study provides operando information of the interphase formation, its changes during cycling and the dynamic behavior, helping to rationally develop future electrolytes and electrode/electrolyte interfaces and interphases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Schick
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Xu Hou
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Structural Chemistry, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, 752 37, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Viktor Vanoppen
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Structural Chemistry, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, 752 37, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Matthias Uhl
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Matthias Kruck
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Erik J Berg
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Structural Chemistry, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, 752 37, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Timo Jacob
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Ulm (HIU) for Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtzstr. 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Liu Y, Zhao W, Pan Z, Fan Z, Zhang M, Zhao X, Chen J, Yang X. Interfacial Engineering of Magnesiophilic Coordination Layer Stabilizes Mg Metal Anode. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202302617. [PMID: 37186428 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202302617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Rechargeable magnesium batteries (RMBs) are seriously plagued by the direct exposure of the Mg anode to the electrolyte components, leading to spontaneous and electrochemical side reactions and interfacial passivation. Herein, a benign coordination layer is constructed at the Mg/electrolyte interface where aniline with a strong magnesiophilic amine group and high stability to Mg is chosen as representative, which has higher adsorption energy than DME (1,2-dimethoxyethane) and trace water. This Mg coordination environment mitigates side reactions, forming a non-passivating interface consisting of aniline and much fewer by-products after several cycles. Therefore, the Mg symmetrical cell operates with a low overpotential and uniform Mg0 deposition. This interfacial coordination can also be adopted for Mg anode protection in various electrolyte cases of Mg(TFSI)2 electrolyte systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Tongji University, Materials Science and Engineering, CHINA
| | - Wanyu Zhao
- Tongji University, School of Materials Science and Engineering, CHINA
| | - Zhenghui Pan
- Tongji University, School of Materials Science and Engineering, CHINA
| | - Zhengqing Fan
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, CHINA
| | - Meng Zhang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, CHINA
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- Tongji University, School of Materials Science and Engineering, CHINA
| | - Jianping Chen
- Tongji University, School of Materials Science and Engineering, CHINA
| | - Xiaowei Yang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 201804, China., 200240, Minhang, CHINA
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Zhao W, Liu Y, Zhao X, Pan Z, Chen J, Zheng S, Qu L, Yang X. Chloride-Free Electrolytes for High-Voltage Magnesium Metal Batteries: Challenges, Strategies, and Perspectives. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203334. [PMID: 36409403 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The demand for high-energy-density and safe energy storage devices has spurred increasing interest in high-voltage rechargeable magnesium batteries (RMB). As electrolytes are the bridge connecting the cathode and anode materials, the development of high-voltage electrolytes is the key factor in realizing high-voltage RMBs. This concept presents an overview of three chloride-free electrolyte systems with wide electrochemical windows, together with the degradation mechanisms and modification strategies at the anode/electrolyte interphase. Finally, future directions in stabilizing Mg anodes and realizing high-voltage RMBs are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyu Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Zhenghui Pan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Jianping Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Songhe Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Lingli Qu
- Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
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4
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Zhuang Y, Wu D, Wang F, Xu Y, Zeng J, Zhao J. Tailoring a Hybrid Functional Layer for Mg Metal Anodes in Conventional Electrolytes with a Low Overpotential. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:47605-47615. [PMID: 36227800 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c11911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of high-voltage Mg metal batteries is hampered by the incompatibility between a Mg metal anode and conventional electrolyte, leading to a high overpotential for Mg plating/stripping processes. In this work, we tailored a hybrid functional layer consisting of Bi/MgCl2/polytetrahydrofuran (PTHF) by an in situ THF polyreaction during the reaction of the Mg anode with BiCl3 solution. The introduction of PTHF inhibits the growth of Bi particles and fills the layer interstice with MgCl2-containing PTHF, improving the structural integrity of the functional layer and insulation between the electrolyte and Mg anode. As a result, compared to a simply modified Bi/MgCl2 layer, the Bi/MgCl2/PTHF functional layer exhibits a lower polarization voltage of 0.25 V and longer cycling life of more than 2000 h at 0.1 mA cm-2. Mechanism analysis shows that Mg is plated on the surface of Bi particles within the layer. The Mo6S8/Mg full battery with the hybrid functional layer achieved a low voltage hysteresis of ∼0.25 V and long cycling life over 500 cycles at 50 mA g-1. This work provides a facile and effective hybrid functional layer strategy to realize Mg metal batteries in conventional electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Zhuang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Power Source Technology for New Energy Vehicle, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technology, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Dongzheng Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Power Source Technology for New Energy Vehicle, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technology, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Fei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Power Source Technology for New Energy Vehicle, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technology, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yaoqi Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Power Source Technology for New Energy Vehicle, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technology, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jing Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Power Source Technology for New Energy Vehicle, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technology, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jinbao Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Power Source Technology for New Energy Vehicle, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technology, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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Sun Z, Wang B, Boebinger MG, Magasinski A, Jhulki S, Zhang Y, Fu W, McDowell MT, Yushin G. Stability of FeF 3-Based Sodium-Ion Batteries in Nonflammable Ionic Liquid Electrolytes at Room and Elevated Temperatures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:33447-33456. [PMID: 35834402 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c10851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Iron trifluoride (FeF3), a conversion-type cathode for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), is based on cheap and abundant Fe and provides high theoretical capacity. However, the applications of FeF3-based SIBs have been hindered by their low-capacity utilization and poor cycling stability. Herein, we report greatly enhanced performance of FeF3 in multiple types of ionic liquid (IL) electrolytes at both room temperature (RT) and elevated temperatures. The Pyr1,4FSI electrolyte demonstrated the best cycling stability with an unprecedented decay rate of only ∼0.023% per cycle after the initial stabilization and an average coulombic efficiency of ∼99.5% for over 1000 cycles at RT. The Pyr1,3FSI electrolyte demonstrated the best cycling stability with a capacity decay rate of only ∼0.25% per cycle at 60 °C. Cells using Pyr1,3FSI and EMIMFSI electrolytes also showed promising cycling stability with capacity decay rates of ∼0.039% and ∼0.030% per cycle over 1000 cycles, respectively. A protective and ionically conductive cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) layer is formed during cycling in ILs, diminishing side reactions that commonly lead to gassing and excessive CEI growth in organic electrolytes, especially at elevated temperatures. Furthermore, the increased ionic conductivity and decreased viscosity of ILs at elevated temperatures help attain higher accessible capacity. The application of ILs sheds light on designing a protective CEI for its use in stable SIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifei Sun
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Baichuan Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Matthew G Boebinger
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Alexandre Magasinski
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Samik Jhulki
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yawei Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Wenbin Fu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Matthew T McDowell
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- G. W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Gleb Yushin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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