Hygro-responsive, Photo-decomposed Superoleophobic/Superhydrophilic Coating for On-Demand Oil-Water Separation

Perfluoroalkyl Functionalized Superhydrophobic Covalent Organic Frameworks for Excellent Oil-Water Membrane Separation and Anhydrous Proton Conduction

Rapid economic development has led to oil pollution and energy shortage. Membrane separation has attracted much attention due to its simplicity and efficiency in oil-water-separation. The development of membrane materials with enhanced separation properties is essential to improve the separation-efficiency. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are expected to replace conventional engines due to their high-power-conversion rates and other favorable properties. Anhydrous-proton-conducting materials are vital components of PEMFCs. However, developing stable proton-conducting materials that exhibit high conductivity at varying temperatures remains challenging. Herein, two covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with long-side-chains are synthesized, and their corresponding COF@SSN membranes. Both membranes can effectively separate oil-water mixtures and water-in-oil emulsions. The TFPT-AF membrane achieves a maximum oil-flux of 6.05 × 105 g h-1 m-2 with an oil-water separation efficiency of above 99%, which is almost unchanged after 20 consecutive uses. COF@H3PO4 doped with different ratios of H3PO4 is prepared, the results show that the perfluorocarbon-chain system has  excellent anhydrous proton conductivity , achieving an ultra-high proton-conductivity of 3.98 × 10-1 S cm-1 at 125 °C. This study lays the foundation for tailor-made-functionalization of COF through pre-engineering and surface-modification, highlighting the great potential of COFs for oil-water separation and anhydrous-proton-conductivity.

Multifunctional amphibious superhydrophilic-oleophobic cellulose nanofiber aerogels for oil and water purification

Aerogels are of a popular choice for oil-water separation and water purification due to their attractive properties, such as lightweight, large surface area, and high porosity. Developing robust aerogels with multifunctional characteristics is highly desirable but remains challenging nowadays. Herein, we develop a facile one-pot condensation strategy for the fabrication of superhydrophilic-oleophobic (SHI-OP) composite aerogels using cellulose nanofibers (CNF), 3-glycidy-loxypropyl trimethoxysilane (GPTMS), polyethyleneimine (PEI) and fluorine-contained compound (FS-60). The resulted aerogels exhibit a directional lamellar structure with interconnected macropores, super-lightweight with high porosity of 98.30 % and low density of 0.0256 g·cm-3. Also, the aerogels are mechanically durable against repeated compression. Meanwhile, the amphibious SHI-OP feature of the composite aerogels in both air and water states enables them to not only absorb trace amount of water from contaminated oils, but also separate oil-water mixtures with separation efficiency of over 99 % and high permeation flux of over 9060 L/m2·h. Moreover, the aerogels also show excellent dye adsorption capability and reusability toward anionic dyes with a maximum adsorption capacity of 1245.68 mg/g. Such robust and multifunctional aerogels with special surface wettability provide good opportunity for liquid purification and dye-containing wastewater treatment.

An Eco-Friendly Manner to Prepare Superwetting Melamine Sponges with Switchable Wettability for the Separation of Oil/Water Mixtures and Emulsions

Oil/water separation processes have garnered significant global attention due to the quick growth in industrial development, recurring chemical leakages, and oil spills. Hence, there is a significant demand for the development of inexpensive superwetting materials in an eco-friendly manner to separate oil/water mixtures and emulsions. In this study, a superwetting melamine sponge (SMS) with switchable wettabilities was prepared by modifying melamine sponge (MS) with sodium dodecanoate. The as-prepared SMS exhibited superhydrophobicity, superoleophilicity, underwater superoleophobicity, and underoil superhydrophobicity. The SMS can be utilized in treating both light and heavy oil/water mixtures through the prewetting process. It demonstrated fast permeation fluxes (reaching 108,600 L m-2 h-1 for a light oil/water mixture and 147,700 L m-2 h-1 for a heavy oil/water mixture) and exhibited good separation efficiency (exceeding 99.56%). The compressed SMS was employed in separating surfactant-stabilized water-in-oil emulsions (SWOEs), as well as surfactant-stabilized oil-in-water emulsions (SOWEs), giving high permeation fluxes (reaching 7210 and 5054 L m-2 h-1, respectively). The oil purity for SWOEs' filtrates surpassed 99.98 wt% and the separation efficiencies of SOWEs exceeded 98.84%. Owing to their remarkable capability for separating oil/water mixtures and emulsions, eco-friendly fabrication method, and feasibility for large-scale production, our SMS has a promising potential for practical applications.

