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Jiang Y, Zhao S, Wang F, Zhang X, Su Z. Highly Stretchable Double Network Ionogels for Monitoring Physiological Signals and Detecting Sign Language. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:227. [PMID: 38785701 PMCID: PMC11118894 DOI: 10.3390/bios14050227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
At the heart of the non-implantable electronic revolution lies ionogels, which are remarkably conductive, thermally stable, and even antimicrobial materials. Yet, their potential has been hindered by poor mechanical properties. Herein, a double network (DN) ionogel crafted from 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Emim]Cl), acrylamide (AM), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was constructed. Tensile strength, fracture elongation, and conductivity can be adjusted across a wide range, enabling researchers to fabricate the material to meet specific needs. With adjustable mechanical properties, such as tensile strength (0.06-5.30 MPa) and fracture elongation (363-1373%), this ionogel possesses both robustness and flexibility. This ionogel exhibits a bi-modal response to temperature and strain, making it an ideal candidate for strain sensor applications. It also functions as a flexible strain sensor that can detect physiological signals in real time, opening doors to personalized health monitoring and disease management. Moreover, these gels' ability to decode the intricate movements of sign language paves the way for improved communication accessibility for the deaf and hard-of-hearing community. This DN ionogel lays the foundation for a future in which e-skins and wearable sensors will seamlessly integrate into our lives, revolutionizing healthcare, human-machine interaction, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shujing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fengyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhiqiang Su
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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Li H, Li L, Wei J, Chen T, Wei P. Salt-Adaptively Conductive Ionogel Sensor for Marine Sensing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2305848. [PMID: 37670215 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophobic ionogel has attracted much attention in underwater sensing as the artificial electronic skins and wearable sensors. However, when the low conductive ionogel-based sensor works in the marine environment, the salty seawater weakens its sensing performance, which is difficult to recognize. Herein, a salt-adaptively conductive ionogel with high submarine strain sensitivity is reported. Based on the preliminary improvement via the proton conduction mechanism, the conductivity of the ionogel further increases with the surrounding salinity rising up since the salt-induced dissociation phenomenon, which is described as the environmental salt-adaptive feature. In seawater, the conductivity of the ionogel is as high as 2.90 × 10-1 S m-1 . Significantly, with its long-term underwater stability and adhesion, the resultant ionogel-based sensor features prominent strain sensing performance (gauge factor: 1.12) while combining with various soft actuators in the marine environment. The ionogel-based sensor is capable of monitoring human breath frequency, human actions, and the locomotion of soft actuators, demonstrating its great potential in diving detection and intelligent preceptive soft robotics for marine environmental protection and exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijing Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Long Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Junjie Wei
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Peng Wei
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, 315010, China
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Jin L, Ju S, Zhao Y, Xing S, Tang J, He Y, Chen C, Liang G, Zhang J. Super tough and high adhesive eutectic ionogels enabled by high-density hydrogen bond network. RSC Adv 2023; 13:31925-31934. [PMID: 37915444 PMCID: PMC10617370 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05120j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionogels have attracted tremendous interest for flexible electronics due to their excellent deformability, conductivity, and environmental stability. However, most ionogels suffer from low strength and poor toughness, which limit their practical applications. This article presents a strategy for fabricating ionogels with high toughness by constructing high-density hydrogen bonds within their microstructure. The ionogels exhibit a maximum fracture strength of 11.44 MPa, and can sustain a fracture strain of 506%. They also demonstrate a fracture energy of 27.29 MJ m-3 and offer a wide range of mechanical property adjustments (fracture stress from 0.3 to 11.44 MPa, fracture strain from 506% to 1050%). Strain sensors assembled with ionogels demonstrate exceptional sensing performance and enable motion detection of human joints. This study provides a new approach for achieving strong and tough ionogel design used for high-performance flexible electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jin
- College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology Changsha 410073 China
| | - Su Ju
- College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology Changsha 410073 China
| | - Yiming Zhao
- College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology Changsha 410073 China
| | - Suli Xing
- College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology Changsha 410073 China
| | - Jun Tang
- College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology Changsha 410073 China
| | - Yonglyu He
- College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology Changsha 410073 China
| | - Chen Chen
- College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology Changsha 410073 China
| | - Gengyuan Liang
- High Speed Aerodynamics Institute, China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center Mianyang 621000 China
| | - Jianwei Zhang
- College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology Changsha 410073 China
