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Aguilar MI, Yarovsky I. Quest for New Generation Biocompatible Materials: Tailoring β-Peptide Structure and Interactions via Synergy of Experiments and Modelling. J Mol Biol 2024:168646. [PMID: 38848868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Peptide-based self-assembly has been used to produce a wide range of nanostructures. While most of these systems involve self-assembly of α-peptides, more recently β-peptides have also been shown to undergo supramolecular self-assembly, and have been used to produce materials for applications in tissue engineering, cell culture and drug delivery. In order to engineer new materials with specific structure and function, theoretical molecular modelling can provide significant insights into the collective balance of non-covalent interactions that drive the self-assembly and determine the structure of the resultant supramolecular materials under different conditions. However, this approach has only recently become feasible for peptide-based self-assembled nanomaterials, particularly those that incorporate non α-amino acids. This perspective provides an overview of the challenges associated with computational modelling of the self-assembly of β-peptides and the recent success using a combination of experimental and computational techniques to provide insights into the self-assembly mechanisms and fully atomistic models of these new biocompatible materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Isabel Aguilar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Irene Yarovsky
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia.
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Cheng Y, Zhang H, Wei H, Yu CY. Injectable hydrogels as emerging drug-delivery platforms for tumor therapy. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:1151-1170. [PMID: 38319379 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01840g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Tumor therapy continues to be a prominent field within biomedical research. The development of various drug carriers has been propelled by concerns surrounding the side effects and targeting efficacy of various chemotherapeutic drugs and other therapeutic agents. These carriers strive to enhance drug concentration at tumor sites, minimize systemic side effects, and improve therapeutic outcomes. Among the reported delivery systems, injectable hydrogels have emerged as an emerging candidate for the in vivo delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs due to their minimal invasive drug delivery properties. This review systematically summarizes the composition and preparation methodologies of injectable hydrogels and further highlights the delivery mechanisms of diverse drugs using these hydrogels for tumor therapy, along with an in-depth discussion on the optimized therapeutic efficiency of drugs encapsulated within the hydrogels. The work concludes by providing a dynamic forward-looking perspective on the potential challenges and possible solutions of the in situ injectable hydrogels for non-surgical and real-time diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Cheng
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study & School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 28 W Changsheng Road, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study & School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 28 W Changsheng Road, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Hua Wei
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study & School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 28 W Changsheng Road, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Cui-Yun Yu
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study & School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 28 W Changsheng Road, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China.
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Yang P, Peng Y, Dai X, Jie J, Kong D, Gu X, Yang Y. Bionic peptide scaffold in situ polarization and recruitment of M2 macrophages to promote peripheral nerve regeneration. Bioact Mater 2023; 30:85-97. [PMID: 37575879 PMCID: PMC10412994 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue regeneration requires exogenous and endogenous signals, and there is increasing evidence that the exogenous microenvironment may play an even more dominant role in the complex process of coordinated multiple cells. The short-distance peripheral nerve showed a spontaneous regenerative phenomenon, which was initiated by the guiding role of macrophages. However, it cannot sufficiently restore long-distance nerve injury by itself. Based on this principle, we firstly constructed a proinflammatory model to prove that abnormal M2 expression reduce the guidance and repair effect of long-distance nerves. Furthermore, a bionic peptide hydrogel scaffold based on self-assembly was developed to envelop M2-derived regenerative cytokines and extracellular vesicles (EVs). The cytokines and EVs were quantified to mimic the guidance and regenerative microenvironment in a direct and mild manner. The bionic scaffold promoted M2 transformation in situ and led to proliferation and migration of Schwann cells, neuron growth and motor function recovery. Meanwhile, the peptide scaffold combined with CX3CL1 recruited more blood-derived M2 macrophages to promote long-distance nerve reconstruction. Overall, we systematically confirmed the important role of M2 in regulating and restoring the injury peripheral nerve. This bionic peptide hydrogel scaffold mimicked and remodeled the local environment for M2 transformation and recruitment, favoring long-distance peripheral nerve regeneration. It can help to explicate regulative effect of M2 may be a cause not just a consequence in nerve repair and tissue integration, which facilitating the development of pro-regenerative biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, PR China
- Institute of Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Harbin Medical University, 150081, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yong Peng
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, PR China
| | - Xiu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, PR China
| | - Jing Jie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, PR China
| | - Deling Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, PR China
| | - Yumin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, PR China
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West NG, Bamford SE, Pigram PJ, Pan J, Qi DC, Mechler A. Controllable hierarchical self-assembly: systematic study forming metallosupramolecular frameworks on the basis of helical beta-oligoamides. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:5584-5596. [PMID: 37815516 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01327h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly is a key guiding principle for the design of complex nanostructures. Substituted beta oligoamides offer versatile building blocks that can have inherent folding characteristics, offering geometrically defined functionalities that can specifically bind and assemble with predefined morphological characteristics. In this work hierarchical self-assembly is implemented based on metal coordinating helical beta-oligoamides crosslinked with transition metals selected for their favourable coordination geometries, Fe2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Zn2+, and two metalates, MoO42-, and WO42-. The oligoamide Ac-β3Aβ3Vβ3S-αHαHαH-β3Aβ3Vβ3A (3H) was designed to allow crosslinking via three distinct faces of the helical unit, with a possibility of forming three dimensional framework structures. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) confirmed the formation of specific morphologies that differ characteristically with each metal. X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results reveal that the metal centres can be reduced in the final structures, confirming strong chemical interaction. Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) confirmed the spatial distribution of metals within the self-assembled networks, also revealing molecular fragments that confirm coordination to histidine and carboxyl moieties. The metalates MoO42- and WO42- were also able to induce the formation of specific superstructure morphologies. It was observed that assembly with either of nickel, copper, and molybdate form thin films, while cobalt, zinc, and tungstate produced specific three dimensional networks of oligoamides. Iron was found to form both a thin film and a complex hierarchical assembly with the 3H simultaneously. The design of the 3H substituted beta oligoamide to readily form metallosupramolecular frameworks was demonstrated with a range of metals and metalates with a degree of control over layer thicknesses as a function of the metal/metalate. The results validate and broaden the metallosupramolecular framework concept and establish a platform technology for the design of functional thin layer materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norton G West
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Sarah E Bamford
- Center for Materials and Surface Science, and Department of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Paul J Pigram
- Center for Materials and Surface Science, and Department of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Jisheng Pan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Dong-Chen Qi
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, 4001, Australia
| | - Adam Mechler
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.