Robust and flexible polyester fiber membrane with under-liquid dual superlyophobicity for efficient on-demand oil-water separation

Functional materials with under-liquid dual superlyophobicity have generated a great deal of concern from researchers due to their switchable separation ability oil-water mixtures and emulsions. Conceptually, under-liquid dual superlyophobicity is a Cassie state achievable under-liquid through the synergy of an under-liquid double lyophobic surface and the construction of a highly rough surface. However, obtaining an under-liquid dual superlyophobic surface remains difficult due to its thermodynamic contradiction and complex surface composition. Herein, we successfully prepared a functional coating by modifying the mixture of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and nano-TiO2 with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) via a simple method, then obtained a polyester fiber membrane with under-liquid dual superlyophobicity by roll coating method. The surface wettability of the polyester (PET) membrane was altered, transforming it from the original under-water oleophobic/under-oil superhydrophilic state to the under-water superoleophobic/under-oil superhydrophobic state after coated. The resulting membrane was applied to separate oil and water on-demand. The coated PET membrane exhibited high separation efficiency (>99 %) and high separation flux, effectively separating immiscible oil-water systems as well as oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions. The coated PET membrane also demonstrated the ability to perform alternate separation of oil-water mixtures through wetting, washing, and rewetting cycles, with repeated processes up to 10 times without significant reduction in separation efficiency. Furthermore, compared with the previous works, our approach offers a simpler and more convenient method for constructing under-liquid dual superlyophobic surface, making it more suitable for continuous corporate production. This study may provide inspiration for the production and application in large-scale of under-liquid dual superlyophobic membranes.

Superhydrophilic and oleophobic sponges prepared based on Mussel-Inspired chemistry for efficient oil-water separation

Superhydrophilic/oleophobic materials are considered to be the best materials for achieving oil-water separation, but their preparation is difficult and the existing methods are not universal. In this paper, a two-step modification strategy was used to prepare superhydrophilic/oleophobic sponges by adjusting the polar and nonpolar components of the materials using mussel-inspired chemistry. While remaining superhydrophilic, the modified sponge surface has a maximum contact angle of 135° with different oils in air. The modified sponge exhibited superoleophobicity in water, and the contact angle of oil could reach more than 150°. In addition, the modified sponges were also reusable, chemically stable, and mechanically durable. Its oil-water separation flux was up to 24900 Lm-2  h-1  bar-1 , and the separation efficiency was above 97 %. We believe that this method will provide an environmentally friendly and efficient way to prepare the superhydrophilic/oleophobic materials.

Biomimetic materials in oil/water separation: Focusing on switchable wettabilities and applications

Clean water resources are crucial for human society, as the leakage and discharge of oily wastewater not only harm the economy but also disrupt our living environment. Therefore, there is an urgent need for efficient oil-water separation technology. Surfaces with switchable superwetting behavior have garnered significant attention due to their importance in both fundamental research and practical applications. This review introduces the fundamental principles of wettability in the oil-water separation process, the basic theory of switchable wettability, and the mechanisms involved in oil-water separation. Subsequently, the review discusses the research progress, challenges, and issues associated with three conventional types of special wettability materials: superhydrophobic/superoleophilic materials, superhydrophilic/superoleophobic materials, and superhydrophilic/underwater superoleophobic materials. Most importantly, it provides a detailed exploration of recent advancements in switchable wettability smart materials, which combine elements of traditional special wettability materials. These include stimulus-responsive smart materials, pre-wetting-induced materials, and Janus materials. The discussion covers key response factors, detailed examples of representative works, design concepts, and fabrication strategies. Finally, the review offers a comprehensive summary of switchable superwetting smart materials, encompassing their advantages and disadvantages, persistent challenges, and future prospects.

Facile Fabrication of a Robust Superhydrophilic/Underwater Superoleophobic Material for Oil-Fouling Expulsion

The reduction of oil fouling in pipes and tanks is essential for the oil storage and transportation industry. In this study, a superhydrophilic/underwater superoleophobic surface (SUSS) with high wearability, weatherability, and durability was developed using a facile two-step synthesis method and used to expel fouled oil from the surface using water without a surfactant. Some typical oils, including kerosene and white oil, can be spontaneously expelled by static water; however, rapeseed oil requires motive water for expulsion because of its high affinity for the SUSS. Different occurrences can be estimated based on a correlated parameter, φ(Pe), which is calculated using an introduced dimensionless number, P e = σ L V u μ . A positive value of φ indicates the occurrence of fouled-oil expulsion by water replacement, whereas a negative value indicates no occurrence of this phenomenon. This study provides a facile strategy for the rapid cleansing of oil-fouled pipes and tanks without using a detergent, thereby lowering costs and environmental risks.

