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Chen L, Zhang L, Xia Y, Huang R, Liang R, Yan G, Wang X. Thermal Exfoliation and Phosphorus Doping in Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production. Molecules 2024; 29:3666. [PMID: 39125067 PMCID: PMC11314274 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Photocatalytic H2 evolution has been regarded as a promising technology to alleviate the energy crisis. Designing graphitic carbon nitride materials with a large surface area, short diffusion paths for electrons, and more exposed reactive sites are beneficial for hydrogen evolution. In this study, a facile method was proposed to dope P into a graphitic carbon nitride framework by calcining melamine with 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid. Meanwhile, PCN nanosheets (PCNSs) were obtained through a thermal exfoliation strategy. Under visible light, the PCNS sample displayed a hydrogen evolution rate of 700 μmol·g-1·h-1, which was 43.8-fold higher than that of pure g-C3N4. In addition, the PCNS photocatalyst also displayed good photostability for four consecutive cycles, with a total reaction time of 12 h. Its outstanding photocatalytic performance was attributed to the higher surface area exposing more reactive sites and the enlarged band edge for photoreduction potentials. This work provides a facile strategy to regulate catalytic structures, which may attract great research interest in the field of catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- Fujian Province University Key Laboratory of Green Energy and Environment Catalysis, Ningde Normal University, Ningde 352100, China; (L.Z.); (Y.X.); (R.H.); (R.L.)
| | - Linzhu Zhang
- Fujian Province University Key Laboratory of Green Energy and Environment Catalysis, Ningde Normal University, Ningde 352100, China; (L.Z.); (Y.X.); (R.H.); (R.L.)
| | - Yuzhou Xia
- Fujian Province University Key Laboratory of Green Energy and Environment Catalysis, Ningde Normal University, Ningde 352100, China; (L.Z.); (Y.X.); (R.H.); (R.L.)
| | - Renkun Huang
- Fujian Province University Key Laboratory of Green Energy and Environment Catalysis, Ningde Normal University, Ningde 352100, China; (L.Z.); (Y.X.); (R.H.); (R.L.)
| | - Ruowen Liang
- Fujian Province University Key Laboratory of Green Energy and Environment Catalysis, Ningde Normal University, Ningde 352100, China; (L.Z.); (Y.X.); (R.H.); (R.L.)
| | - Guiyang Yan
- Fujian Province University Key Laboratory of Green Energy and Environment Catalysis, Ningde Normal University, Ningde 352100, China; (L.Z.); (Y.X.); (R.H.); (R.L.)
| | - Xuxu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Xu J, Zhang X, Yan W, Xie T, Chen Y, Wei Y. Optimizing Electronic Density at Active W Sites for Boosting Photocatalytic H 2 Evolution. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:4279-4287. [PMID: 38377593 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
It is highly desirable but challenging to optimize the electronic structure of an active site to realize moderate active site-Hads bond energies for boosting photocatalytic H2 evolution. Herein, an interfacial engineering strategy is developed to simultaneously concentrate hydrogen species and accelerate the combination of an Hads intermediate to generate free H2 by constructing W-WC-W2C (WCC) cocatalysts. Systematic investigations reveal that hybridizing with W2C creates electron-rich W active sites and effectively induces the downshift of the d-band center of W in WC. Consequently, the strong W-Hads bonds on the surface of WC are weakened, thus promoting the desorption of Hads to rapidly produce free H2. The optimized 40-WCC/CdS photocatalyst exhibits a high hydrogen evolution rate of 63.6 mmol g-1 h-1 under visible light (≥420 nm) with an apparent quantum efficiency of 39.5% at 425 nm monochromatic light, which is about 40-fold of the pristine CdS. This work offers insights into the design of cocatalyst for high-efficiency photocatalytic H2 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center on Quantum Perception and Intelligent Detection of Agricultural Information, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Xueqi Zhang
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center on Quantum Perception and Intelligent Detection of Agricultural Information, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Wei Yan
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center on Quantum Perception and Intelligent Detection of Agricultural Information, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Tengfeng Xie
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yuanping Chen
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center on Quantum Perception and Intelligent Detection of Agricultural Information, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Yingcong Wei
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center on Quantum Perception and Intelligent Detection of Agricultural Information, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
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Xu D, Zhang SN, Chen JS, Li XH. Design of the Synergistic Rectifying Interfaces in Mott-Schottky Catalysts. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1-30. [PMID: 36342422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The functions of interfacial synergy in heterojunction catalysts are diverse and powerful, providing a route to solve many difficulties in energy conversion and organic synthesis. Among heterojunction-based catalysts, the Mott-Schottky catalysts composed of a metal-semiconductor heterojunction with predictable and designable interfacial synergy are rising stars of next-generation catalysts. We review the concept of Mott-Schottky catalysts and discuss their applications in various realms of catalysis. In particular, the design of a Mott-Schottky catalyst provides a feasible strategy to boost energy conversion and chemical synthesis processes, even allowing realization of novel catalytic functions such as enhanced redox activity, Lewis acid-base pairs, and electron donor-acceptor couples for dealing with the current problems in catalysis for energy conversion and storage. This review focuses on the synthesis, assembly, and characterization of Schottky heterojunctions for photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, and organic synthesis. The proposed design principles, including the importance of constructing stable and clean interfaces, tuning work function differences, and preparing exposable interfacial structures for designing electronic interfaces, will provide a reference for the development of all heterojunction-type catalysts, electrodes, energy conversion/storage devices, and even super absorbers, which are currently topics of interest in fields such as electrocatalysis, fuel cells, CO2 reduction, and wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Nan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, P. R. China