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Li X, Sun F. An Ultrastretchable Gradient Ionogel Induced by a Self-Floating Strategy for Strain Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:37717-37727. [PMID: 37523492 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of gradient ionogels for flexible strain sensors remains challenging because of the complex preparation procedures, and it is still difficult to prepare highly stretchable ionogels (strain > 10000%). In this study, a strategy is proposed to successfully fabricate gradient ionogels and apply them to flexible strain sensors by utilizing the self-floating character of the polysiloxane cross-linker. A gradient ionogel with ultrahigh stretchability (>14000%) is prepared via a one-step in situ photopolymerization process of the precursor with long-chain poly(dimethylsiloxane) bis(2-methyl acrylate) (PDMSMA). PDMSMA, which has a self-floating ability and excellent flexibility, induces a gradient composition distribution in the ionogel, thereby endowing the ionogel with superior stretchability and gradient changes in conductivity and adhesivity from the top to the bottom layer. Because of multiple molecular interactions, the bottom surface of the ionogel possesses good resilience and self-adhesion, whereas the top surface, which has a high PDMSMA content, shows a nonsticky performance. As a result, a singular gradient ionogel having both a sticky bottom surface and a nonsticky top surface is achieved. Furthermore, the flexible strain sensor that is created based on these gradient ionogels exhibits high sensitivity (its gauge factor reaching 5.08), a wide detection range (1-1500%), fast response times, and good linearity. Notably, the detection signal remains repeatable over 1000 uninterrupted strain cycles. The fabricated strain sensor was further utilized to monitor joint movements and physiological signals. This work provides a facile strategy for fabricating gradient ionogels and shows their application potential in the field of flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechun Li
- College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Sun
- College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
- Anqing Research Institute, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Anqing 246000, People's Republic of China
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Hao S, Yang C, Yang X, Li T, Ma L, Jiao Y, Song H. Highly Tough, Stretchable, and Recyclable Ionogels with Crosslink-Enhanced Emission Characteristics for Anti-Counterfeiting and Motion Detection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:16132-16143. [PMID: 36921264 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c02352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Traditional luminescent ionogels often suffer from poor mechanical properties and a lack of recyclability and regeneration, which limits their further application and sustainable development. Herein, a luminescent ionogel with strong mechanical properties and good recyclability has been designed and fabricated by introducing dynamic coordination bonds via in situ one-step crosslinking of acrylic acid in ionic liquid of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium diethylphosphate by zinc dimethacrylate. Due to the special crosslinking of dynamic coordination bonds along with the hydrogen bond interaction, the as-prepared ionogel displays excellent stretchability and toughness, good self-adhesiveness, fast self-healability, and recyclability. Interestingly, the obtained ionogels exhibit tunable photoluminescence caused by the crosslink-enhanced emission (CEE) effect from the coordination bonds. Importantly, ionogels can be applied in information storage, information encryption, anti-counterfeiting due to their simple and in situ preparation method, and their special fluorescence performances. Moreover, an ionogel-based wearable sensor has rapid response time and a high gauge factor of 3.22 within a wide strain range from 1 to 700%, which can monitor various human movements accurately from subtle to large-scale motions. This paper offers a promising way to fabricate sustainable functional ionic liquid-based composites with CEE characteristics via an in situ one-step polymerization method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Hao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei Province 071002, P. R. China
| | - Chen Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei Province 071002, P. R. China
| | - Xuemeng Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei Province 071002, P. R. China
| | - Tianci Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei Province 071002, P. R. China
| | - Lianhua Ma
- College of Quality and Technical Supervision, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei Province 071002, P. R. China
| | - Yunhong Jiao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei Province 071002, P. R. China
| | - Hongzan Song
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei Province 071002, P. R. China
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Kang B, Gao M, Zhao R, Zhao Z, Song S. Multi-environmentally stable and underwater adhesive DNA ionogels enabling flexible strain sensor. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
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Park JM, Lim S, Sun JY. Materials development in stretchable iontronics. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:6487-6510. [PMID: 36000330 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00733a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable iontronics have recently been developed as an ideal interface to promote the interaction between humans and devices. Since the materials that use ions as charge carriers are typically transparent and stretchable, they have been used to fabricate devices with diverse functions with intrinsic transparency and stretchability. With the development of device design, material design has also been investigated to mitigate the issues associated with ionic materials, such as their weak mechanical properties, poor electrical properties, or poor environmental stabilities. In this review, we describe the recent progress on the design of materials in stretchable iontronics. By classifying stretchable ionic materials into three types of components (ionic conductors, ionic semiconductors, and ionic insulators), the issues each component has and the strategies to solve them are introduced, specifically in terms of molecular interactions. We then discuss the existing hurdles and challenges to be handled and shine light on the possibilities and opportunities from the insight of molecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Man Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sungsoo Lim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong-Yun Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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