The Preparation of Superhydrophobic Polylactic Acid Membrane with Adjustable Pore Size by Freeze Solidification Phase Separation Method for Oil-Water Separation

An environmentally friendly pore size-controlled, superhydrophobic polylactic acid (PLA) membrane was successfully prepared by a simpler freeze solidification phase separation method (FSPS) and solution impregnation, which has application prospects in the field of oil-water separation. The pore size and structure of the membrane were adjusted by different solvent ratios and solution impregnation ratios. The PLA-FSPS membrane after solution impregnation (S-PLA-FSPS) had the characteristics of uniform pore size, superhydrophobicity and super lipophilicity, its surface roughness Ra was 338 nm, and the contact angle to water was 151°. The S-PLA-FSPS membrane was used for the oil-water separation. The membrane oil flux reached 16,084 L·m^-2·h^-1, and the water separation efficiency was 99.7%, which was much higher than that of other oil-water separation materials. In addition, the S-PLA-FSPS membrane could also be applied for the adsorption and removal of oil slicks and underwater heavy oil. The S-PLA-FSPS membrane has great application potential in the field of oil-water separation.

A biomimetic beetle-like membrane with superoleophilic SiO2-induced oil coalescence on superhydrophilic CuC2O4 nanosheet arrays for effective O/W emulsion separation

It is highly attractive to develop highly efficient oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion separation technologies for promoting the oily wastewater treatment. Herein, a novel inversely Stenocara beetle-like hierarchical structure of superhydrophobic SiO₂ nanoparticle-decorated CuC₂O₄ nanosheet arrays were prepared on copper mesh membrane by bridging polydopamine (PDA) to make a SiO₂/PDA@CuC₂O₄ membrane for substantially enhanced separation of O/W emulsions. The superhydrophobic SiO₂ particles on the as-prepared SiO₂/PDA@CuC₂O₄ membranes were served as localized active sites to induce coalescence of small-size oil droplets in oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions. Such innovated membrane delivered outstanding demulsification ability of O/W emulsion with a high separation flux of 2.5 kL⋅m^-2⋅h^-1 and its filtrate's chemical oxygen demand (COD) being 30 and 100 mg⋅L^-1 for surfactant-free emulsion (SFE) and surfactant-stabilized emulsion (SSE), respectively, and also exhibited a good anti-fouling performance in cycling tests. The innovative design strategy developed in this work broadens the application of superwetting materials for oil-water separation and presents a promising prospect in practical oily wastewater treatment applications.

C,N co-doped TiO2 hollow nanofibers coated stainless steel meshes for oil/water separation and visible light-driven degradation of pollutants

Complex pollutants are discharging and accumulating in rivers and oceans, requiring a coupled strategy to resolve pollutants efficiently. A novel method is proposed to treat multiple pollutants with C,N co-doped TiO₂ hollow nanofibers coated stainless steel meshes which can realize efficient oil/water separation and visible light-drove dyes photodegradation. The poly(divinylbenzene-co-vinylbenzene chloride), P(DVB-co-VBC), nanofibers are generated by precipitate cationic polymerization on the mesh framework, following with quaternization by triethylamine for N doping. Then, TiO₂ is coated on the polymeric nanofibers via in-situ sol-gel process of tetrabutyl titanate. The functional mesh coated with C,N co-doped TiO₂ hollow nanofibers is obtained after calcination under nitrogen atmosphere. The resultant mesh demonstrates superhydrophilic/underwater superoleophobic property which is promising in oil/water separation. More importantly, the C,N co-doped TiO₂ hollow nanofibers endow the mesh with high photodegradation ability to dyes under visible light. This work draws an affordable but high-performance multifunctional mesh for potential applications in wastewater treatment.