| | - Jie-Sheng Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Hao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, P. R. China
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Chen L, Chen F, Ying S, Liang R, Yan G, Wang X, Xia Y. Ultrafast charge separation in a WC@C/CdS heterojunction enables efficient visible-light-driven hydrogen generation. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:290-296. [PMID: 36484709 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03129a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The rapid recombination of photogenerated carriers and strong photocorrosion have considerably limited the practical application of CdS in the field of photocatalysis. Loading a cocatalyst has been widely utilized to largely enhance photocatalytic activity. In the present work, a WC@C cocatalyst was prepared by a novel molten salt method and explored as an efficient noble-metal-free cocatalyst to significantly enhance the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate of CdS nanorods. The WC@C/CdS composite photocatalyst with a 7 wt% content of WC@C showed the highest photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate of 8.84 mmol g-1 h-1, which was about 21 and 31 times higher than those of CdS and 7 wt% Pt/CdS under visible light irradiation. A high apparent quantum efficiency (AQY) of 55.28% could be achieved under 420 nm monochromatic light. Furthermore, the photocatalytic activity of the 7 wt% WC@C/CdS photocatalyst exhibited good stability for 12 consecutive cycles of the photocatalytic experiment with a total reaction time of 42 h. The excellent photocatalytic performance of the photocatalyst was attributed to the formation of a Schottky junction and the loading cocatalyst, which not only accelerated the separation of the photogenerated carrier but also provided a reactive site for hydrogen evolution. This work revealed that WC@C could act as an excellent cocatalyst for enhancing the photocatalytic activity of CdS nanorods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Fujian Province University Key Laboratory of Green Energy and Environment Catalysis, Ningde Normal University, Ningde 352100, PR China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Fujian Province University Key Laboratory of Green Energy and Environment Catalysis, Ningde Normal University, Ningde 352100, PR China
| | - Shaoming Ying
- Department of Chemistry, Fujian Province University Key Laboratory of Green Energy and Environment Catalysis, Ningde Normal University, Ningde 352100, PR China
| | - Ruowen Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Fujian Province University Key Laboratory of Green Energy and Environment Catalysis, Ningde Normal University, Ningde 352100, PR China
| | - Guiyang Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Fujian Province University Key Laboratory of Green Energy and Environment Catalysis, Ningde Normal University, Ningde 352100, PR China
| | - Xuxu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Yuzhou Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Fujian Province University Key Laboratory of Green Energy and Environment Catalysis, Ningde Normal University, Ningde 352100, PR China
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Ding L, Wang LJ, Liu RY, Li YF, Sun HZ. Carbon nitride based Schottky junction with a Ni–Mo synergistic interaction for highly efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy00792d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A CN/3NiMoP2 Schottky junction with a Ni–Mo synergistic interaction demonstrates a comparable photocatalytic HER performance to CN/3 wt% Pt and satisfactory stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ding
- National and Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries, College of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Li-Jing Wang
- Henan Engineering Center of New Energy Battery Materials, Henan D&A Engineering Center of Advanced Battery Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China
| | - Ru-Yi Liu
- National and Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries, College of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yan-Fei Li
- National and Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries, College of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Hai-Zhu Sun
- National and Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries, College of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
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Dong H, Zuo Y, Xiao M, Zhou T, Cheng S, Chen G, Sun J, Yan M, Li C. Limbic Inducted and Delocalized Effects of Diazole in Carbon Nitride Skeleton for Propelling Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:56273-56284. [PMID: 34791870 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c18450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Skeleton modification on carbon nitride (g-C3N4) via organic molecules is a recognized effective strategy to improve photocatalytic performance because it can powerfully improve charge separation in the skeleton plane. Herein, a diazole with a unique conjugated structure is bonded on edge of the g-C3N4 skeleton through a moderate polymerization of urea with 4-aminoantipyrine (4AAP). Meanwhile, the Pt nanoparticles selectively deposit on edge of the g-C3N4-4AAP15 nanosheet. It reveals that the robust limbic inducted and delocalized effects of diazole not only facilitate photogenerated electrons aggregation toward skeleton edge to promote in-plane carrier separation but also effectively stabilize and delocalize photogenerated electrons to improve carrier lifetime for propelling the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution (PHE) reaction. Specifically, the PHE rate over optimal g-C3N4-4AAP15 (284.2 μmol h-1) is 10 times that of pure g-C3N4 (27.6 μmol h-1) and the apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) at 420 nm reaches up to 24.2%. Through insights into the functionalized effect of small nitrogenous heterocycles introduced into the skeleton edge of g-C3N4, this work opens a new design thought for exploiting high-efficiency g-C3N4-based photocatalysts for photocatalytic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Dong
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zuo
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Mengya Xiao
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Tingxu Zhou
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Shasha Cheng
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Gang Chen
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Jingxue Sun
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Ming Yan
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Chunmei Li
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
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