1
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Park SH, Kim S, Park JW, Kim S, Cha W, Lee J. In-situ and wavelength-dependent photocatalytic strain evolution of a single Au nanoparticle on a TiO 2 film. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5416. [PMID: 38937506 PMCID: PMC11211407 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49862-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Photocatalysis is a promising technique due to its capacity to efficiently harvest solar energy and its potential to address the global energy crisis. However, the structure-activity relationships of photocatalyst during wavelength-dependent photocatalytic reactions remains largely unexplored because it is difficult to measure under operating conditions. Here we show the photocatalytic strain evolution of a single Au nanoparticle (AuNP) supported on a TiO2 film by combining three-dimensional (3D) Bragg coherent X-ray diffraction imaging with an external light source. The wavelength-dependent generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has significant effects on the structural deformation of the AuNP, leading to its strain evolution. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are employed to rationalize the induced strain caused by the adsorption of ROS on the AuNP surface. These observations provide insights of how the photocatalytic activity impacts on the structural deformation of AuNP, contributing to the general understanding of the atomic-level catalytic adsorption process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hyun Park
- Department of HY-KIST Bio-Convergence, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukyoung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Whan Park
- Center for Artificial Low Dimensional Electronic Systems, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghee Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonsuk Cha
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Joonseok Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
- Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Chaulagain N, Garcia JC, Manoj A, Shankar K. Ultrasensitive detection of Ag +and Ce 3+ions using highly fluorescent carboxyl-functionalized carbon nitride nanoparticles. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:315502. [PMID: 38604135 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad3d66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The fluorescence quenching of carboxyl-rich g-C3N4nanoparticles was found to be selective to Ag+and Ce3+with a limit of detection as low as 30 pM for Ag+ions. A solid-state thermal polycondensation reaction was used to produce g-C3N4nanoparticles with distinct green fluorescence and high water solubility. Dynamic light scattering indicated an average nanoparticle size of 95 nm. The photoluminescence absorption and emission maxima were centered at 405 nm and 540 nm respectively which resulted in a large Stokes shift. Among different metal ion species, the carboxyl-rich g-C3N4nanoparticles were selective to Ag+and Ce3+ions, as indicated by strong fluorescence quenching and a change in the fluorescence lifetime. The PL sensing of heavy metal ions followed modified Stern-Volmer kinetics, and CNNPs in the presence of Ag+/Ce3+resulted in a higher value ofKapp(8.9 × 104M-1) indicating a more efficient quenching process and stronger interaction between CNNP and mixed ions. Sensing was also demonstrated using commercial filter paper functionalized with g-C3N4nanoparticles, enabling practical on-site applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra Chaulagain
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211-116 St, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - John C Garcia
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211-116 St, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Aparna Manoj
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal, 462066, India
| | - Karthik Shankar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211-116 St, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
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3
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Lyu X, Wu G, Zheng Z, Xia S, Xie J, Xia Y, Fan P, Zhu R, Wang Y, Yang D, Li T, Dong A. Molecularly Confined Topochemical Transformation of MXene Enables Ultrathin Amorphous Metal-Oxide Nanosheets. ACS NANO 2024; 18:2219-2230. [PMID: 38190507 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) amorphous nanosheets with ultrathin thicknesses have properties that differ from their crystalline counterparts. However, conventional methods for growing 2D materials often produce either crystalline flakes or amorphous nanosheets with an uncontrollable thickness. Here, we report that ultrathin amorphous metal-oxide nanosheets featuring superior flatness can be realized through the molecularly confined topochemical transformation of MXene. Using MXene Ti2CTx as an example, we show that surface modification of Ti2CTx nanosheets with molecular ligands, such as oleylamine (OAm) and oleic acid (OA), not only imparts notable colloidal dispersity to Ti2CTx nanosheets in nonpolar organic solvents but also confines their subsequent oxidation to in-plane configurations. We demonstrate that unlike the drastic oxidation conventionally observed for pristine MXene, hydrophobizing MXene with OAm and OA ligands enables individual Ti2CTx nanosheets to undergo independent oxidation in a nondestructive manner, resulting in amorphous titanium oxide (am-TiO2) nanosheets that faithfully retain the dimension and flatness of pristine MXene. These am-TiO2 nanosheets exhibit exceptional activity as substrates for surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Importantly, this molecular confinement strategy can be extended to other MXene materials, providing a versatile approach for synthesizing ultrathin amorphous metal-oxide nanosheets with tailored compositions and functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanyu Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanhong Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyue Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenxin Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaoying Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengshuo Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Run Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajun Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325027, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Tongtao Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Angang Dong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
