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Jiang B, Mu M, Zhou Y, Zhang J, Li W. Nanoparticle-Empowered Core-Shell Microcapsules: From Architecture Design to Fabrication and Functions. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2311897. [PMID: 38456762 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Compartmentalization is a powerful concept to integrate multiscale components with diverse functionalities into miniature architectures. Inspired by evolution-optimized cell compartments, synthetic core-shell capsules enable storage of actives and on-demand delivery of programmed functions, driving scientific progress across various fields including adaptive materials, sustainable electronics, soft robotics, and precision medicine. To simultaneously maximize structural stability and environmental sensitivity, which are the two most critical characteristics dictating performance, diverse nanoparticles are incorporated into microcapsules with a dense shell and a liquid core. Recent studies have revealed that these nano-additives not only enhance the intrinsic properties of capsules including mechanical robustness, optical behaviors, and thermal conductivity, but also empower dynamic features such as triggered release, deformable structures, and fueled mobility. In this review, the physicochemical principles that govern nanoparticle assembly during microencapsulation are examined in detail and the architecture-controlled functionalities are outlined. Through the analysis of how each primary method implants nanoparticles into microcapsules, their distinct spatial organizations within the core-shell structures are highlighted. Following a detailed discussion of the specialized functions enabled by specific nanoparticles, the vision of the required fundamental insights and experimental studies for this class of microcarriers to fulfill its potential are sketched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Manrui Mu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Wenle Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
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2
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Supian ABM, Asyraf MRM, Syamsir A, Najeeb MI, Alhayek A, Al-Dala’ien RN, Manar G, Atiqah A. Thermochromic Polymer Nanocomposites for the Heat Detection System: Recent Progress on Properties, Applications, and Challenges. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1545. [PMID: 38891491 PMCID: PMC11174980 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Reversible thermochromic polymers have emerged as compelling candidates in recent years, captivating attention for their application in heat detection systems. This comprehensive review navigates through the multifaceted landscape, intricately exploring both the virtues and hurdles inherent in their integration within these systems. Their innate capacity to change colour in response to temperature fluctuations renders reversible thermochromic nanocomposites promising assets for heat detection technologies. However, despite their inherent potential, certain barriers hinder their widespread adoption. Factors such as a restricted colour spectrum, reliance on external triggers, and cost considerations have restrained their pervasive use. For instance, these polymer-based materials exhibit utility in the domain of building insulation, where their colour-changing ability serves as a beacon, flagging areas of heat loss or inadequate insulation, thus alerting building managers and homeowners to potential energy inefficiencies. Nevertheless, the limited range of discernible colours may impede precise temperature differentiation. Additionally, dependency on external stimuli, such as electricity or UV light, can complicate implementation and inflate costs. Realising the full potential of these polymer-based materials in heat detection systems necessitates addressing these challenges head-on. Continuous research endeavours aimed at augmenting colour diversity and diminishing reliance on external stimuli offer promising avenues to enhance their efficacy. Hence, this review aims to delve into the intricate nuances surrounding reversible thermochromic nanocomposites, highlighting their transformative potential in heat detection and sensing. By exploring their mechanisms, properties, and current applications, this manuscript endeavours to shed light on their significance, providing insights crucial for further research and potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. B. M. Supian
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Centre for Defence Research and Technology (CODRAT), Universiti Pertahanan National Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - M. R. M. Asyraf
- Engineering Design Research Group (EDRG), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Agusril Syamsir
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Civil Engineering Department, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.A.)
| | - M. I. Najeeb
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdulrahman Alhayek
- Civil Engineering Department, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.A.)
| | - Rayeh Nasr Al-Dala’ien
- Civil Engineering Department, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.A.)
