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Kim HT, Philip L, McDonagh A, Johir M, Ren J, Shon HK, Tijing LD. Recent Advances in High-Rate Solar-Driven Interfacial Evaporation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2401322. [PMID: 38704683 PMCID: PMC11234448 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202401322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Recent advances in solar-driven interfacial evaporation (SDIE) have led to high evaporation rates that open promising avenues for practical utilization in freshwater production and industrial application for pollutant and nutrient concentration, and resource recovery. Breakthroughs in overcoming the theoretical limitation of 2D interfacial evaporation have allowed for developing systems with high evaporation rates. This study presents a comprehensive review of various evaporator designs that have achieved pure evaporation rates beyond 4 kg m-2 h-1, including structural and material designs allowing for rapid evaporation, passive 3D designs, and systems coupled with alternative energy sources of wind and joule heating. The operational mechanisms for each design are outlined together with discussion on the current benefits and areas for improvement. The overarching challenges encountered by SDIE concerning the feasibility of direct integration into contemporary practical settings are assessed, and issues relating to sustaining elevated evaporation rates under diverse environmental conditions are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Tae Kim
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
- ARC Research Hub for Nutrients in a Circular Economy, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Ligy Philip
- Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
| | - Andrew McDonagh
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Md Johir
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Jiawei Ren
- Faculty of Architecture, Civil and Transportation Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Ho Kyong Shon
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
- ARC Research Hub for Nutrients in a Circular Economy, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Leonard D Tijing
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
- ARC Research Hub for Nutrients in a Circular Economy, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
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Tian Y, Jiang Y, Zhu R, Yang X, Wu D, Wang X, Yu J, Li Y, Gao T, Li F. Solar-Driven Multistage Device Integrating Dropwise Condensation and Guided Water Transport for Efficient Freshwater and Salt Collection. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:7335-7345. [PMID: 38626301 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Interfacial solar vapor generation (ISVG) is an emerging technology to alleviate the global freshwater crisis. However, high-cost, low freshwater collection rate, and salt-blockage issues significantly hinder the practical application of solar-driven desalination devices based on ISVG. Herein, with a low-cost copper plate (CP), nonwoven fabric (NWF), and insulating ethylene-vinyl acetate foam (EVA foam), a multistage device is elaborately fabricated for highly efficient simultaneous freshwater and salt collection. In the designed solar-driven device, a superhydrophobic copper plate (SH-CP) serves as the condensation layer, facilitating rapid mass and heat transfer through dropwise condensation. Moreover, the hydrophilic NWF is designed with rational hydrophobic zones and specific high-salinity solution outlets (Design-NWF) to act as the water evaporation layer and facilitate directional salt collection. As a result, the multistage evaporator with eight stages exhibits a high water collection rate of 2.25 kg m-2 h-1 under 1 sun irradiation. In addition, the desalination device based on the eight-stage evaporator obtains a water collection rate of 13.44 kg m-2 and a salt collection rate of 1.77 kg m-2 per day under natural irradiation. More importantly, it can maintain a steady production for 15 days without obvious performance decay. This bifunctional multistage device provides a feasible and efficient approach for simultaneous desalination and solute collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yankuan Tian
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Center of Advanced Textiles, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifei Jiang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Center of Advanced Textiles, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruishu Zhu
- Innovation Center for Textile Science & Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Yang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Center of Advanced Textiles, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Dequn Wu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Center of Advanced Textiles, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueli Wang
- Innovation Center for Textile Science & Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyong Yu
- Innovation Center for Textile Science & Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiju Li
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Gao
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Center of Advanced Textiles, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Faxue Li
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Center of Advanced Textiles, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
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Zhao M, Hu C, Liu J, Han MY, Pan RJ, Yu ZZ, Li X. Three-Dimensional Spiral Evaporator with Side Channels for Efficient Solar-Driven Water Purification. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:48196-48206. [PMID: 37801710 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Solar evaporators have the advantages of not consuming fossil fuels, being environmentally friendly, and nonpolluting, offering a promising sustainable method to obtain fresh water and alleviate the worldwide freshwater shortage crisis. In this work, we report that high-performance solar evaporators can be facilely fabricated by processing a cost-effective polypyrrole (PPy)-coated nonwoven fabric (PCNF) into a three-dimensional (3D) spiral structure and introducing side channels for vapor escape. The coated PPy layer ensures excellent photothermal properties and the chemical stability of the evaporator. Meanwhile, the as-created spiral structure of the evaporator can significantly increase the effective evaporation area and harvest energy from the environment, greatly stimulating the evaporation. The side opening channels can effectively facilitate the escape of vapor generated inside the 3D spiral structure, avoid the internal vapor accumulation, and ultimately promote the evaporation of the inner surface, leading to a boost of the evaporation performance. Combining these features, the resulting evaporator exhibits an ultrahigh evaporation rate of 3.26 kg m-2 h-1 and an energy efficiency of 138% under 1-sun irradiation. More importantly, we show that this evaporator can also be used to collect fresh water from soil and sand, demonstrating its great applicability for obtaining potable water in arid areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mang Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Liu