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McFetridge ML, Kulkarni K, Lee TH, Del Borgo MP, Aguilar MI, Ricardo SD. Elucidating the cell penetrating properties of self-assembling β-peptides. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:14971-14980. [PMID: 37661822 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03673a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembling lipopeptide hydrogels have been widely developed for the delivery of therapeutics due to their rapid gelation, injectability, and highly controlled physicochemical properties. Lipopeptides are also known for their membrane-associating and cell penetrating properties, which may impact on their application in cell-encapsulation. Self-assembling lipidated-β3-peptide materials developed in our laboratory have previously been used in cell culture as 2D substrates, thus as a continuation of this work we aimed to encapsulate cells in 3D by forming a hydrogel. We therefore assessed the self-assembling lipidated-β3-peptides for cell-penetrating properties in mesenchymal stems cells (MSC) using fluorescence microscopy and membrane association with surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (SPR). The results demonstrated that lipidated β3-peptides penetrate the MSC plasma membrane and localise to the mitochondrial network. While self-assembling lipopeptide hydrogels have shown tremendous potential for delivery of therapeutics, further optimisation may be required to minimise the membrane uptake of the lipidated-β3-peptides for cell encapsulation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meg L McFetridge
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
| | - Ketav Kulkarni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
| | - Tzong-Hsien Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
| | - Mark P Del Borgo
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
| | - Marie-Isabel Aguilar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
| | - Sharon D Ricardo
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
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Ghaffari-Bohlouli P, Simińska-Stanny J, Jafari H, Mirzaei M, Nie L, Delporte C, Shavandi A. Printable hyaluronic acid hydrogel functionalized with yeast-derived peptide for skin wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 232:123348. [PMID: 36682658 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of bioactive agents, growth factors, and drugs to skin wounds is a growing trend in biomaterials development for wound healing. This study presents a printable hyaluronic acid (HA) based hydrogel to deliver yeast-derived ACE-inhibitory peptide of VLSTSFPPW (VW-9) to the wound site. We first conjugated tyramine (Ty) on the carboxyl groups of the HA to form a phenol-functionalized HA (HA-Ty); then, the carboxylic acid groups of HA-Ty were aminated with ethylenediamine (HA-Ty-NH2). The primary amine groups of the HA-Ty-NH2 could then react with the carboxylic acids of the peptide. The hydrogel was then 3D printed and crosslinked with visible light. The modification of HA was confirmed by 1H NMR and FTIR. The swelling capacity of the conjugated hydrogels was 1.5-fold higher compared to the HA-Ty-NH2 hydrogel. The conjugated peptide did not affect on rheological properties and morphology of the hydrogels. The 3T3-L1 fibroblast cells seeded on the peptide-modified hydrogels exhibited higher viability than the hydrogels without the peptide, indicating that the peptide-enriched hydrogels may have the potential for wound healing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pejman Ghaffari-Bohlouli
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), École Polytechnique de Bruxelles, 3BIO-BioMatter, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50, CP 165/61, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julia Simińska-Stanny
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), École Polytechnique de Bruxelles, 3BIO-BioMatter, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50, CP 165/61, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hafez Jafari
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), École Polytechnique de Bruxelles, 3BIO-BioMatter, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50, CP 165/61, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mahta Mirzaei
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), École Polytechnique de Bruxelles, 3BIO-BioMatter, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50, CP 165/61, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Centre for Food Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea; Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, geb. A, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lei Nie
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China.
