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Mumtaz F, Tekle H, Zhang B, Smith JD, O'Malley RJ, Gerald RE, Huang J. Boosting SNR of cascaded FBGs in a sapphire fiber through a rapid heat treatment. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:5703-5706. [PMID: 37910738 DOI: 10.1364/ol.506053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
This Letter reports the performance of femtosecond (fs) laser-written distributed fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) under high-temperature conditions up to 1600°C and explores the impact of rapid heat treatment on signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) enhancement. FBGs are essential for reliable optical sensing in extreme temperature environments. Comprehensive tests demonstrate the remarkable performance and resilience of FBGs at temperatures up to 1600°C, confirming their suitability for deployment in such conditions. The study also reveals significant fringe visibility improvements of up to ∼10 dB on a 1-m-long sapphire optical fiber through rapid heat treatment, representing a first-time achievement to the best of our knowledge. These enhancements are vital for improving the SNR and overall performance of optical fiber systems in extreme temperatures. Furthermore, the research attains long-term stability for the cascaded FBGs over a 24-hr period at 1600°C. This research expands our understanding of the FBG behavior in high-temperature environments and opens avenues for developing robust optical fiber systems for energy, aerospace, oil and gas, and high-temperature distributed sensing applications.
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Zhen Y, Tu X, Zhu J, Tong Y, Liu L, Yao N, Wang P, Tong L, Zhang L. Atomically Smooth Gold Microflake-Enabled Fiber-Tip Fabry-Perot Interferometer for Temperature and Pressure Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37454397 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c04809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Fiber-tip sensors based on the Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) are one of the most widely used devices for temperature and pressure measurements in space-confined scenarios. However, the deposited metal films with a polycrystalline structure tend to form microcracks under strain, which can undermine the optical quality factor and thus sensing performance of these fiber-tip sensors. Here, we demonstrate an atomically smooth gold microflake (GMF)-enabled fiber-tip FPI sensor with a Q factor as high as 628. Benefiting from the high reflectivity and flexibility of GMFs and the elasticity of the PDMS spacer, the fiber-tip FPI can maintain stable sensing performance under large deformation. For temperature sensing, the fiber-tip sensor exhibits a linear response to the temperature in the range 28-40 °C with a sensitivity as high as 1.74 nm °C-1. To realize linear and sensitive pressure sensing, we design and fabricate a PDMS clamped-beam structure on the fiber tip using a soft lithography technique, achieving a sensitivity of 11.48 nm kPa-1. Moreover, simultaneous measurement of the temperature and pressure is also demonstrated using the wavelength demodulation method. The simple and cost-effective fabrication of the clamped beam and the transferable GMFs allow for the facile integration of high-quality FP cavities on fiber tips, opening new opportunities for developing optical sensors with miniaturized sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Zhen
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xitao Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jiajie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yuanbiao Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Lufang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ni Yao
- Research Center for Humanoid Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Pan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Limin Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Research Center for Humanoid Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311121, China
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Xiong C, Jiang W, Wang C, Yu R, He J, Chen R, Li X, Ying K, Cai H, Liu A, Xiao L. Fiber Bragg gratings inscribed in nanobore fibers. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:2821-2824. [PMID: 37262219 DOI: 10.1364/ol.488570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The nanobore fiber (NBF) is a promising nanoscale optofluidic platform due to its long nanochannel and unique optical properties. However, so far, the applications of NBF have been based only on its original fiber geometry without any extra functionalities, in contrast with various telecom fiber devices, which may limit its wide applications. Here, we provide the first, to the best of our knowledge, demonstration of NBF-based fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) introduced by either the femtosecond (fs) laser direct writing technique or the ultraviolet (UV) laser phase mask technique. Moreover, the FBG fabricated via the UV laser was optimized, achieving a high reflectivity of 96.89% and simultaneously preserving the open nanochannel. The NBF-based FBGs were characterized in terms of temperature variation and the infiltration of different liquids, and they showed high potential for nanofluidic applications.
