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Jiang Y, Hao A, Zhan E, Beato P, Chen S, Fan F, Li C. Boron-incorporated nanosized SUZ-4 zeolite for DME carbonylation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:5727-5730. [PMID: 38742283 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00952e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Boron-incorporated nanosized HB-SUZ-4 showcased a noteworthy 24% boost in dimethyl ether carbonylation, with an elevation in methyl acetate selectivity from 91.8% to 96.0%. The improved performance is attributed to shortened diffusion lengths along the 8-member ring channels, decreased Brønsted acidity in the 10-member ring channels, and Lewis acid sites stabilizing CO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aijing Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ensheng Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Pablo Beato
- Topsoe A/S (HQ), DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Siyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengtao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Can Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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2
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Zhang Z, Zhong W, Tan D, Cui S, Pan M, Zhao Z, Zhang J, Hu J. Hydrocarbon adsorption mechanism of modern automobile engines and methods of reducing hydrocarbon emissions during cold start process: A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 353:120188. [PMID: 38308990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
With the global emphasis on environmental protection and increasingly stringent emission regulations for internal combustion engines, there is an urgent need to overcome the problem of large hydrocarbon (HC) emissions caused by unstable engine cold starts. Synergistic engine pre-treatment (reducing hydrocarbon production) as well as after-treatment devices (adsorbing and oxidizing hydrocarbons) is the fundamental solution to emissions. In this paper, the improvement of hydrocarbon emissions is summarized from two aspects: pre-treatment and after-treatment. The pre-treatment for engine cold start mainly focuses on summarizing the intake control, fuel, and engine timing parameters. The after-treatment mainly focuses on summarizing different types of adsorbents and modifications (mainly including different molecular sieve structures and sizes, preparation conditions, silicon aluminum ratio, ion exchange modification, and heterogeneity, etc.), adsorptive catalysts (mainly including optimization of catalytic performance and structure), and catalytic devices (mainly including coupling with thermal management equipment and HC trap devices). In this paper, a SWOT (strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat) analysis of pre-treatment and after-treatment measures is conducted. Researchers can obtain relevant research results and seek new research directions and approaches for controlling cold start HC emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Zhang
- Liuzhou Key Laboratory of Automobile Exhaust Control Technology, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, 545006, China
| | - Weihuang Zhong
- Liuzhou Key Laboratory of Automobile Exhaust Control Technology, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, 545006, China
| | - Dongli Tan
- Liuzhou Key Laboratory of Automobile Exhaust Control Technology, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, 545006, China
| | - Shuwan Cui
- Liuzhou Key Laboratory of Automobile Exhaust Control Technology, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, 545006, China.
| | - Mingzhang Pan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Ziheng Zhao
- Liuzhou Key Laboratory of Automobile Exhaust Control Technology, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, 545006, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Liuzhou Key Laboratory of Automobile Exhaust Control Technology, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, 545006, China
| | - Jingyi Hu
- Liuzhou Key Laboratory of Automobile Exhaust Control Technology, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, 545006, China
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3
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Liu W, Zhang X, Yu Q, Li J, Wang Y, Yu W, Yang Z, Liu X, Xu L, Zhu X, Li X. Unconventional seed-assisted strategy for Al-rich hierarchical ZSM-48 zeolite. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 653:1715-1724. [PMID: 37820502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.09.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Inferior diffusion capacity and insufficient acid density hinder the practical application of ZSM-48 zeolite. Finding a simple and practical strategy to simultaneously address these two defects remains a challenge. In response to this dilemma, we developed an unconventional seed-assisted synthesis strategy for Al-rich hierarchical ZSM-48 zeolite. This approach allows for achieving a broader range of silica to alumina ratio and accelerates the entire crystallization process through the selection of unconventional seeds. The synergy between the seed and organic template was demonstrated to play a pivotal role in facilitating nucleation. Direct evidence from 1H-29Si CP MAS NMR, TG, and IR results demonstrates that hexamethonium ions (HM2+) electrostatically adsorb at the defect sites on the seed, thereby promoting nucleation sites formation. Smaller seed crystals undergo more etching during the induction period, resulting in additional defects and enhanced nucleation ability. The obtained catalyst exhibits a diffusion time constant (Deff/L2) nine times that of conventional ZSM-48 zeolite when using p-xylene as a probe molecule. In m-xylene isomerization reaction, Al-rich hierarchical ZSM-48 demonstrates excellent stability along with higher selectivity and yield for p-xylene compared to typical ZSM-5 catalysts. Remarkably, long-term testing of 1000 h yields over 22.5 % of p-xylene, indicating the potential of this catalyst as an alternative for xylene isomerization reaction. This work not only advances the practical application process of ZSM-48 catalyst but also provides valuable insights for optimizing other zeolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xinbao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Qiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Weiwei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yang
- Energy Innovation Laboratory, BP Office (Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics), Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xuebin Liu
- Energy Innovation Laboratory, BP Office (Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics), Dalian 116023, China
| | - Longya Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiangxue Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Xiujie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China.
