1
|
Ni Z, Yu J, Chen G, Ji M, Qian S, Bian D, Liu M. Micro/Nanomechanical Characterization of ScAlMgO 4 Single Crystal by Instrumented Indentation and Scratch Methods. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3811. [PMID: 39124475 PMCID: PMC11313593 DOI: 10.3390/ma17153811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
ScAlMgO4 (SCAM), which can be used as an epitaxial substrate material of GaN in power devices, faces the challenge of achieving a high-quality surface by ultra-precision polishing due to its brittle and easily cleaved characteristics, which are closely associated with its mechanical properties. The micromechanical properties of SCAM single crystals were evaluated by nanoindentation and microscratch tests using different indenters. The elastic modulus EIT and the indentation hardness HIT of SCAM obtained by nanoindentation were 226 GPa and 12.1 GPa, respectively. Leaf-shaped chips and the associated step-like planes of SCAM can be found in the severely damaged regime during scratching by Berkovich and Vickers indenters with sharp edges due to the intersection of intense radial and lateral cracks. The fracture toughness (Kc = 1.12 MPa·m1/2) of SCAM can be obtained by using a scratch-based methodology for a spherical indenter based on linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) under an appropriate range of applied loads. An optimal expression for calculating the fracture toughness of easily cleaved materials, including SCAM, via the Vickers indenter-induced cracking method using a Berkovich indenter was recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zifeng Ni
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Micro-Nano Additive and Subtractive Manufacturing, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jie Yu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Guomei Chen
- School of Electromechanical, Wuxi Vocational Institute of Commerce, Wuxi 214153, China
| | - Mingjie Ji
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Shanhua Qian
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Da Bian
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Terahertz Functional Devices and Intelligent Sensing, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chang HC, Liang MC, Luc VS, Davis C, Chang CC. Mechanochemical Reactivity of a 1,2,4-Triazoline-3,5-dione-Anthracene Diels-Alder Adduct. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202300850. [PMID: 37938167 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Force-responsive molecules that produce fluorescent moieties under stress provide a means for stress-sensing and material damage assessment. In this work, we report a mechanophore based on Diels-Alder adduct TAD-An of 4,4'-(4,4'-diphenylmethylene)-bis-(1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione) and initiator-substituted anthracene that can undergo retro-Diels-Alder (rDA) reaction by pulsed ultrasonication and compressive activation in bulk materials. The influence of having C-N versus C-C bonds at the sites of bond scission is elucidated by comparing the relative mechanical strength of TAD-An to another Diels-Alder adduct MAL-An obtained from maleimide and anthracene. The susceptibility to undergo rDa reaction correlates well with bond energy, such that C-N bond containing TAD-An degrades faster C-C bond containing MAL-An because C-N bond is weaker than C-C bond. Specifically, the results from polymer degradation kinetics under pulsed ultrasonication shows that polymer containing TAD-An has a rate constant of 1.59×10-5 min-1 , while MAL-An (C-C bond) has a rate constant of 1.40×10-5 min-1 . Incorporation of TAD-An in a crosslinked polymer network demonstrates the feasibility to utilize TAD-An as an alternative force-responsive probe to visualize mechanical damage where fluorescence can be "turned-on" due to force-accelerated retro-Diels-Alder reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Chun Chang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, No. 1001, Daxue Rd. East Dist., Hsinchu City, 300093, Taiwan
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300093, Taiwan
| | - Min-Chieh Liang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, No. 1001, Daxue Rd. East Dist., Hsinchu City, 300093, Taiwan
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300093, Taiwan
| | - Van-Sieu Luc
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, No. 1001, Daxue Rd. East Dist., Hsinchu City, 300093, Taiwan
- Sustainable Chemical Science and Technology (SCST), Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chelsea Davis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716, U.S.A
| | - Chia-Chih Chang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, No. 1001, Daxue Rd. East Dist., Hsinchu City, 300093, Taiwan
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300093, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lai Y, Li J, Chen M, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Zhao X, Chen Z. Multicolor Mechanochromic Epoxy Thermosets That Recognize the Intensity, Type, and Duration of Mechanical Stimulation. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200821. [PMID: 36479907 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochromic polymers that exhibit multiple color changes under external mechanical stimulation show great potential for sensor applications. Herein, an epoxy thermoset that can reveal the intensity, type, and duration of mechanical stimulation via a combination of disulfide (DS) and rhodamine (Rh) mechanochromophores is reported. A unique multicolor transition occurs upon ball mill or manual grinding because of the different activation energies of DS and Rh. The epoxy changes color depending on the ball mill grinding duration. Simultaneous activation occurs with a mechanochromic time lag between DS and Rh, and the collision energy strongly affects the relative intensity. A more dramatic multicolor response is observed using a mortar and pestle, as sequential activation occurs upon gentle and strong grinding. Various types of mechanical stimulation can cause different aggregates of the activated Rh moiety and vary the relative mechanosensitivities of Rh and DS, which lead to a different color response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingsheng Lai
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Jiajun Li
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Mao Chen
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Yeping Wu
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Yinyu Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Xiuli Zhao
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Zhongtao Chen
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lai Y, Chen M, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Zhao X, Chen Z. Epoxy thermosets with a multicolor switching during both compression and recovery processes. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingsheng Lai
- Institute of Chemical Materials China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
| | - Mao Chen
- Institute of Chemical Materials China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
| | - Yeping Wu
- Institute of Chemical Materials China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
| | - Yinyu Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
| | - Xiuli Zhao
- Institute of Chemical Materials China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
| | - Zhongtao Chen
- Institute of Chemical Materials China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
| |
Collapse
|