| | - Christine Delporte
- Laboratory of Pathophysiological and Nutritional Biochemistry, Medical School, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik, 808, CP611, Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Amin Shavandi
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), École Polytechnique de Bruxelles, 3BIO-BioMatter, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50, CP 165/61, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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McFetridge ML, Kulkarni K, Hilsenstein V, Del Borgo MP, Aguilar MI, Ricardo SD. A comparison of fixation methods for SEM analysis of self-assembling peptide hydrogel nanoarchitecture. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:1431-1440. [PMID: 36594515 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr04598b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Determining the porosity of hydrogels is an important component of material characterisation. While scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a widely used method to study hydrogel nanoarchitecture, it is well-established that SEM sample preparation methods can alter the structure of hydrogels. Herein we describe the impact of sample preparation on the SEM analysis of self-assembling β-peptide hydrogels. Three methods of hydrogel preparation for SEM were compared, and each method preserved distinctly different nanoarchitecture, specifically, different levels of fibre alignment and porosity. Comparison of conventional SEM preparation and our hybrid method, which comprises high pressure freezing, freeze substitution without fixative and critical point drying, showed a high degree of similarity at the nanometre scale and diverging architecture at the micron scale. This study quantified the impact of chemical fixation versus high pressure freezing on self-assembling β3-peptide hydrogels, demonstrated the effect of sample preparation on fibre alignment and porosity, and presents a novel hybrid preparation method where chemical fixation can be avoided when conventional SEM is desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meg L McFetridge
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Ketav Kulkarni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Volker Hilsenstein
- Monash Micro Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Alexandrov Group, Meyerhofstr. 1, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mark P Del Borgo
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Marie-Isabel Aguilar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Sharon D Ricardo
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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Oliveira CBP, Gomes V, Ferreira PMT, Martins JA, Jervis PJ. Peptide-Based Supramolecular Hydrogels as Drug Delivery Agents: Recent Advances. Gels 2022; 8:706. [PMID: 36354614 PMCID: PMC9689023 DOI: 10.3390/gels8110706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular peptide hydrogels have many important applications in biomedicine, including drug delivery applications for the sustained release of therapeutic molecules. Targeted and selective drug administration is often preferential to systemic drug delivery, as it can allow reduced doses and can avoid the toxicity and side-effects caused by off-target binding. New discoveries are continually being reported in this rapidly developing field. In this review, we report the latest developments in supramolecular peptide-based hydrogels for drug delivery, focusing primarily on discoveries that have been reported in the last four years (2018-present). We address clinical points, such as peptide self-assembly and drug release, mechanical properties in drug delivery, peptide functionalization, bioadhesive properties and drug delivery enhancement strategies, drug release profiles, and different hydrogel matrices for anticancer drug loading and release.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Peter J. Jervis
- Centre of Chemistry, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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Wang QY, Yali-Xiang, Hu QH, Huang SH, Lin J, Zhou QH. Surface charge switchable nano-micelle for pH/redox-triggered and endosomal escape mediated co-delivery of doxorubicin and paclitaxel in treatment of lung adenocarcinoma. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 216:112588. [PMID: 35623260 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the stimulus-sensitive drug co-delivery system has gained increasing attentions in the clinic and exhibits improved efficiency rather than the mono-chemotherapy in anti-tumor therapy. Herein, the smart charge switchable nano-micelles (NMs) were fabricated for the endosomal escape mediated co-delivery of doxorubicin (DOX) and paclitaxel (PTX) in treatment of lung adenocarcinoma. The disulfide bonds were facilitated as the linker of the polymer backbone to achieve the redox-sensitive degradation by high intracellular GSH, and acid-liable DMMA was grafted onto DOX molecules for pH-triggered drug release under acidic tumoral microenvironment. Folic acid (FA) was utilized as targeting molecule for facilitating entry of the as prepared NMs into cancer cells. Remarkably, the as fabricated NMs exhibited surface charge-switch from negative to positive during transmitting from physiological pH to the tumor extracellular pH, which can improve the cellular internalization towards cancer cell. Subsequently, the "proton-sponge" effect mediated endosome escape of the NMs was facilitated in the acidic endo/lysosome environment. By the cell assay, the NMs possessed good biocompatibility, excellent cellular uptake, and improved inhibition rate against cancer cell. Moreover, the co-delivery of DOX/PTX exhibited synergistic and enhanced solid tumor inhibition efficiency comparing to mono-chemotherapy in A-549 tumor bearing mice model. Based on above experimental results, the as prepared drug co-delivery system showed promising biosafety and potentials for efficient lung adenocarcinoma treatment in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Yue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Chemistry and Environmental Functional Materials for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, First Ring Road, 4th Section No.16, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yali-Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Chemistry and Environmental Functional Materials for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, First Ring Road, 4th Section No.16, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Qiu-Hui Hu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Chemistry and Environmental Functional Materials for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, First Ring Road, 4th Section No.16, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Shuang-Hui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Chemistry and Environmental Functional Materials for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, First Ring Road, 4th Section No.16, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Juan Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Chengdu Medical College, Xindu Road No.783, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China.
| | - Qing-Han Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Chemistry and Environmental Functional Materials for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, First Ring Road, 4th Section No.16, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Key Laboratory of General Chemistry of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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