Recent advances in eco-friendly fabrics with special wettability for oil/water separation

Considering the serious damage to aquatic ecosystems and marine life caused by oil spills and oily wastewater discharge, efficient, environment-friendly and sustainable oil/water separation technology has become an inevitable trend for current development. Herein, fabrics are recognized as eco-friendly materials for water treatment due to their good degradability and low cost. Particularly, fabrics with rough structures and natural hydrophilicity/oleophilicity enable the construction of superwetting surfaces for the selective separation of oil/water mixtures and even complex emulsions. Therefore, superwetting fabrics for efficiently solving oil spills and purifying oily wastewater have received extensive attention. Especially, Janus and smart fabrics are highly anticipated to enable the on-demand and sustainable treatment of oil spills and oily wastewater due to their changeable wettability. Moreover, the fabrication of superwetting fabrics with multifunctional performances for oily wastewater purification can further promote their practical industrial applications, such as photocatalytic, self-cleaning, and self-healing characteristics. However, some potential challenges still exist, which urgently need to be systematically summarized to guide the future development of this research field. In this review, firstly, the fundamental theories of wettability and the separation mechanisms based on special wettability are discussed. Then, superwetting fabrics for efficient oil/water separation are systematically reviewed, such as superhydrophobic/superoleophilic (SHB/SOL), superhydrophilic/superoleophobic (SHL/SOB), SHL/underwater superoleophobic (SHL/UWSOB), and UWSOB/underoil superoleophobic (UWSOB/UOSHB) fabrics. Most importantly, we highlight Janus, smart, and multifunctional fabrics based on their superwetting property. Correspondingly, the advantages and disadvantages of each superwetting fabric are comprehensively analyzed. Besides, super-antiwetting fabrics with superhydrophobic/superoleophobic (SHB/SOB) property are also introduced. Finally, the challenges and future research directions are explained.

Special Superwetting Materials from Bioinspired to Intelligent Surface for On-Demand Oil/Water Separation: A Comprehensive Review

Since superwetting surfaces have emerged, on-demand oil/water separation materials serve as a new direction for meeting practical needs. This new separation mode uses a single porous material to allow oil-removing and water-removing to be achieved alternately. In this review, the fundamentals of wettability are systematically summarized in oil/water separation. Most importantly, the two states, bioinspired surface and intelligent surface, are summarized for on-demand oil/water separation. Specifically, bioinspired surfaces include micro/nanostructures, bioinspired chemistry, Janus-featured surfaces, and dual-superlyophobic surfaces that these superwetting materials can possess asymmetric wettability in one structure system or opposite underliquid wettability by prewetting. Furthermore, an intelligent surface can be adopted by various triggers such as pH, thermal and photo stimuli, etc., to control wettability for switchable oil/water separation reversibly, expressing a thought beyond nature to realize innovative oil/water separation by external stimuli. Remarkably, this review also discusses the advantages of all the materials mentioned above, expanding the separation scope from the on-demand oil/water mixtures to the multiphase immiscible liquid-liquid mixtures. Finally, the prospects of on-demand oil/water separation materials are also concluded.

Bio-Inspired Eco-Friendly Superhydrophilic/Underwater Superoleophobic Cotton for Oil-Water Separation and Removal of Heavy Metals

Effective integrated methods for oil-water separation and water remediation have signifi-cance in both energy and environment fields. Materials with both superlyophobic and superlyophilic properties toward water and oil have aroused great attention due to their energy-saving and high-efficient advantages in oil-water separation. However, in order to fulfill the superlyophobicity, low surface tension fluorinated components are always being introduced. These constituents are environmentally harmful, which may lead to additional contamination during the separating process. Moreover, the heavy metal ions, which are water-soluble and highly toxic, are always contained in the oil-water mixtures created during industrial production. Therefore, material that is integrated by both capacities of oil-water separation and removal of heavy metal contamination would be of significance in both industrial applications and environmental sustainability. Herein, inspired by the composition and wettability of the shrimp shell, an eco-friendly chitosan-coated (CTS) cotton was developed. The treated cotton exhibits the superhydrophilic/underwater superoleophobic property and is capable of separating both immiscible oil-water mixtures and stabilized oil-in-water emulsions. More significantly, various harmful water-soluble heavy metal ions can also be effectively removed during the separation of emulsions. The developed CTS coated cotton demonstrates an attractive perspective toward oil-water separation and wastewater treatment in various applications.

Durable Superoleophobic Janus Fabric with Oil Repellence and Anisotropic Water-Transport Integration toward Energetic-Efficient Oil-Water Separation