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4
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Zhang X, Zhang S, Cui X, Zhou W, Cao W, Cheng D, Sun Y. Recent Advances in TiO2-based Photoanodes for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200668. [PMID: 35925726 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting has attracted a great attention in the past several decades which holds great promise to address global energy and environmental issues by converting solar energy into hydrogen. However, its low solar-to-hydrogen (STH) conversion efficiency remains a bottleneck for practical application. Developing efficient photoelectrocatalysts with high stability and high STH conversion efficiency is one of the key challenges. As a typical n-type semiconductor, titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) exhibits high PEC water splitting performance, especially high chemical and photo stability. But, TiO 2 has also disadvantages such as wide band gap and fast electron-hole recombination rate, which seriously hinder its PEC performance. This review focuses on recent development in TiO 2 -based photoanodes as well as some key fundamentals. The corresponding mechanisms and key factors for high STH, and controllable synthesis and modification strategies are highlighted in this review. We conclude finally with an outlook providing a critical perspective on future trends on TiO 2 -based photoanodes for PEC water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- Shanghai University, Department of chemistry, No. 99, Road Shangda, 200444, Shanghai, CHINA
| | | | - Xiaoli Cui
- Fudan University, Department of Materials Science, CHINA
| | - Wei Zhou
- Shanghai University, Department of Chemistry, CHINA
| | - Weimin Cao
- Shanghai University, Department of Chemistry, CHINA
| | | | - Yi Sun
- Shanghai Aerospace Hydrogen Energy Technology Co. Ltd, Department of R & D, CHINA
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5
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Kumar P, Al-Attas TA, Hu J, Kibria MG. Single Atom Catalysts for Selective Methane Oxidation to Oxygenates. ACS NANO 2022; 16:8557-8618. [PMID: 35638813 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c02464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Direct conversion of methane (CH4) to C1-2 liquid oxygenates is a captivating approach to lock carbons in transportable value-added chemicals, while reducing global warming. Existing approaches utilizing the transformation of CH4 to liquid fuel via tandemized steam methane reforming and the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis are energy and capital intensive. Chemocatalytic partial oxidation of methane remains challenging due to the negligible electron affinity, poor C-H bond polarizability, and high activation energy barrier. Transition-metal and stoichiometric catalysts utilizing harsh oxidants and reaction conditions perform poorly with randomized product distribution. Paradoxically, the catalysts which are active enough to break C-H also promote overoxidation, resulting in CO2 generation and reduced carbon balance. Developing catalysts which can break C-H bonds of methane to selectively make useful chemicals at mild conditions is vital to commercialization. Single atom catalysts (SACs) with specifically coordinated metal centers on active support have displayed intrigued reactivity and selectivity for methane oxidation. SACs can significantly reduce the activation energy due to induced electrostatic polarization of the C-H bond to facilitate the accelerated reaction rate at the low reaction temperature. The distinct metal-support interaction can stabilize the intermediate and prevent the overoxidation of the reaction products. The present review accounts for recent progress in the field of SACs for the selective oxidation of CH4 to C1-2 oxygenates. The chemical nature of catalytic sites, effects of metal-support interaction, and stabilization of intermediate species on catalysts to minimize overoxidation are thoroughly discussed with a forward-looking perspective to improve the catalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Tareq A Al-Attas
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jinguang Hu
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Md Golam Kibria
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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6
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Chaulagain N, Alam KM, Kadian S, Kumar N, Garcia J, Manik G, Shankar K. Synergistic Enhancement of the Photoelectrochemical Performance of TiO 2 Nanorod Arrays through Embedded Plasmon and Surface Carbon Nitride Co-sensitization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:24309-24320. [PMID: 35603941 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c02649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report a unique photoanode architecture involving TiO2, g-C3N4, and AuNPs wherein a synergistic enhancement of the photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance was obtained with photocurrent densities as high as 3 mA cm-2 under AM1.5G 1 sun illumination. The PEC performance was highly stable and reproducible, and a photoresponse was obtained down to a photon energy of 2.4 eV, close to the interband damping threshold of Au. The photocurrent enhancement was maximized when the Au plasmon band strongly overlapped the g-C3N4 emission band. Our photoanode architecture, which involved AuNPs buried under TiO2 and a plasmon-induced resonance energy transfer-like interaction between g-C3N4 quantum dots (CNQDs) and AuNPs, solved four major problems associated with plasmonic photoelectrocatalysis─it reduced recombination by limiting eliminating direct electrolyte access to AuNPs, it facilitated electron extraction through single-crystal TiO2 nanorod percolation pathways, it facilitated hole extraction through a defective TiO2 seed layer or canopy, and it expanded the range of visible light harvesting by pumping the Au surface plasmons from CNQDs through exciton-to-plasmon resonant energy transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra Chaulagain
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211-116 Street, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Kazi M Alam
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211-116 Street, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Sachin Kadian
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211-116 Street, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh 247001, India