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Ma S, Pang Y, Ji Q, Zhao X, Li Y, Qin Z, Liu Z, Xu Y. High-Temperature Sensing Based on GAWBS In Silica Single-Mode Fiber. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:1277. [PMID: 36772317 PMCID: PMC9920898 DOI: 10.3390/s23031277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
High temperature detection is a constant challenge for condition monitoring under harsh environments in optical fiber sensors research. In this study, the temperature response characteristics of guided acoustic wave Brillouin scattering (GAWBS) spectra in silica single-mode fiber (SMF) up to 800 °C are experimentally investigated, demonstrating the feasibility of the method for high-temperature monitoring. With increasing temperature, the resonance frequency of GAWBS spectra increases in a nearly linear manner, with linearly fitted temperature-dependent frequency shift coefficients of 8.19 kHz/°C for TR2,7 mode and 16.74 kHz/°C for R0,4 mode. More importantly, the linewidth of the GAWBS spectra is observed to narrow down with increasing temperature with a linearly fitted rate of -6.91 × 10-4/°C for TR2,7 modes and -8.56 × 10-4/°C for R0,4 modes. The signal-to-noise ratio of the GAWBS spectra induced by both modes increase by more than 3 dB when the temperature rises from 22 °C to 800 °C, which indicates that the proposed sensing scheme has better performance in high-temperature environments, and are particularly suitable for sensing applications in extreme environments. This study confirms the potential of high-temperature sensing using only GAWBS in silica fibers without any complex micromachining process, which has the advantages of strong mechanical strength, simple structure, easy operation, and low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaonian Ma
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- Key Laboratory of Laser and Infrared System of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yuxi Pang
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- Key Laboratory of Laser and Infrared System of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Qiang Ji
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- Key Laboratory of Laser and Infrared System of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xian Zhao
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- Key Laboratory of Laser and Infrared System of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yongfu Li
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- Key Laboratory of Laser and Infrared System of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Zengguang Qin
- Key Laboratory of Laser and Infrared System of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Zhaojun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Laser and Infrared System of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yanping Xu
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- Key Laboratory of Laser and Infrared System of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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Zeng Y, Chen G, Wu C, Pan X, Lin F, Xu L, Zhao F, He Y, He G, Chen Q, Sun D, Hai Z. Thin-Film Platinum Resistance Temperature Detector with a SiCN/Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Protective Layer by Direct Ink Writing for High-Temperature Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:2172-2182. [PMID: 36573702 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In situ temperature monitoring of curved high-temperature components in extreme environments is challenging for a variety of applications in fields such as aero engines and gas turbines. Recently, extrusion-based direct ink writing (DIW) has been utilized to fabricate platinum (Pt) resistance temperature detectors (RTDs). However, the current Pt RTD prepared by DIW technology suffers from a limited temperature range and poor high-temperature stability. Here, DIW technology and yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ)-modified precursor ceramic film packaging have been used to build a Pt RTD with high-temperature resistance, small disturbance, and high stability. The results indicate that the protective layer formed by the liquid phase anchors the Pt particles and reduces the agglomeration and volatilization of the Pt sensitive layer at high temperature. Attributed to the SiCN/YSZ protective layer, the temperature resistance curve of the Pt RTD in the range of 50-800 °C has little deviation from the fitting curve, and the fitting correlation coefficient is above 0.9999. Interestingly, the Pt RTD also has high repeatability and stability. The high temperature resistance drift rate is only 0.05%/h after 100 h of long-term testing at 800 °C and can withstand butane flame up to ∼1300 °C without damage. Moreover, the Pt RTD can be conformally deposited on the outer ring of aerospace bearings by DIW technology and then realize on-site, nondestructive, and real-time monitoring of bearing temperature. The fabricated Pt RTD shows great potential for high-temperature applications, and the novel technology proposed provides a feasible pathway for temperature monitoring of aeroengine internal curved hot-end components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Zeng
- Department of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen361005, P. R. China
- Fujian Micro/Nano Manufacturing Engineering Technology Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen361102, P. R. China
| | - Guochun Chen
- Department of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen361005, P. R. China
- Fujian Micro/Nano Manufacturing Engineering Technology Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen361102, P. R. China
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen361005, P. R. China
- Fujian Micro/Nano Manufacturing Engineering Technology Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen361102, P. R. China
| | - Xiaochuan Pan
- Department of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen361005, P. R. China
- Fujian Micro/Nano Manufacturing Engineering Technology Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen361102, P. R. China
| | - Fan Lin
- Department of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen361005, P. R. China
- Fujian Micro/Nano Manufacturing Engineering Technology Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen361102, P. R. China
| | - Lida Xu
- Department of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen361005, P. R. China
- Fujian Micro/Nano Manufacturing Engineering Technology Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen361102, P. R. China
| | - Fuxin Zhao
- Department of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen361005, P. R. China
- Fujian Micro/Nano Manufacturing Engineering Technology Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen361102, P. R. China
