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Min WK, Won C, Kim DH, Lee S, Chung J, Cho S, Lee T, Kim HJ. Strain-Driven Negative Resistance Switching of Conductive Fibers with Adjustable Sensitivity for Wearable Healthcare Monitoring Systems with Near-Zero Standby Power. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2303556. [PMID: 37177845 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Recently, one of the primary concerns in e-textile-based healthcare monitoring systems for chronic illness patients has been reducing wasted power consumption, as the system should be always-on to capture diverse biochemical and physiological characteristics. However, the general conductive fibers, a major component of the existing wearable monitoring systems, have a positive gauge-factor (GF) that increases electrical resistance when stretched, so that the systems have no choice but to consume power continuously. Herein, a twisted conductive-fiber-based negatively responsive switch-type (NRS) strain-sensor with an extremely high negative GF (resistance change ratio ≈ 3.9 × 108 ) that can significantly increase its conductivity from insulating to conducting properties is developed. To this end, a precision cracking technology is devised, which could induce a difference in the Young's modulus of the encapsulated layer on the fiber through selective ultraviolet-irradiation treatment. Owing to this technology, the NRS strain-sensors can allow for effective regulation of the mutual contact resistance under tensile strain while maintaining superior durability for over 5000 stretching cycles. For further practical demonstrations, three healthcare monitoring systems (E-fitness pants, smart-masks, and posture correction T-shirts) with near-zero standby power are also developed, which opens up advancements in electronic textiles by expanding the utilization range of fiber strain-sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Kyung Min
- Electronic Device Laboratory, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Chihyeong Won
- Nanobio Device Laboratory, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Electronic Device Laboratory, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyeon Lee
- KIURI Institute, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jusung Chung
- BIT Micro Fab Research Center, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjoon Cho
- Nanobio Device Laboratory, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyoon Lee
- Nanobio Device Laboratory, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jae Kim
- Electronic Device Laboratory, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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Xia H, Ma H, Sun D, Chen Z, Wang S, Li P, Huang J, Gui C. Fabrication of Textured Ni-Coated Carbon Tubes for a Flexible Strain Sensor: Effect of the Device Elastic Modulus on Sensor Performance. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023. [PMID: 37368651 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The exploration of flexible resistive sensors with excellent performance remains a challenge. In this paper, a nickel-coated carbon tube with a textured structure was prepared as a conductive sensitive material and inserted into the poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) polymer; interestingly, the sensor performance was controlled by the elastic modulus of the matrix resin. The results show that Pd2+ may be adsorbed by the active groups on the surface of a plant fiber as a catalytic center for the reduction of Ni2+. After 300 °C annealing, the inner plant fiber would be carbonized and attached to the outside of the nickel tube; to be precise, the textured Ni-encapsulated C tube was fabricated successfully. It is worth noting that the C tube serves as a layer of support for the external Ni coating, providing sufficient mechanical strength. In addition, resistance sensors with different properties were prepared by controlling the elasticity modulus of the PDMS polymer by introducing different contents of curing agents. The limit uniaxial tensile strain was enhanced from 42 to 49% and sensitivity reduced from 0.2 to 2.0% with the elasticity modulus of the matrix resin increasing from 0.32 to 2.2 MPa. As expected, the sensor is obviously appropriate for the detection of elbow joints, human speaking, and human joints with the reduction of the elasticity modulus of the matrix resin. To be precise, the optimal elastic modulus of the sensor matrix resin would facilitate the improvement of its sensitivity to monitor different human behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Housheng Xia
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou City 310023, China
| | - Haodong Ma
- School of Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei City 230601, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Calcium Carbonate Resources Comprehensive Utilization, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hezhou University, Hezhou City 542899, China
| | - Di Sun
- School of Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei City 230601, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Calcium Carbonate Resources Comprehensive Utilization, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hezhou University, Hezhou City 542899, China
| | - Zhenming Chen
- School of Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei City 230601, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Calcium Carbonate Resources Comprehensive Utilization, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hezhou University, Hezhou City 542899, China
| | - Shufeng Wang
- School of Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei City 230601, China
| | - Peng Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Calcium Carbonate Resources Comprehensive Utilization, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hezhou University, Hezhou City 542899, China
| | - Junjun Huang
- School of Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei City 230601, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Calcium Carbonate Resources Comprehensive Utilization, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hezhou University, Hezhou City 542899, China
| | - Chengmei Gui
- School of Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei City 230601, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chaohu University, Hefei City 230009, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Calcium Carbonate Resources Comprehensive Utilization, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hezhou University, Hezhou City 542899, China