| | - Gunasilan Manar
- Centre for Defence Research and Technology (CODRAT), Universiti Pertahanan National Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - A. Atiqah
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
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Zhu B, Tao X, Sun H, Zhu Y, He S, Han X. Self-Healing Properties of Water Tree with Microcapsule/Cross-Linked Polyethylene Composite Material Based on Three-Layer Core-Shell Structure. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1445. [PMID: 38891393 PMCID: PMC11174754 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
To overcome the degradation of insulating properties caused by the water tree aging of cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE), a self-repairing material for XLPE based on a microcapsule system is proposed. Three-layer shell nucleus microcapsules/XLPE composites with different microcapsule doping content are prepared. The water tree aging experiments are carried out using the water-needle electrode method to analyze the ability of microcapsules to repair the damaged areas of water trees. The results show that, compared with the XLPE material without microcapsules, the electrical properties of composites decline significantly when the doping concentration of three-layer shell nucleus microcapsules is large. When the doping concentration is 1.0 wt%, the microcapsule/XLPE composite breakdown strength has no noticeable change, and the dielectric loss factor does not change significantly, the space charge density decreases, and the space charge properties have been improved considerably. When the water tree branch develops to the position where the microcapsules are located, the microcapsules will rupture and release their internal repair materials and catalysts and react with water to produce an organic silicone resin to fill the water tree cavity, which can achieve an excellent self-healing effect. In addition, the nano-SiO2 on the surface microcapsules can make the microcapsules and matrix better integrated, which avoids the microcapsule accumulation that tends to occur when incorporating microcapsules, thus improving the repair rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectrics and Its Application, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China; (X.T.); (H.S.); (Y.Z.); (S.H.); (X.H.)
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4
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Zhu B, Sun H, Zhu Y, He S, Han X. Self-Healing Properties of Water Tree Damage in Multilayered Shell-Core-Structured Microcapsules/Cross-Linked Polyethylene Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:155. [PMID: 38201820 PMCID: PMC10780340 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effect of the structure of microcapsules on the properties of cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) composites, three XLPE specimens filled with multilayered shell-core-structured microcapsules are designed. In this paper, the microcapsules are first analyzed morphologically and chemically. In addition, the effect of the microcapsule structure on the typical electrical properties of the composites is explored. Finally, the self-healing ability of XLPE specimens filled with microcapsules is verified. The results show that the SiO2 on the surface of the trilayer shell-core microcapsules can make the microcapsules and the XLPE matrix have a better mechanical interlocking ability, which makes the typical properties of the trilayer shell-core microcapsules slightly better than those of the bilayer shell-core microcapsules. Moreover, when the bilayer shell-core or trilayer shell-core microcapsules rupture under the action of an electric field, the repair material reacts with the water tree under capillary action to consume the residual water while generating organic matter to fill in the cavity, thus repairing the damaged area of the water tree and ultimately achieving the self-healing of the composite water tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectrics and Its Application, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China
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5
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Tang X, Sima W, Sun P, Zun C, Yuan T, Yang M, Shi Z, Yang H, Deng Q. In Situ Self-Fluorescence 3D Imaging of Micro/Nano Damage in Silicone Gel for Understanding Insulation Failure under High-Frequency Electric Fields. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:55082-55094. [PMID: 37936415 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Strong electromagnetic and heat flux stresses can induce severe damage to solid insulation materials, leading to faults in power equipment and power electronics devices. However, in the absence of suitable in situ imaging methods for observing the development and morphology of electrical damage within insulation materials, the mechanism of insulation failure under high-frequency electric fields has remained elusive. In this work, a recently discovered fluorescence self-excitation phenomenon in electrical damage channels of polymers is used as the basis for a laser confocal imaging method that is able to realize three-dimensional (3D) in situ imaging of electrical tree channels in silicone gel through nondestructive means. Based on the reconstructed morphology of the damaged area, a spatial equivalent calculation model is proposed for analysis of the 3D geometric features of electrical trees. The insulation failure mechanism of silicone gel under electric fields of different frequencies is analyzed through ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulations of the thermal cracking process. This work provides a new method for in situ nondestructive 3D imaging of micro/nanoscale damage structures within polymers with potential applications to material analysis and defect diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Wenxia Sima
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Potao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Chun Zun
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control, Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Tao Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Ming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Zeyan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Haoyue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Qin Deng
- Analytical and Testing Center, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