| | - Yingping He
- Department of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen361005, P. R. China
- Fujian Micro/Nano Manufacturing Engineering Technology Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen361102, P. R. China
| | - Gonghan He
- Department of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen361005, P. R. China
- Fujian Micro/Nano Manufacturing Engineering Technology Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen361102, P. R. China
| | - Qinnan Chen
- Department of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen361005, P. R. China
- Fujian Micro/Nano Manufacturing Engineering Technology Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen361102, P. R. China
| | - Daoheng Sun
- Department of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen361005, P. R. China
- Fujian Micro/Nano Manufacturing Engineering Technology Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen361102, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyin Hai
- Department of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen361005, P. R. China
- Fujian Micro/Nano Manufacturing Engineering Technology Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen361102, P. R. China
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Markowski K, Bojarczuk J, Araszkiewicz P, Ciftci J, Ignaciuk A, Gąska M. High Temperature Measurement with Low Cost, VCSEL-Based, Interrogation System Using Femtosecond Bragg Gratings. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9768. [PMID: 36560136 PMCID: PMC9786325 DOI: 10.3390/s22249768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this article, a cost-effective and fast interrogating system for wide temperature measurement with Fiber Bragg Gratings is presented. The system consists of a Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL) with a High Contrast Grating (HCG)-based cavity that allows for the fast tuning of the output wavelength. The work focuses on methods of bypassing the limitations of the used VCSEL laser, especially its relatively narrow tuning range. Moreover, an error analysis is provided by means of the VCSEL temperature instability and its influence on the system performance. A simple proof of concept of the measurement system is shown, where two femtosecond Bragg gratings were used to measure temperature in the range of 25 to 800 °C. In addition, an exemplary simulation of a system with sapphire Bragg gratings is provided, where we propose multiplexation in the wavelength and reflectance domains. The presented concept can be further used to measure a wide range of temperatures with scanning frequencies up to hundreds of kHz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Markowski
- Institute of Telecommunications, Warsaw University of Technology, Nowowiejska 15/19, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland
- FiberTeam Photonic Solutions, Warszawska 102, 20-824 Lublin, Poland
| | - Juliusz Bojarczuk
- Institute of Telecommunications, Warsaw University of Technology, Nowowiejska 15/19, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland
- FiberTeam Photonic Solutions, Warszawska 102, 20-824 Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Araszkiewicz
- Institute of Telecommunications, Warsaw University of Technology, Nowowiejska 15/19, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland
- FiberTeam Photonic Solutions, Warszawska 102, 20-824 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jakub Ciftci
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 141 Woloska St., 02-507 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Ignaciuk
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Gąska
- Institute of Telecommunications, Warsaw University of Technology, Nowowiejska 15/19, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland
- FiberTeam Photonic Solutions, Warszawska 102, 20-824 Lublin, Poland
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Ma S, Xu Y, Pang Y, Zhao X, Li Y, Qin Z, Liu Z, Lu P, Bao X. Optical Fiber Sensors for High-Temperature Monitoring: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22155722. [PMID: 35957279 PMCID: PMC9371153 DOI: 10.3390/s22155722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
High-temperature measurements above 1000 °C are critical in harsh environments such as aerospace, metallurgy, fossil fuel, and power production. Fiber-optic high-temperature sensors are gradually replacing traditional electronic sensors due to their small size, resistance to electromagnetic interference, remote detection, multiplexing, and distributed measurement advantages. This paper reviews the sensing principle, structural design, and temperature measurement performance of fiber-optic high-temperature sensors, as well as recent significant progress in the transition of sensing solutions from glass to crystal fiber. Finally, future prospects and challenges in developing fiber-optic high-temperature sensors are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaonian Ma
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (S.M.); (Y.P.); (X.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Laser and Infrared System of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Z.Q.); (Z.L.)
| | - Yanping Xu
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (S.M.); (Y.P.); (X.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Laser and Infrared System of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Z.Q.); (Z.L.)
| | - Yuxi Pang
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (S.M.); (Y.P.); (X.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Laser and Infrared System of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Z.Q.); (Z.L.)
| | - Xian Zhao
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (S.M.); (Y.P.); (X.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Laser and Infrared System of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Z.Q.); (Z.L.)
| | - Yongfu Li
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (S.M.); (Y.P.); (X.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Laser and Infrared System of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Z.Q.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zengguang Qin
- Key Laboratory of Laser and Infrared System of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Z.Q.); (Z.L.)
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Zhaojun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Laser and Infrared System of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Z.Q.); (Z.L.)
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Ping Lu
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada;
| | - Xiaoyi Bao
- Physics Department, University of Ottawa, 25 Templeton Street, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada;
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