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Yao C, Qiu Z, Li X, Zhu H, Li D, He J. Electrohydrodynamic Printing of Microfibrous Architectures with Cell-Scale Spacing for Improved Cellular Migration and Neurite Outgrowth. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207331. [PMID: 36775926 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing provides unparalleled opportunities in fabricating microfibrous architectures to direct cellular orientation. However, it faces great challenges in depositing orderly microfibers with cell-scale spacing due to inherent fiber-fiber electrostatic interactions. Here a finite element method is established to analyze the electrostatic forces induced on the EHD-printed microfibers and the relationship between the fiber diameter and spacing for parallel deposition of EHD-printed microfibers is revealed theoretically and experimentally. It is found that uniform fiber arrangement can be achieved when the fiber spacing is five times larger than the fiber diameter. This finding enables the successful printing of parallel fibrous architectures with a fiber diameter of 4.9 ± 0.1 µm and a cell-scale fiber spacing of 25.6 ± 1.9 µm. The resultant microfibrous architectures exhibit unique capability to direct cellular alignment and enhance cellular density and migration as the fiber spacing decreases from 100 to 25 µm. The EHD-printed parallel microfibers with cell-scale spacing are found to improve the outgrowth length of neurites and accelerate the migration of Schwann cells from Dorsal Root Ganglion spheres, which facilitate the formation of densely-arranged and highly-aligned cellular constructs. The presented method is promising to produce biomimetic microfibrous architectures for functional nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Medical Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Zhennan Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Medical Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Xiao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Medical Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Medical Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Dichen Li
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Medical Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Jiankang He
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Medical Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
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Sun S, Wang Z, Wang Y. Progress in Microtopography Optimization of Polymers-Based Pressure/Strain Sensors. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030764. [PMID: 36772064 PMCID: PMC9920621 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the wide application of wearable electronic devices in daily life, research into flexible electronics has become very attractive. Recently, various polymer-based sensors have emerged with great sensing performance and excellent extensibility. It is well known that different structural designs each confer their own unique, great impacts on the properties of materials. For polymer-based pressure/strain sensors, different structural designs determine different response-sensing mechanisms, thus showing their unique advantages and characteristics. This paper mainly focuses on polymer-based pressure-sensing materials applied in different microstructures and reviews their respective advantages. At the same time, polymer-based pressure sensors with different microstructures, including with respect to their working mechanisms, key parameters, and relevant operating ranges, are discussed in detail. According to the summary of its performance and mechanisms, different morphologies of microstructures can be designed for a sensor according to its performance characteristics and application scenario requirements, and the optimal structure can be adjusted by weighing and comparing sensor performances for the future. Finally, a conclusion and future perspectives are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouheng Sun
- School of Economics and Management, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhenqin Wang
- School of Economics and Management, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- Department of Physics, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence:
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Wang L, Yi Z, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Wang S. Stretchable conductors for stretchable field-effect transistors and functional circuits. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:795-835. [PMID: 36562312 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00837h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Stretchable electronics have received intense attention due to their broad application prospects in many areas, and can withstand large deformations and form close contact with curved surfaces. Stretchable conductors are vital components of stretchable electronic devices used in wearables, soft robots, and human-machine interactions. Recent advances in stretchable conductors have motivated basic scientific and technological research efforts. Here, we outline and analyse the development of stretchable conductors in transistors and circuits, and examine advances in materials, device engineering, and preparation technologies. We divide the existing approaches to constructing stretchable transistors with stretchable conductors into the following two types: geometric engineering and intrinsic stretchability engineering. Finally, we consider the challenges and outlook in this field for delivering stretchable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangjie Wang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
| | - Zhengran Yi
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China. .,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China.
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Nie Z, Kwak JW, Han M, Rogers JA. Mechanically Active Materials and Devices for Bio-Interfaced Pressure Sensors-A Review. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022:e2205609. [PMID: 35951770 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202205609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pressures generated by external forces or by internal body processes represent parameters of critical importance in diagnosing physiological health and in anticipating injuries. Examples span intracranial hypertension from traumatic brain injuries, high blood pressure from poor diet, pressure-induced skin ulcers from immobility, and edema from congestive heart failure. Pressures measured on the soft surfaces of vital organs or within internal cavities of the body can provide essential insights into patient status and progression. Challenges lie in the development of high-performance pressure sensors that can softly interface with biological tissues to enable safe monitoring for extended periods of time. This review focuses on recent advances in mechanically active materials and structural designs for classes of soft pressure sensors that have proven uses in these contexts. The discussions include applications of such sensors as implantable and wearable systems, with various unique capabilities in wireless continuous monitoring, minimally invasive deployment, natural degradation in biofluids, and/or multiplexed spatiotemporal mapping. A concluding section summarizes challenges and future opportunities for this growing field of materials and biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyi Nie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jean Won Kwak
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Mengdi Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - John A Rogers
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, Neurological Surgery, Chemistry, and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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