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Li Z, Wen Y, Song Z, Zhang C, Cui C, An D, Ge Z, Cheng Y, Zhang Q, Zhang Y. Dynamic Cross-Linked Polyethylene Networks with High Energy Storage and Electrical Damage Self-Healability. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1409-1415. [PMID: 37792461 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Dielectric polymers that exhibit high energy density Ue, low dielectric loss, and thermal resistance are ideal materials for next-generation electrical equipment. The most widely utilized approach to improving Ue involves augmenting the polarization through increasing the dielectric constant εr or the breakdown strength Eb. However, as a conflicting parameter, the dielectric loss also increases inevitably at the same time. In addition, due to the long-term work under a strong electric field or high potential, dielectric materials often produce electrical damage (electrical tree), which is one of the main factors affecting the reliability and service life of electrical equipment. To address these problems, we herein develop dynamic cross-linked polyethylene materials (PE-MA-Epo) by polyethylene-graft-maleic anhydride (PE-MA) and polar epoxy monomers, which showed high εr (>7), low dielectric loss (<0.02), high Ue (5.16 J/cm3 at 425 MV/m), and outstanding discharge efficiency (97%). The performances of the materials are adequate to rival biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) films. Moreover, the excellent self-healing capability of PE-MA-Epo enables the total recovery of εr and tan δ after electrical tree healing. After two cycles of electrical breakdown healing, Eb remained at 80%, which improves the durability and reliability of dielectric polymers. Therefore, PE-MA-Epo shows great potential for applications in advanced electronic power devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Yanxiu Wen
- Comron Science and Technology Park, 5th Floor, Block B, Guansheng 5th Road, Longhua District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518110, China
| | - Zhe Song
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Chuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Chenhui Cui
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Dongxu An
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Zhishen Ge
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Yilong Cheng
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
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7
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Wan B, Dong X, Yang X, Wang J, Zheng MS, Dang ZM, Chen G, Zha JW. Rising of Dynamic Polyimide Materials: A Versatile Dielectric for Electrical and Electronic Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2301185. [PMID: 36906511 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Polyimides (PIs) are widely used in circuit components, electrical insulators, and power systems in modern electronic devices and large electrical appliances. Electrical/mechanical damage of materials are important factors that threaten reliability and service lifetime. Dynamic (self-healable, recyclable and degradable) PIs, a promising class of materials that successfully improve electrical/mechanical properties after damage, are anticipated to solve this issue. The viewpoints and perspectives on the status and future trends of dynamic PI based on a few existing documents are shared. The main damage forms of PI dielectric materials in the application process are first introduced, and initial strategies and schemes to solve these problems are proposed. Fundamentally, the bottleneck issues faced by the development of dynamic PIs are indicated, and the relationship between various damage forms and the universality of the method is evaluated. The potential mechanism of the dynamic PI to deal with electrical damage is highlighted and several feasible prospective schemes to address electrical damage are discussed. This study is concluded by presenting a short outlook and future improvements to systems, challenges, and solutions of dynamic PI in electrical insulation. The summary of theory and practice should encourage policy development favoring energy conservation and environmental protection and promoting sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoquan Wan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- Shunde Graduate School of University of Science and Technology Beijing, Foshan, 528300, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodi Dong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- Shunde Graduate School of University of Science and Technology Beijing, Foshan, 528300, P. R. China
| | - Xing Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- Shunde Graduate School of University of Science and Technology Beijing, Foshan, 528300, P. R. China
| | - Jiangqiong Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- Shunde Graduate School of University of Science and Technology Beijing, Foshan, 528300, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Sheng Zheng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- Shunde Graduate School of University of Science and Technology Beijing, Foshan, 528300, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Min Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Power System, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - George Chen
- Department of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Jun-Wei Zha
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- Shunde Graduate School of University of Science and Technology Beijing, Foshan, 528300, P. R. China
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8
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Sima W, Tang X, Sun P, Sun Z, Yuan T, Yang M, Zhu C, Shi Z, Deng Q. Nondestructive 3D Imaging of Microscale Damage inside Polymers-Based on the Discovery of Self-Excited Fluorescence Effect Induced by Electrical Field. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2302262. [PMID: 37381643 PMCID: PMC10477876 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
The development of high-precision, non-destructive, and three-dimensional (3D) in situ imaging of micro-scale damage inside polymers is extremely challenging. Recent reports suggest that 3D imaging technology based on micro-CT technology causes irreversible damage to materials and is ineffective for many elastomeric materials. In this study, it is discovered that electrical trees inside silicone gel induced by an applied electric field can induce a self-excited fluorescence effect. Based on this, high-precision, non-destructive, and 3D in situ fluorescence imaging of polymer damages is successfully achieved. Compared with the current methods, the fluorescence microscopic imaging method enables slicing of the sample in vivo with high-precision operation, realizing the precise positioning of the damaged area. This pioneering discovery paves the way for high-precision, non-destructive, and 3D in situ imaging of polymer internal damage, which can solve the problem of internal damage imaging in insulating materials and precision instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxia Sima
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New TechnologyChongqing UniversityChongqing400044China