- School of Chemistry, CRANN and AMBER, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Meng-Yan Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Jie Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Zhen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
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Liu J, Wang L, Jia T, Wang Z, Xu T, An N, Zhao M, Zhang R, Zhao X, Li C. Boosting Water Evaporation by Construction of Photothermal Materials with a Biomimetic Black Soil Aggregate Structure. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:37609-37618. [PMID: 37523855 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Solar-driven interfacial evaporation is considered an efficient way to get fresh water from seawater. However, the low evaporation rate, surface salt crystallization, and low energy collection of the photothermal evaporation layer limit its further application in an outdoor freshwater field. And the aggregate structure design of the material itself is often ignored in solar-driven water evaporation. Black soil (BS), with a unique soil aggregate structure, is rich in tubular pores, which can be used for multilevel sunlight utilization and good capillary water transport. Based on the extraordinary photothermal properties and pumping capacity of BS, a reasonable unidirectional salt-collecting device is designed, which can realize long-term collection of mineral salts and continuous evaporation of seawater and generate electric energy in the continuous evaporation. Inspired by the unique aggregate structure, the photothermal material doping of halloysite and nigrosin will simulate the generation of this aggregate structure and retain a good water transport effect while obtaining multistage utilization of sunlight. The solar-driven evaporation rate of a nigrosin-halloysite solar steam generator is 1.75 kg m-2 h-1 under 1 kW m-2 mimic solar radiation; it can achieve stable salt leaching-induced voltage generation of 240 mV. This work demonstrates not only a solar evaporator that can continuously achieve desalination but also the design strategy of BS-like aggregate photothermal materials, which promotes the development of low-cost resource recovery and energy generation for practical outdoor seawater desalination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry Based Active Substances, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
| | - Luoqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry Based Active Substances, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
| | - Tao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry Based Active Substances, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
| | - Zuoyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry Based Active Substances, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry Based Active Substances, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
| | - Nan An
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry Based Active Substances, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry Based Active Substances, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
| | - Ruoyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry Based Active Substances, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
| | - Xiuhua Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry Based Active Substances, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
| | - Chenglong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
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Mu X, Chen L, Qu N, Yu J, Jiang X, Xiao C, Luo X, Hasi Q. MXene/polypyrrole coated melamine-foam for efficient interfacial evaporation and photodegradation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 636:291-304. [PMID: 36638569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The application of photothermal materials in seawater desalination, wastewater treatment have been widely studied, however, there are relatively few studies that combine photothermal effects and solar-driven photocatalysis and exhibit efficient solar-driven water evaporation performance and excellent photocatalytic ability. Form the perspective of practical application, it is of great significance to combine photothermal effect with solar-driven photocatalysis to develop environment-friendly evaporator with low cost, simple preparation process and ability of seawater desalination, wastewater treatment and photodegradation of organic dyes. In this paper, a novel multifunctional MXene/polypyrrole (PPy) coated melamine foam (MF) named as MF-MXene/PPy was successfully prepared by simple impregnation and in-situ polymerization. The MF-MXene/PPy has rich porosity (89.13 %), abundant water molecule transport channels, excellent light absorption capacity (about 94 %), low thermal conductivity (0.1047 W m-1 K-1), and exhibits excellent performance in solar desalination, wastewater purification and photodegradation of organic dyes. Under 1 kW m-2 illuminate, the solar energy conversion rate and efficiency of MF-MXene/PPy reaches up to 1.5174 kg m-2h-1 and 91.24 %. Moreover, due to the regular pore size of MF-MXene/PPy, good salinity tolerance was shown even after continuous evaporation in 20 wt% NaCl for 8 h. After continuous evaporation in 70 mL of 20 wt% NaCl for 8 h, the amount of salt collected could reach 0.2 g. In addition, MF-MXene/PPy also possessed excellent visible light degradation ability for organic dyes, and the degradation rate of methylene blue (MB), rhodamine B (RHB) and methyl orange (MO) were 92.38 %, 88.92 % and 91.75 %, respectively. As a fundamental research, this research will open a novel way to the development of new evaporator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Mu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Experimental Teaching Department, Northwest Minzu University, Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Composite Materials of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Gansu Provincial Biomass Function Composites Engineering Research Center, Northwest Xincun 1, Lanzhou 730030, PR China
| | - Lihua Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Experimental Teaching Department, Northwest Minzu University, Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Composite Materials of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Gansu Provincial Biomass Function Composites Engineering Research Center, Northwest Xincun 1, Lanzhou 730030, PR China.