Porous materials with opposing superwettability toward oil and water have aroused widespread interest for their selective-wetting advantage in oil-water separation. The separation process, however, requires constant energy input to maintain the driving force. Further reducing the external energy consumption or accelerating the liquid transport during separation is still a challenge. The Janus membrane is an emerging porous material with opposing wettability toward a specific liquid on each side. The asymmetric wettability distribution leads to a surface energy gradient-driven liquid-transport behavior through the thickness, which significantly facilitates liquid transportation. It is conceived that porous materials possessing both Janus features and selective superwettability would reduce energy consumption and strengthen the efficiency in oil-water separation. Herein, a novel durable superoleophobic (SOHB) Janus fabric which possesses oil-repellent and surface energy gradient-driven water-transport properties was developed through one-side superoleophobic/superhydrophilic modification of the superamphiphobic fabric. The SOHB Janus fabric exhibits high mechanical durability and significant superior capacity than the homogeneous superoleophobic/superhydrophilic fabric in separating various oil-water mixtures. Moreover, the SOHB Janus fabric repels oil contaminants and pumps perspiration from the human skin, exhibiting prospects in physical moisture regulation and comfort improvement. Our novel Janus fabric, along with the fabrication principle, provides a feasible solution for energetic-efficient oil-water remediations and would have implications for the fabrication of advanced separation membranes and intelligent functional clothing.

Fabrication of Durable Superhydrophobic Surface for Versatile Oil/Water Separation Based on HDTMS Modified PPy/ZnO

Superhydrophobic materials have been widely applied in rapid removal and collection of oils from oil/water mixtures for increasing damage to environment and human beings caused by oil-contaminated wastewater and oil spills. Herein, superhydrophobic materials were fabricated by a novel polypyrrole (PPy)/ZnO coating followed by hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (HDTMS) modification for versatile oil/water separation with high environmental and excellent reusability. The prepared superhydrophobic surfaces exhibited water contact angle (WCA) greater than 150° and SA less than 5°. The superhydrophobic fabric could be applied for separation of heavy oil or light oil/water mixtures and emulsions with the separation efficiencies above 98%. The coated fabric also realized highly efficient separation with harsh environmental solutions, such as acid, alkali, salt, and hot water. The superhydrophobic fabric still remained, even after 80 cycles of separation and 12 months of storage in air, proving excellent durability. These novel superhydrophobic materials have indicated great development potentials for oil/water separation in practical applications.

Robust multifunctional fluorine-free superhydrophobic fabrics for high-efficiency oil-water separation with ultrahigh flux

The limited robustness and complex preparation process greatly hinder the large-scale use of superhydrophobic surfaces in real life. In this work, we adopt a simple method to prepare robust fluorine-free superhydrophobic cotton fabrics by a facile dip-coating method based on silica microparticles and titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Microparticles and nanoparticles are used to build a suitable rough hierarchical structure, while strong bonds are formed between fabric and particles by a silane coupling agent. The cross-linking reaction between the isocyanate group of trimers of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) and the hydroxyl group of each component in the condensation reaction further increases the bonding between the coating and the cotton fabric. In addition, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is used as a low-surface-energy material to modify the fabric surface. The resulting coating shows excellent superhydrophobic properties with a water contact angle of 161.7°. Meanwhile, the prepared superhydrophobic fabric exhibits excellent durability and stability after sandpaper wearing, washing, and UV radiation, as well as treatment with various organic solutions, boiling water and different pH solutions. Moreover, the superhydrophobic fabric displays excellent UV protection performance and high oil-water separation efficiency (>99% after 30 cycles) with ultrahigh flux up to 20 850 L m^-2 h^-1.

Robust and durable liquid-repellent surfaces

This review provides a comprehensive summary of characterization, design, fabrication, and application of robust and durable liquid-repellent surfaces.

Mussel-Inspired Fabrication of PDA@PAN Electrospun Nanofibrous Membrane for Oil-in-Water Emulsion Separation

Emulsified oily wastewater threatens human health seriously, and traditional technologies are unable to separate emulsion containing small sized oil droplets. Currently, oil–water emulsions are usually separated by special wettability membranes, and researchers are devoted to developing membranes with excellent antifouling performance and high permeability. Herein, a novel, simple and low-cost method has been proposed for the separation of emulsion containing surfactants. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers were prepared via electrospinning and then coated by polydopamine (PDA) by using self-polymerization reactions in aqueous solutions. The morphology, structure and oil-in-water emulsion separation properties of the as-prepared PDA@PAN nanofibrous membrane were tested. The results show that PDA@PAN nanofibrous membrane has superhydrophilicity and almost no adhesion to crude oil in water, which exhibits excellent oil–water separation ability. The permeability and separation efficiency of n-hexane/water emulsion are up to 1570 Lm⁻² h⁻¹ bar⁻¹ and 96.1%, respectively. Furthermore, after 10 cycles of separation, the permeability and separation efficiency values do not decrease significantly, indicating its good recycling performance. This research develops a new method for preparing oil–water separation membrane, which can be used for efficient oil-in-water emulsion separation.