| | - Xinyu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New TechnologyChongqing UniversityChongqing400044China
| | - Potao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New TechnologyChongqing UniversityChongqing400044China
| | - Zhenkun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and ControlMinistry of EducationSchool of Energy and EnvironmentSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Tao Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New TechnologyChongqing UniversityChongqing400044China
| | - Ming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New TechnologyChongqing UniversityChongqing400044China
| | - Chun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and ControlMinistry of EducationSchool of Energy and EnvironmentSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Zeyan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New TechnologyChongqing UniversityChongqing400044China
| | - Qin Deng
- Analytical and Testing CenterChongqing UniversityChongqing400030China
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Sun W, Xu J, Song J, Chen Y, Lv Z, Cheng Y, Zhang L. Self-healing of electrical damage in insulating robust epoxy containing dynamic fluorine-substituted carbamate bonds for green dielectrics. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023. [PMID: 37070696 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00040k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Power systems and electrical grids are critical for the development of renewable energy. Electrical treeing is one of the major factors that lead to electrical damage in insulating dielectrics and decline in the reliability of power equipment and ultimately results in catastrophic failure. Here, we demonstrate that bulk epoxy damaged by electrical treeing is able to efficiently heal repeatedly to recover its original robust performance. The classical dilemma between the insulating properties and electrical-damage healability is overcome by dynamic fluorinated carbamate bonds. Moreover, the dynamic bond enables the epoxy to have admirable degradability, which is demonstrated to be used as an attractive green degradable insulation coating. When used as a matrix for fiber-reinforced composites, the reclaimed glass fibers after decomposing the epoxy maintained their original morphology and functionality. This design provides a novel approach for developing smart and green dielectrics to enhance the reliability, sustainability and lifespan of power equipment and electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China.
| | - Jiazhu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China.
| | - Jianhong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China.
| | - Yue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China.
| | - Zepeng Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China.
| | - Yonghong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China.
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Xie J, Han L, Luo Z, Li Q, He J. Microcapsule-Based Autonomous Self-Healing of Electrical Damage in Dielectric Polymers Induced by In Situ Generated Radicals. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:11185-11192. [PMID: 36797048 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Dielectric polymers are playing important roles in electrical and electronic industries. However, aging under high electric stress is a main threat to the reliability of polymers. In this work, we demonstrate a self-healing method for electrical tree damage based on radical chain polymerization, which is initiated by in situ radicals that are generated during electrical aging. Acrylate monomers contained in microcapsules will be released and flow into hollow channels after the capsules are punctured by electrical trees. Autonomous radical polymerization of the monomers will heal the damaged regions, which is triggered by radicals resulting from polymer chain scissions. After optimizing the healing agent compositions by evaluating their polymerization rate and dielectric properties, the fabricated self-healing epoxy resins showed effective recovery from treeing in multiple aging-healing cycles. We also expect the great potential of this method to heal tree defects autonomously without the need to switch off operating voltages. This novel self-healing strategy will shed light on building smart dielectric polymers with its broad applicability and online healing competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaye Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Power System, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Power System, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Power System, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Power System, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinliang He
- State Key Laboratory of Power System, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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11
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Zhou Y, Li L, Han Z, Li Q, He J, Wang Q. Self-Healing Polymers for Electronics and Energy Devices. Chem Rev 2023; 123:558-612. [PMID: 36260027 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Polymers are extensively exploited as active materials in a variety of electronics and energy devices because of their tailorable electrical properties, mechanical flexibility, facile processability, and they are lightweight. The polymer devices integrated with self-healing ability offer enhanced reliability, durability, and sustainability. In this Review, we provide an update on the major advancements in the applications of self-healing polymers in the devices, including energy devices, electronic components, optoelectronics, and dielectrics. The differences in fundamental mechanisms and healing strategies between mechanical fracture and electrical breakdown of polymers are underlined. The key concepts of self-healing polymer devices for repairing mechanical integrity and restoring their functions and device performance in response to mechanical and electrical damage are outlined. The advantages and limitations of the current approaches to self-healing polymer devices are systematically summarized. Challenges and future research opportunities are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Li Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Zhubing Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Power System, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinliang He
- State Key Laboratory of Power System, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Mechanically robust epoxy with electrical breakdown healing capability for power equipment insulation via dynamic networks. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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