| | - Nannan Qu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Experimental Teaching Department, Northwest Minzu University, Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Composite Materials of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Gansu Provincial Biomass Function Composites Engineering Research Center, Northwest Xincun 1, Lanzhou 730030, PR China
| | - Jiale Yu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Experimental Teaching Department, Northwest Minzu University, Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Composite Materials of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Gansu Provincial Biomass Function Composites Engineering Research Center, Northwest Xincun 1, Lanzhou 730030, PR China
| | - Xiaoqian Jiang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Experimental Teaching Department, Northwest Minzu University, Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Composite Materials of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Gansu Provincial Biomass Function Composites Engineering Research Center, Northwest Xincun 1, Lanzhou 730030, PR China
| | - Chaohu Xiao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Experimental Teaching Department, Northwest Minzu University, Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Composite Materials of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Gansu Provincial Biomass Function Composites Engineering Research Center, Northwest Xincun 1, Lanzhou 730030, PR China
| | - Xingping Luo
- College of Chemical Engineering, Experimental Teaching Department, Northwest Minzu University, Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Composite Materials of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Gansu Provincial Biomass Function Composites Engineering Research Center, Northwest Xincun 1, Lanzhou 730030, PR China
| | - Qimeige Hasi
- College of Chemical Engineering, Experimental Teaching Department, Northwest Minzu University, Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Composite Materials of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Gansu Provincial Biomass Function Composites Engineering Research Center, Northwest Xincun 1, Lanzhou 730030, PR China.
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Yin Q, Kong F, Wang S, Du J, Pan L, Tao Y, Li P. 3D Printing of Solar Crystallizer with Polylactic Acid/Carbon Composites for Zero Liquid Discharge of High-Salinity Brine. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15071656. [PMID: 37050270 PMCID: PMC10096562 DOI: 10.3390/polym15071656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Zero liquid discharge (ZLD) is a technique for treating high-salinity brine to obtain freshwater and/or salt using a solar interface evaporator. However, salt accumulation on the surface of the evaporator is a big challenge to maintaining stable water evaporation. In this study, a simple and easy-to-manufacture evaporator, also called a crystallizer, was designed and fabricated by 3D printing. The photothermal layer printed with polylactic acid/carbon composites had acceptable light absorption (93%) within the wavelength zone of 250 nm–2500 nm. The micron-sized voids formed during 3D printing provided abundant water transportation channels inside the crystallizer. After surface hydrophilic modification, the crystallizer had an ultra-hydrophilic channel structure and gravity-assisted salt recovery function. The results revealed that the angles between the photothermal layers affected the efficacy of solar evaporation and the yield of solid salt. The crystallizer with the angle of 90° between two photothermal layers could collect more solid salt than the three other designs with angles of 30°, 60°, and 120°, respectively. The crystallizer has high evaporation and salt crystallization efficiency in a high-salinity brine environment, which is expected to have application potentials in the zero liquid discharge of wastewater and valuable salt recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; (Q.Y.); (F.K.); (S.W.); (J.D.)
| | - Fangong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; (Q.Y.); (F.K.); (S.W.); (J.D.)
| | - Shoujuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; (Q.Y.); (F.K.); (S.W.); (J.D.)
| | - Jinbao Du
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; (Q.Y.); (F.K.); (S.W.); (J.D.)
| | - Ling Pan
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China;
| | - Yubo Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; (Q.Y.); (F.K.); (S.W.); (J.D.)
- Correspondence: (Y.T.); (P.L.)
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; (Q.Y.); (F.K.); (S.W.); (J.D.)
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China;
- Correspondence: (Y.T.); (P.L.)
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Xu Y, Tang B, Fang X, Ma T, Yu D, Zhou G, Zhang Z. A Facile Approach to Fabricate Sustainable and Large-Scale Photothermal Polydopamine-Coated Cotton Fabrics for Efficient Interfacial Solar Steam Generation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c03477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yousen Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou510006, China
| | - Biao Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou510006, China
| | - Xiong Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou510006, China
| | - Tongye Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou510006, China
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou510006, China
| | - Dehai Yu
- Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan250353, China
| | - Guofu Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou510006, China
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou510006, China
- Academy of Shenzhen Guohua Optoelectronics, Shenzhen518110, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou510006, China
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou510006, China
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