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4
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Wang Y, Tong C, Liu Q, Han R, Liu C. Intergrowth Zeolites, Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalysis. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11664-11721. [PMID: 37707958 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Microporous zeolites that can act as heterogeneous catalysts have continued to attract a great deal of academic and industrial interest, but current progress in their synthesis and application is restricted to single-phase zeolites, severely underestimating the potential of intergrowth frameworks. Compared with single-phase zeolites, intergrowth zeolites possess unique properties, such as different diffusion pathways and molecular confinement, or special crystalline pore environments for binding metal active sites. This review first focuses on the structural features and synthetic details of all the intergrowth zeolites, especially providing some insightful discussion of several potential frameworks. Subsequently, characterization methods for intergrowth zeolites are introduced, and highlighting fundamental features of these crystals. Then, the applications of intergrowth zeolites in several of the most active areas of catalysis are presented, including selective catalytic reduction of NOx by ammonia (NH3-SCR), methanol to olefins (MTO), petrochemicals and refining, fine chemicals production, and biomass conversion on Beta, and the relationship between structure and catalytic activity was profiled from the perspective of intergrowth grain boundary structure. Finally, the synthesis, characterization, and catalysis of intergrowth zeolites are summarized in a comprehensive discussion, and a brief outlook on the current challenges and future directions of intergrowth zeolites is indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chengzheng Tong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Qingling Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Rui Han
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Caixia Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Liu W, Li J, Yu Q, Wang Y, Chu W, Zheng Y, Yang Z, Liu X, Li X, Zhu X. Construction of Submicron Spherical ZSM-48 Zeolite: Crystallization Mechanism and Catalytic Application. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.3c00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Qiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Weifeng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yingbin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xuebin Liu
- Energy Innovation Laboratory, BP Office (Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics), Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiujie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiangxue Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
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Zi W, Zhang J, Jiang J, Qu K, Tao S, Zhang J. Synthesis and Crystal Structure of a New RTH-Type Precursor and Its Interlayer Expanded Zeolite. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202754. [PMID: 36420967 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Two dimensional zeolites have drawn a lot of attention due to their structural diversity and chemical composition, which can be used to obtain 3D zeolites, for which there is no direct synthesis. Here, a new layer silicate zeolite L was synthesized using the N, N-dimethyl-(2-methyl)-benzimidazolium as the organic structure-directing agent (OSDA) in the presence of fluoride. Structure determination by single-crystal X-ray diffraction reveals that the pure silica precursor with five-ring pores in the crystalline sheets is composed of the rth layer stacking along the (001) direction in an …AAAA… sequence with SDA+ cations and F- residing within the interlayer spaces. Variable temperature powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) results showed that the new layer could transform into a 3D RTH topology structure at 350 °C via 2D-3D topotactic transformation. Furthermore, a new 3D zeolite material is obtained by treating the original layer with a diethoxydimethylsilane agent under hydrochloric acid condition (HCl-DEDMS). Based on the PXRD results and the original layer structure, the new 3D zeolite structure expanding the rth layer with another Si atom is constructed, which possesses a 10×8×6 channel system. It displays a high BET surface area of 188 cm3 /g with an external surface area of 130 cm3 /g. The structure and textural properties pave a way for potential catalytic applications. The research not only provides a new layered zeolite, broadening the 2D zeolite framework types, but also allows for the discovery of a new stable 3D zeolite expanding the RTH structure with Si atom, which hasn't been reported yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Zi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- School of Materials and Chemistry Engineering, Anhui University of Architecture, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Jingang Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, North Zhongshan Rd. 3663, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Konggang Qu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | - Shuo Tao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | - Junjun Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an, Shanxi, 710021, China
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Liu W, Li J, Yu Q, Chen H, Liu W, Yang Z, Liu X, Xu Z, Xu S, Zhu X, Li X. Construction of a One-Dimensional Al-Rich ZSM-48 Zeolite with a Hollow Structure. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:52025-52034. [PMID: 36349940 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c16346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion limitation and acid deficiency are two main challenges that the ZSM-48 zeolite faces in practical application. To date, there have been few effective strategies to solve both problems, simultaneously. Also, it is also a challenge to construct a hollow structure in a one-dimensional (1D) zeolite. Herein, an Al-rich ZSM-48 zeolite with a hollow structure is constructed through an alumination-recrystallization strategy, thereby solving the problems related to diffusion and acidity simultaneously. The hollowness and enrichment of aluminum can be controlled by judiciously matching the desilication and recrystallization. The silica to alumina ratio (SAR) of the ZSM-48 zeolite can be tuned from 130 to 45, which breaks the SAR limitation of conventional synthesis. On the basis of the different characterization results, the whole crystallization can be divided into two stages: rapid desilication-alumination and time-consuming recrystallization. In the selective desilication-recrystallization process, the preferential special distribution of the organic template leads to the formation of a hollow structure and the healing of mesopores at the outer shell, as evidenced by structured illumination microscopy images. Due to the enhancement in diffusion ability and acid density, the obtained hollow Al-rich ZSM-48 zeolite exhibits excellent catalytic stability and high p-xylene yield (∼26%) in the m-xylene isomerization reaction (WHSV = 18 h-1), indicating its strong industrial application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junjie Li
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Qiang Yu
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huihui Chen
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenjuan Liu
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yang
- Applied Sciences, BP Innovation & Engineering, Energy Innovation Laboratory, BP Office (Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics), 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xuebin Liu
- Applied Sciences, BP Innovation & Engineering, Energy Innovation Laboratory, BP Office (Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics), 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhaochao Xu
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Shutao Xu
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiangxue Zhu
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiujie Li
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
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Zheng Y, Ding H, Xing E, Zhou J, Luo Y, Liu J, Zhu K. Promoting hydroisomerization selectivity using channel axis reduced ZSM-48 fabricated by a combined bead-milling and porogen-assisted recrystallization method. Catal Today 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2022.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Yang C, Dong Z, Chu W, Wang Y, Zhao D, Chen F, Xin W, Zhu X, Liu S, Xu L. Understanding the roles of different acid sites in beta zeolites with different particle sizes catalyzed liquid-phase transalkylation of diethylbenzene with benzene. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy01849c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Moderate and strong Brønsted acid sites were active sites and external acid sites had more contribution to the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Zhongwen Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, PR China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Weifeng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Yanan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Dongpu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Fucun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Wenjie Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Xiangxue Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Shenglin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Longya Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, PR China
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