| | - Navneet Kumar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211-116 Street, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - John Garcia
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211-116 Street, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Gaurav Manik
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh 247001, India
| | - Karthik Shankar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211-116 Street, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
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7
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Subramanyam P, Meena B, Biju V, Misawa H, Challapalli S. Emerging materials for plasmon-assisted photoelectrochemical water splitting. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2021.100472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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8
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Ghorai N, De G, Ghosh HN. Plasmon Mediated Electron Transfer and Temperature Dependent Electron-Phonon Scattering in Gold Nanoparticles Embedded in Dielectric Films. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202200181. [PMID: 35621323 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Excitation of localized surface plasmon resonance in metal nanoparticles (NPs) embedded in a glassy matrix generates hot electrons, which can be extracted for different optoelectronic applications. The insights of plasmon relaxation dynamics with varying surrounding dielectric environments and temperature dependence electron-phonon scattering process in gold (Au) NPs are still not very clear. Here, we have employed ultrafast transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy to explore the hot electron transfer, plasmon mediated electron transfer and electron-phonon dynamics of photo-excited Au NPs in glassy film matrix with variable SiO2/TiO2 compositions at cryogenic (5 K) to room temperature (300 K). Herein, we have chosen two pump excitation wavelengths (400 and 700 nm). The 400 nm excitation (d→sp) would generate hot electron and the 700 nm excitation (sp→sp) provide information of direct plasmon relaxation. Drastic reduction of the transient signal of Au NPs in the high TiO2 content film as compared to pure SiO2 confirm hot electron transfer from Au plasmon to TiO2. Electron-phonon scattering time constant (τe-ph) of Au NPs in the glassy film found to be faster in presence of TiO2 due to facile electron transfer/injection. Temperature dependent TA studies suggest electron-phonon scattering time decreases with temperature. These findings would assist to develop more advanced photo-voltaic, opto-electronic and quantum optic-based devices using the plasmonic metal NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandan Ghorai
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Goutam De
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Punjab, 140306, India
- Present address: S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Kolkata, India
| | - Hirendra N Ghosh
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Punjab, 140306, India
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
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9
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Ouyang J, Liu X, Wang BH, Pan JB, Shen S, Chen L, Au CT, Yin SF. WO 3 Photoanode with Predominant Exposure of {202} Facets for Enhanced Selective Oxidation of Glycerol to Glyceraldehyde. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:23536-23545. [PMID: 35549069 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) oxidation of glycerol into highly value-added products is attractive, but it is extremely challenging to limit the oxidation products to the valuable C3 chemicals. The hole concentration and surface atomic arrangement of a photoanode can be modulated by controlling facet exposure, thus tuning the activity and selectivity. Herein, we report for the first time the formation of a WO3 photoanode with predominant exposure of {202} facets by a secondary hydrothermal method. The photoanode exhibits superior PEC glycerol conversion efficiency, giving an 80% selectivity to glyceraldehyde with a production rate of 462 mmol h-1 m-2. Also, the faraday efficiency for the C3 product reaches 98.6%. We made comparison between the {202} facets and the commonly studied {200} facets using experimental and theoretical methods. It is disclosed that the former enhances not only the adsorption and activation of glycerol via the terminal hydroxyl groups but also the desorption of glyceraldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ouyang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Bing-Hao Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Bo Pan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Shen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Lang Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Chak-Tong Au
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Shuang-Feng Yin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
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TiO2-HfN Radial Nano-Heterojunction: A Hot Carrier Photoanode for Sunlight-Driven Water-Splitting. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11111374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of active, stable, earth-abundant, and visible-light absorbing materials to replace plasmonic noble metals is a critical obstacle for researchers in developing highly efficient and cost-effective photocatalytic systems. Herein, a core–shell nanotube catalyst was fabricated consisting of atomic layer deposited HfN shell and anodic TiO2 support layer with full-visible regime photoactivity for photoelectrochemical water splitting. The HfN active layer has two unique characteristics: (1) A large bandgap between optical and acoustic phonon modes and (2) No electronic bandgap, which allows a large population of long life-time hot carriers, which are used to enhance the photoelectrochemical performance. The photocurrent density (≈2.5 mA·cm−2 at 1 V vs. Ag/AgCl) obtained in this study under AM 1.5G 1 Sun illumination is unprecedented, as it is superior to most existing plasmonic noble metal-decorated catalysts and surprisingly indicates a photocurrent response that extends to 730 nm. The result demonstrates the far-reaching application potential of replacing active HER/HOR noble metals such as Au, Ag, Pt, Pd, etc. with low-cost plasmonic ceramics.
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